法律明定使用者可以對別人的創作內容有一定程度的合理使用(Fair Use)範圍，像是以教學為用途而可影印書籍部份內容。然而合理使用的規範判定在電腦上難以實作，現有的DRM (Digital Rights Management, 著作權管理)系統甚少實現這樣的理想。 本研究在現有的ODRL2語言上架上使用本體論(Ontology)語言來加強本身所缺乏的語意，讓本體論與規則語言(Rule Language)結合，來達到規範(Policy)標示的能力，並且使用現有的推論引擎(Reasoning Engine)，拿到規範正確執行的能力。最後在帶有規範執行的機制底下，標示合理使用的基本規範，並加強ODRL的標示能力去逼近合理使用的精神。 / United States copyright laws grants users the rights to make “fair use” of copyrighted works, e.g. copying part of a book for the use of education purpose. Current digital rights management (DRM) systems are hard to enforce fair use doctrine for two reasons. First is that the current XML-based rights expression language (REL) are unable to describe the rights of fair use; and second is that the architecture of DRM systems interferes with fair use. This approach proposed a rights expression language based on ODRL 2.0 with Semantic Web technologies to get the ability to describe fair use policies. In addition, we design a fair use procedure mechanism for managing and enforcing fair use policies defined by trusted third parties. Both REL improvement and new procedure are done to approximate fair use.

網際網路的出現對我們的生活造成了重大的改變，我們面臨的是一個全新的世界。不論是工作模式、娛樂型態皆產生極大的變化，那網際網路下一步是什麼？思科系統執行長 錢伯斯（John Chambers）告訴了我們一個答案：「網際網路中成長最巨，而日後也會證實是促進變革的最大動力，就是e-learning。」數位科技使得內容變成了「數位內容」，帶來了相當多的便利，但同時也帶來了許多的改變，不論是產業面、科技面、法律面或是管理面，皆須面臨新的挑戰與新的議題。 本研究除了二手資料的收集外，並針對e-learning個案公司做深入的訪談，從資源、著作權、數位課程開發流程等構面進行探討研究，分析歸納出e-learning業者如何進行數位課程的管理，以及既有資源是否影響其數位課程管理策略，並且對於e-learning公司在經營數位課程所會遭遇到的著作權議題進行初步的研究與探索。本研究的研究目的如下： 一、探討e-learning業者數位課程管理模式。 二、探討e-learning業者既有資源與數位課程管理間的關係。 三、探討數位課程的開發流程與著作權相關之議題。 四、探討數位課程著作權管理模式。 本研究架構乃先由個案訪談的結果收集個案公司所擁有的既有資源、數位課程開發流程以及數位課程管理方式，且藉由資源基礎論中對於資源的運用方式，分析解構個案公司其數位課程管理策略。而後以既有資源研究其對數位課程管理策略之影響，與以著作權的觀點探討數位課程開發流程中，所產生的著作權議題，並將兩者所得之結論，加以整合描繪出數位課程著作權管理模式。本研究引用經營策略與資源基礎論等相關文獻，來探討e-learning業者如何進行管理數位課程。本研究主要在說明所觀察現象的具體意義，而非嚴謹的在驗證變數間的因果關係，屬於探索性研究，故採定性研究之「個案研究」法，以個案訪談和次級資料蒐集的方式來瞭解企業實際運作情形。 本研究所得之結論如下： 在課程素材取得階段，課程素材取得策略有內尋策略、外尋策略。著作權議題則為與課程素材提中者簽訂課程素材授權（讓與）契約、課程素材著作權的保證。 在數位課程取得階段，數位課程取得策略有自製策略、委製策略、取得授權策略、買斷策略。著作權議題則為與數位課程開發人員進行數位課程著作權歸屬契約的簽訂、對數位課程開發人員進行著作權的教育。 在數位課程運用階段，數位課程運用策略有內訓策略、教學策略、委用策略、 賣斷策略。著作權管理議題則有與數位課程使用者進行契約的簽訂、數位課程其著作類型是多媒體著作、數位課程著作權保護方式的進行。 而個案公司在面臨數位課程時所採行的事業策略則有核心策略、合作策略、專業代製策略、通路策略。 此外，根據研究發現得知，個案公司在進行e-learning之前所擁有的既有資源，會影響個案公司各階段所採行的數位課程管理策略。 而在其他發現，在外部經營問題主要為市場需求不足，而內部經營問題則為教師合作意願不高、缺乏跨領域專業課程企畫人才、缺乏整合性業務人員。 / The rise of internet has changed people’s life style dramatically. Nowadays, we are facing a whole new world. E-learning is considered as the star of the next century. Even John Chambers once mentioned that “the next big killer application for the Internet is going to be education.” Digital technique has digitalized the existing contents. Internet does not only deliver much convenience, however, internet related topics are also conducted and challenged from the perspectives of industry, law, and management. The objective of this thesis is to examine 1) The general framework for e-learning management model, 2) The relationship between the primarily resources and the management on e-learning, 3) The instructional development process for e-learning and its related copyright issues, and 4) Management model for copyrights on digital contents. The method of this research is primarily based on case study, six e-learning related companies. The interviews with the e-learning companies have contributed the great insights about the information of company resources, development process of digital content, and the modes of content management. Furthermore, collected information from the interviews has been analyzed about how original resources affect the digital content management strategy and the copyright issues in the development process of digital content. This study has found that there are four stages: Instructional material acquisition, digitalized course acquisition, digital course application stage, and business Strategy. In the Instructional material acquisition stage, the strategies of acquiring the instructional materials for e-learning is in-house finding, outsourcing or both. Licensing contracts and guarantees on course materials become an important issue when dealing with the material providers. In the digitalized course acquisition step, the strategies are self-manufacture, out-source manufacture, copyright acquisition, and buying copyright. The copyright issues are discussed and contracted between company and digital engineers, and in general, the company is responsible for the digital engineers. In the digital course application stage, the strategies are training, teaching, licensing, and selling. The copyright issues are discussed and contracted between company and digital content users. One should notice that the digital contents belong to multi-media. Moreover, in the final stage, core business, collaboration, ODM, channeling are the business strategies that the companies use for e-learning applications. In additional findings, this study found that market demand is the primary problem of e-learning environment, and there are three major problems within the e-learning companies: the motivations of the teachers, the lack of cross boundary-expertise and integrated business manager.

著作權集體管理機制（Copyright Collective Management Mechanism），誕生已有數百年的歷史，國際間已經發展出相當成熟的運作機制，相較於我國自民國八十年起才開始有類似收費機制運作，發展經驗可說是相當地懸殊。而我國該機制之正式法制化—著作權仲介團體條例於民國八十六年十一月五日公布施行以來，十年間實務上爭議不斷，機制運作陷於巨大的危機。加以近年來我國推動數位內容產業，著作權授權議題更是攸關數位影音應用產業未來的發展，在在顯示我國著作權集體管理機制確有重新審視之必要。 於是自民國九十五年起在經濟部智慧財產局的主導下，開始召集各方進行對話，並藉此機會蒐集意見以推動著作權仲介團體條例的修法工程。除了國內的改革，國際間在過去十年來也開始對著作權集體管理機制的運作進行檢討，此乃由於數位時代的到來，著作權集體管理機制受到各種新興數位科技，諸如：網際網路、數位權利管理、點對點檔案分享等之巨大衝擊，此種態勢影響機制的保護、行使和管理的環境，使得國際著作權社群開始思考著作權集體管理機制應該如何因應數位環境所帶來的挑戰。 有鑑於此，本研究希望能夠立基於我國著作權集體管理機制的現況，以過去實務上及近日修法歷程中所遭遇的爭議問題為著眼點出發，回顧過去國際間著作權集體管理機制運作經驗，並探討近年國際間發展趨勢，以勾勒出我國機制未來藍圖。探討的重點包括：著作權集體管理機制的歷史與法律背景、意涵、功能與操作原則，以為我國機制擘畫運作之參考；著作權集體管理機制運作場域—我國著作權產業的發展現況；採納「利害關係人」觀點，釐清我國機制中的各方利害關係人為何、所追求的目標何在及互相的利益衝突，進而界定出各方利害關係人未來參與機制的適當形式；評析我國著作權集體管理相關法制的沿革、內容與修法；並針對國際間近年兩大發展趨勢：數位化及跨越疆界的著作權集體管理趨勢，先行探討有哪些新興的數位科技對著作權集體管理機制帶來衝擊，評估其影響與機制的新角色定位，其次討論跨越疆界趨勢：單一窗口、跨國界集體管理及其衍生的公平交易法課題。 最後回應本研究的研究問題，論述對我國實務現況之觀察、著作權集體管理法制總評、國際運作經驗及發展趨勢對我國的啟示，並且提出三大項建議：我國著作權集體管理團體現階段要務、政府的角色、對我國未來機制的幾點省思，是為本研究之結論與建議。 / Copyright Collective Management Mechanism has been established for centuries and developed maturely worldwide. However, it was not until 1991 that some similar collecting organizations started to operate in Taiwan. Compared with some countries around the world, the development experience is quite different. After the formal legalization—the enactment of the Copyright Intermediary Organizations Act on November 5 1997, there were lots of argues emerged in the aspect of law enforcement. Besides, Taiwan’s government has promoted the development of digital content industry in recent years. The issues concerning copyright licensing will have a big impact on the development of audio-visual application industry in the future. It is therefore, necessary to raise concerns and re-scrutinize Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism. Since 2006, Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO) has started to gather public opinion for revising the act. Except the revolution in Taiwan, people started to examine the exercise situation of copyright collective management internationally in last ten years. This is because the advent of digital technologies, such as: the Internet, digital rights management, peer-to-peer file sharing, has changed the environment surrounding the copyrighted works. International copyright societies started to think about how to deal with the challenges brought in digital era. This thesis aims to discuss some of these issues by exploring the current situation of Taiwan’s copyright collective management mechanism, the obstacles encountered in the past practice, the process of law revising, and the latest development trends worldwide. First of all, Chapter One is an Introduction to this thesis. Then Chapter Two discusses the historical and legal background, definition, functions, and operating guidelines of the mechanism for future reference when Taiwan intends to modify current mechanism. Chapter Three describes the developing situation of Taiwan’s copyright industries. Chapter Four adopts “Stakeholder Analysis” to clarify who are the stakeholders in Taiwan’s mechanism, their pursuing goals, and conflicts of interest between them. Chapter Five traces the developing process, content and revision in relation to Taiwan’s copyright collective management legislation. Chapter Six outlines the two latest development trends: digital and cross-border copyright collective management. At first, it analyzes the impact of new digital technologies and the new role of copyright collective management mechanism. Integration trends: one-stop-shop, cross-border collective management and antitrust concerns, are explored as well. At the end of this thesis, Chapter Seven, I propose three recommendations for Taiwan’s mechanism in the future: the urgent missions of Taiwan’s collective management organizations, the role of government, and the self-examination. It is my hope the recommendations contribute to the better resolution of existing and future challenges.

在數位出版產業中，台灣出版業者面對網路改革的壓力，積極尋找網路數位出版發展趨勢與商業模式，並且華文網路市場機會的興起以及網路社會上智慧財產權的日益重要，本研究將以智慧財產權管理的角度探討在網路中，臺灣出版業者如何尋找新的商業模式掌握此次出版業的革命商機，為廠商提出發展建議。 網路數位出版，意指在內容出版的過程，從內容創造、流通到利用都是以數位化的技術進行，並且在網路的環境中完成這些過程。網路數位出版平台，指的是溝通內容創造與內容利用兩端的中間者。負責聯絡兩方平台業者所面對的智財權議題以著作權最為重要，因為數位出版產業立基於內容發展，而著作權主要說明內容的管理。 本研究從網路長尾理論出發，以該現象形成的原因作為分析廠商的智財權管理的面向，分析專業數位出版平台—商業周刊網站，以及業餘數位出版平台—PIXNET，尋找商業模式與智財權管理的關連性。 根據個案訪談的結果分析，專業數位出版平台內容發行與智財權管理皆為以業者角度為主的單向，然而業餘數位出版平台的內容發行與智財權管理都是以互動的方式完成，平台之商業模式確實影響智財權的管理。除此之外，對於未來數位出版平台的發展，專業與業餘之間的藩籬逐漸消弭，成為兩者的綜合，本研究亦建議業者朝向專業與業餘並行的發展方向前進。 / The importance of intellectual property increases with the growth of Chinese internet market. Taiwan publishers are now confronted with the pressure from internet innovation and thus are forced to find out a new business model and more opportunity. This study will focus on the possible business model of digital publishing and the strategy of IP management which Taiwan publishers should adopt. Digital publishing suggests an all-digitalized publication process. Every step of publication, from content creation, editing, publishing, selling to application, can be completed all through the internet. The platform of digital publishing serves to communicate both side of content providers and users. Hence, copyright of the digital content and the management of copyright becomes one of the most important intellectual property issues. The thesis will begin with Chris Anderson’s Long Tail theory. Two websites of digital publishing in Taiwan will be chosen for analysis: the Business Weekly as the commercial plaform and PIXNET Blog as the avocational one. Through the comparison, the study aims to find out the connections between the business model and the intellectual property management. According to the case studies, the content and the intellectual property management of commercial platform are unidirectional, decided by managers. On the other hand, tthese of avocational one are bidirectional, influenced by website managers and users. Intellectual property managements are influenced by different business model. However, it would be the trend that the barrier between commercial platform and the avocational one will melt away and the business model of website in the future will change. The business model and intellectual property management of digital publishing platform should combine characteristics of both commercial and avocational one.