La reconfiguration dynamique d'un logiciel peut être un auxiliaire utile pour adapter et maintenir des systèmes informatiques. Dans la plupart des approches, le système doit être interrompu pour que la reconfiguration puisse être exécutée. Cette interruption ne peut convenir aux systèmes temps-réel : il est nécessaires que les contraintes temporelles soient respectées, même lorsque le système est en train d'être reconfiguré.<br />Notre approche se base sur OSA+, un middleware temps-réel. Notre objectif principal est d'être capable de reconfigurer un (ou plusieurs) service lorsque le système est en fonction, avec un temps de non-réponse prévisible et prédéfini, c'est-à-dire un temps pendant lequel le système ne réagit pas à cause de la reconfiguration.<br />Trois approches différentes concernant le blocage ou le non-blocage d'un service sont présentées. Ces approches peuvent être utilisées pour réaliser un compromis entre le temps de reconfiguration et le temps de non-réponse.

Submitted by Helena Bejio (helena.bejio@unioeste.br) on 2017-11-16T22:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Sarah Maria Hoppen 2017.pdf: 773988 bytes, checksum: 54b7784e5987fc7f5a70f27152d52cb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-16T22:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Sarah Maria Hoppen 2017.pdf: 773988 bytes, checksum: 54b7784e5987fc7f5a70f27152d52cb7 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Temperate forages are widely used in cold regions as a form of nutritious and inexpensive food to the producer, often in a consortium manner in order to increase their productivity. However, this activity must be studied to prove its effectiveness. So this is the objective of this study, in order to evaluate the structural, productive and nutritional characteristics of these forages, in single or intercropping cultivation. The study was conducted between April and August 2015, in a randomized complete block design, with five treatments, four replicates and three plots subdivided in time. The treatments were: AE - white oat IPR Esmeralda, AP - black oat IAPAR 61, T - forage triticale Tpolo 981, AE (T) - white oat + forage triticale, and AP (T) - black oat + forage triticale. The evaluations occurred at 46, 82 and 119 days post emergence (DPE), representing the three evaluation periods. There was a productive difference (P <0.05) between treatments AP and AE (T) in the last period, at which time all treatments presented decreases in number of live leaves (NFV) and tillers per plant, and rate of appearance and Tiller survival. The consortium favored the increase of the apical meristem and survival of tillers of white oats in the last period, compared to their single use, as well as increasing plant height in the final third, and favored higher NFV of black oat IAPAR 61 in the second period, while reducing population density. The longevity of the forage triticale can be observed in NFV and population density higher than the others at the end of the experiment. All species showed excellent quality, increasing the dry matter (DM) concentration as a function of time, reaching 22.98%. Protein was higher in the treatments AP, AP (T) and T, with averages of 18.46%, 18.80% and 19.93%, respectively. The organic matter did not differ between the means in the treatments, increasing gradually in the time, unlike the total digestible nutrients, that maintained average of 79.69%. The fibrous components (FDNcp and FDAp) presented higher concentrations in AE and AE (T), compared to the others. FDNcp, as well as hemicellulose, presented a gradual increase throughout the study. The cellulose was constant in all aspects, being related to lignin, which differed only between the periods, with superiority of the third (2.03%) in relation to the second (1.77%). The in vitro digestibility of DM presented a general decrease in concentration as a function of time, with values between 68.29% and 88.10%. Among the minerals K was higher in the first period, with a gradual decrease over time. The treatments containing AE presented the lowest concentrations of P, Zn and Mn. All minerals have met the plant requirements, however, mineral supplementation is indicated for grass-fed animals only. Due to the increase of unwanted structures, such as stalk and dead material, the emerald white IPR oats had their nutritional quality reduced, nevertheless, presenting values within the indicated for animal feed. Oats, when unmarried, can be supplied to animals from June to early September, and can be combined with triticale to increase longevity. / As forrageiras de clima temperado são amplamente utilizadas em regiões frias como forma de alimento nutritivo e barato ao produtor, muitas vezes de maneira consorciada objetivando aumentar sua produtividade. Contudo, tal atividade deve ser estudada para comprovação da efetividade, sendo este o objetivo deste estudo, de maneira a avaliar as características estruturais, produtivas e nutricionais destas forrageiras, em cultivo solteiro ou consorciado. O estudo foi realizado entre abril e agosto de 2015, em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e três parcelas subdividas no tempo. Os tratamentos foram: AE – aveia branca IPR Esmeralda, AP – aveia preta IAPAR 61, T – triticale forrageiro Tpolo 981, AE(T) – aveia branca + triticale forrageiro, e AP(T) – aveia preta+ triticale forrageiro. As avaliações ocorreram aos 46, 82 e 119 dias pós-emergência (DPE), representando os três períodos de avaliação. Houve diferença produtiva (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos AP e AE(T) no último período, momento em que todos os tratamentos apresentaram quedas do número de folhas vivas (NFV) e de perfilhos por planta, e taxa de aparecimento e sobrevivência de perfilhos. O consórcio favoreceu o aumento do meristema apical e sobrevivência de perfilhos da aveia branca no último período, em comparação com seu uso solteiro. Assim como aumentou a altura de planta no terço final, e favoreceu maior NFV da aveia preta IAPAR 61 no segundo período, enquanto reduziu a densidade populacional. A perenidade do triticale forrageiro pode ser observada no NFV e densidade populacional superiores aos demais ao final do experimento. Todas as espécies apresentaram qualidade excelente, com aumento da concentração de matéria seca (MS) em função do tempo, chegando aos 22,98%. A proteína foi maior nos tratamentos AP, AP(T) e T, com médias de 18,46%, 18,80% e 19,93%, respectivamente. A matéria orgânica não diferiu entre as médias nos tratamentos, aumentando gradativamente no tempo, ao contrário dos nutrientes digestíveis totais, que mantiveram média de 79,69%. Os componentes fibrosos (FDNcp e FDAp) apresentaram concentrações maiores em AE e AE(T), comparados aos demais. O FDNcp, assim como a hemicelulose apresentou aumento gradativo ao longo do estudo. A celulose foi constante em todos os aspectos, estando relacionada à lignina, que diferiu somente entre os períodos, com superioridade do terceiro (2,03%) em relação ao segundo (1,77%). A digestibilidade in vitro da MS apresentou queda geral de concentração em função do tempo, com valores entre 68,29% e 88,10%. Dentre os minerais o K foi superior no primeiro período, com queda gradativa ao longo do tempo. Os tratamentos contendo AE apresentaram as menores concentrações de P, Zn e Mn. Todos os minerais atenderam as exigências vegetais, contudo, indica-se suplementação mineral aos animais mantidos somente a pasto. Devido ao aumento de estruturas indesejadas, como colmo e material morto, a aveia branca IPR esmeralda teve sua qualidade nutricional reduzida, ainda assim, apresentando valores dentro do indicado para alimentação animal. As aveias, quando solteiras, podem ser fornecidas aos animais entre o período de junho a início de setembro, podendo ser consorciadas com triticale para aumento da perenidade.

Recent research approaches in semantics based video content analysis require shot boundary detection as the first step to divide video sequences into sections. Furthermore, with the advances in networking and computing capability, efficient retrieval of multimedia data has become an important issue. Content-based retrieval technologies have been widely implemented to protect intellectual property rights (IPR). In addition, automatic recognition of highlights from videos is a fundamental and challenging problem for content-based indexing and retrieval applications. In this thesis, a paradigm is proposed to segment, retrieve and interpret digital videos. Five algorithms are presented to solve the video segmentation task. Firstly, a simple shot cut detection algorithm is designed for real-time implementation. Secondly, a systematic method is proposed for shot detection using content-based rules and FSM (finite state machine). Thirdly, the shot detection is implemented using local and global indicators. Fourthly, a context awareness approach is proposed to detect shot boundaries. Fifthly, a fuzzy logic method is implemented for shot detection. Furthermore, a novel analysis approach is presented for the detection of video copies. It is robust to complicated distortions and capable of locating the copy of segments inside original videos. Then, iv objects and events are extracted from MPEG Sequences for Video Highlights Indexing and Retrieval. Finally, a human fighting detection algorithm is proposed for movie annotation.

This thesis carries out empirical investigations of the possible impacts of institutions relating to different aspects of innovation, namely incremental innovation activities, collaborative research and development (R&D) activities and radical innovation outcomes. It comprises three studies. The first empirical study focuses on examining the impact of financial constraints and intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on incremental innovation. Using firm-level data from transition countries and employing a two-step probit model with endogenous regressors, this study provides evidence that both financing constraints and strong IPR protection are negatively associated with the incremental innovation activities of firms. Results also confirm that financing constraints faced by firms are significantly influenced by the overall levels of development of financial institutions within a country. The second empirical study looks at the effects of contracting institutions and intellectual property institutions on firms’ collaborative research and development (R&D) activities in developing and transition countries. By employing the Cragg double-hurdle model, this study finds that efficient contract enforcement has a positive effect on the likelihood of firms engaging in R&D partnership and the intensity of firms' expenditures on collaborative R&D. On the other hand, the decision of firms to participate in R&D partnerships and their level of expenditure on collaborative R&D are adversely affected by the strength of IPR protection. The third empirical study investigates the influences of a set of institutions on producing new-to-the-world technologies, as measured by patents. This study is conducted by using a large panel dataset of 98 developed and developing countries over a period of 23 years. Building on the idea production framework, the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) estimates of this study show that along with key research inputs (i.e., existing knowledge stock and resources devoted to R&D), the strength of IPR protection, quality of governance and functioning of financial institutions are also significant determinants of the patent output of a country. The UQR methodology also demonstrates that the effects of institutions on patent production are heterogeneous throughout the various quantiles of patent output distribution. This thesis, therefore, offers an example of how the new institutional economics (NIE) theory is applicable in analysing innovation performances. The findings of this thesis propose useful policy directions that can assist policymakers and managers in accelerating innovation and technological development. / Ministry of Public Administration, the Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh

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No description available.

Diese Dissertation behandelt Fragen des Wettbewerbs auf Softwaremärkten. Konkret geht es um folgende Frage: Welchen Einfluss haben kleine und mittelständische Unternehmen (KMUs) auf die Wettbewerbskonditionen in der Softwarebranche vor dem Hintergrund des zunehmenden Einsatzes von rechtlichen Maßnahmen zum Schutze des geistigen Eigentums? Theoretischer Teil: Wir untersuchen theoretisch Übertragungseffekte (Spillovers) zwischen KMUs und größeren Softwareunternehmen im Kontext von gebündelten Produkten (bundling). Während Bundling und die resultierenden wettbewerbspolitischen Optionen in einem statischen Kontext gut verstanden sind, gibt es noch offene Fragen im dynamischen Kontext. Hier untersuchen wir, inwieweit die Standardargumente gegen Bundling an Gültigkeit verlieren. Wir kommen zum Schluss, dass Wettbewerbspolitik in Softwaremärkten in einem dynamischen Kontext Bundling durchaus in Betracht ziehen sollte. Empirischer Teil: Wir untersuchen, ob der zunehmende Einsatz von Schutzrechten durch KMUs dazu führt, dass der Wettbewerb im Bereich der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien (IuK) zunimmt. Diese empirisch fundierte Arbeit analysiert einen Datensatz von KMUs aus der IuK-Industrie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Softwareherstellern. Mit Hilfe einer Varianzanalyse untersuchen wir den Einfluss von vier Faktoren auf den Einsatz von Schutzrechten, nämlich: Globalisierung, rechtliches Umfeld, kooperative Forschung und Open Source Software-Nutzung. / This dissertation focuses on competition within the software market. Specifically it aims to provide further understanding and insights to the following question: In the context of intellectual property rights (IPR), what impact do small and medium sized enterprises (SME) have on competition in the software industry? Normative contribution to the dynamic policy literature: Bundling and the resulting competition policy measures are well understood under static conditions. In this essay, we theoretically examine the spillover exchange between SME and large software firms in the context of bundling. Based on the findings of our static model, we suggest that competition policy in the software market should consider bundling under dynamic competition because it could lead to a different conclusion resulting from the factors unique to the software market e.g., OSS programmers. Positive contribution to IPR literature: We empirically examine whether increased IPR adoption by small and medium sized enterprises enables greater competition within the information and communications sector. The analysis is based on a dataset of SME in the information and communications sector which also includes the software industry. We make use of the analysis of variance in order to study the impact of four factors on SME adoption of intellectual property rights, namely; globalization, legal frameworks, cooperative research and open source software use and development. i

在現今之知識世紀裡，智慧財產權已經成為一國技術進步程度的指標，因此一個國家的智慧財產權制度對於該國產業發展的影響力已愈來愈大。而我國擁有許多的農業試驗與研究機構，加上農業相關技術之法人機構，我國的農業研究投入資源與產出具有相當的規模，加上我國各農業試驗機構的努力，使得我國農業研究成果相當豐碩，在現今智慧財產權有價的時代裡，我國農業研究成果的正式智慧財產權數目如發明專利、新型專利、技術移轉件數、技術移轉權利金等卻相當低。 本研究透過訪談之初級資料搜集，加上文獻資料等次級資料，從產業部門、智慧財產權法律部門、政府部門、學術及研究機構等四角度切入，探討我國農業技術之智慧財產權管理政策與制度。主要的探討方面有五方面：對我國農業之智慧財產權觀念的看法、有關農業智慧財產權法律條件之保護程度、我國智慧財產權制度對於農業創新的影響、農業推廣制度對智慧財產權保護的影響以及農業技術援外對智慧財產權保護的影響等。 本研究發現，智慧財產權觀念在農業研究人員與產業界之間存在著很大的落差。我國現有的農業研究成果的智慧財產權保護程度不足，使得我國農業研究成果取得積極性的智慧財產權保護數量較少，加上農業技術肩負有農業技術援外的外交任務，因此我國智慧財產權制度鼓勵農業創新的效果較差。而我國的農業推廣制度自日據時代以來，即與農業研究相並行，因此具有服務農民的「公共財」精神，以技術擴散為原則，與智慧財產權的私有化觀念有所差異。 本研究建議，我國現行之農業技術成果智慧財產權管理政策與制度，必須加強與智慧財產權各相關議題進行緊密的連結；我國的農業推廣制度也須扮演銜接產業界與研究機構間的橋樑角色，教育農業推廣人員與農民，以鼓勵農業創新的發展；我國相關的法令規章與相關的配合管理制度也必須加快腳步，以因應技術的快速發展並符合國際間一致性的規範。

無形資產中的智慧財產權與其他財產一樣，都是使競爭性的市場經濟得以發揮機能的必要條件，因為使用智慧財產權而賺得的利潤，對發明人而言是其創新的報酬，而對於向別人購買權利的人而言，亦必須因此而付出相當代價。這利潤無形中激勵了原來從事研究發展的那一方，如此一來，創新者賺取較多利潤並能長期保持競爭優勢，會更鼓勵更多的人願意投入創新發明。 本研究企圖將智慧財產權視為一項企業資源，將其視為可以商品化交易的商品，而研究其中研發所投入的成本、所投入的代價，如何在市場的交易買賣中，獲得回饋與報酬，或是形成企業的核心資源，在對價格的認知提供企業思考的方向。 本研究另一主要目的在於探討智慧財產權中專利權，其主張專利範圍權限的核心--「申請專利範圍」(claim)，述說其滿足要件、撰寫原則、侵權理論，將專利權中的申請專利範圍做全方位的分析，並說明在侵權損害認定上的優劣，提供企業在申請專利時應妥善思考的方向。 而在「專利計價模式」方面，除了整合世界各國的專利計價模式，並對專利計價模式與公司智慧財產權策略之關係，作更明確的剖析。 最後則以國內 DVD 光碟機產業為例，訪談國內企業在面對專利的評價時應有的認知與應採取的策略，並且訪問國內智慧財產保護頗有成就的公司輿相關領域專家，企圖對於企業在專利授權或是專利策略評估時，提供更明確的價格觀念，以免除其誤蹈專利地雷的窘境。 智慧財產權中，有關專利權在實務上，通常較為人注意的是法律層次的問題，而在專利權價值方面，一般文獻均歸類於會計層次，甚少將法律與評價問題作歸納整合。本研究企圖將兩者作更緊密的連結，並且歸納出有關的策略議題，期能對國內廠商在面對國外廠商索求專利權與公司內部專利權的價值評估時，有一較清楚的方向。 / Patent Pricing for DVD Technology In the business of high technology manufacturing and marketing, intellectual property is a company's lifeblood. As with any other assets, intellectual property assets must be carefully managed. When it come to manage intellectual property assets, your company's main challenge will lie in skillfully navigating a minefield of existing or pending patents, both to produce goods that do'nt infringe on other companies' right and to vouchsafe rights that will secure your marketshare. Concern for those issues is especially important when your company seeks financing. Inventors need assurance that their investment will not be endangered by infringement litigation or by poorly framed intellectual property right that do not adequately stake out a share of the company's markets Intellectual property right (IPR) encourages the R&D, and protect their IPR by litigation. In another way, the exhibition of IPR will light a way for another companies to avoid infrigement and can take more research in new product or process. The research attempt to view IPR - especially patent, as industrial resources, and make it exchangeable just like merchandise. When patent is exchanged in industrial market, how to evaluate its price? How to determine the price? According to industry norm or R&D expense? Whether to sell it or keep it in company as core competence? The research will focus on another topic -- the patent "Claim", will estate the condition of patent, the principles of patent, the infringement theory. And research will identify this topic and give a clear way for company when considering IPR. Thesis also integrates all the patent pricing models and list the relationship between pricing theory and IPR strategies. It will use the tomorrow star industry - DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) industry as a example, because it is the way for Taiwan to approach the high technology and DVD will knock the heaven's door for next century. The paper outlines all the founded documents and visit the field expert and list all the patents for various technologies, take reaserch about the determination of price and give a clear direction for Taiwan DVD industry.

<p><strong>Introduction </strong>In order to foster innovation of medical devices within the healthcare sector, a collaboration project, PUSH, has been initiated including the hospitals managed by the Stockholm County Council. The collaboration aims to capture ideas from employees and turn them into so called “high-practice” products as well as facilitate the possibilities for medical device companies to try out their products in the settings of healthcare. Collaborations for innovation, comparable to the PUSH project, can be found in both Swedish and foreign regions, but some of them fail to survive due to obstacles affecting the progress of each collaboration. Avoiding the same destiny will be a challenge to the PUSH project.</p><p><strong>Purpose </strong>The purpose is to search for factors affecting organizational collaboration concerning innovation systems for medical device development. The study is focusing on ”high-practice” products within the PUSH project.</p><p><strong>Theoretical approach </strong>In order to emphasize factors affecting innovation, theories regarding innovation systems, clusters and networks has been studied hence they  all concern organizational collaboration.</p><p><strong>Method </strong>The study’s qualitative approach is based on a semi deductive method. The analysis derives from a deductive outlook consistent with chosen theories, whereas collected data is used inductively to stress and enlarge part of the theoretical framework. Semi structured interviews, earlier research and evaluations constitutes most of the collected data.</p><p><strong>Results and analysis </strong>Experience from collaborations for innovation shows that some affecting factors can’t be influenced by collaborators, as political decisions and medical device directives. Collaborators can however affect circumstances such as connections and networking, which is significant to manage the innovation process; from idea to commercialization. An explicit focus on commercialization is important to the collaboration project’s surviving opportunities. A central cause why innovation projects don’t last is lack of funding, both for commercializing certain products as well as for retaining and developing existing innovation structures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion </strong>Collaborating projects should utilize existing structures and complement their networks to involve extensive competency. Decision makers need to decide whether innovation ventures shall be part of the County Council’s assignment. To fulfil the visions of the collaboration project, a policy common to all participants in the forthcoming innovation project needs to be stated, regarding ownership relations, risk sharing, funding and sharing of profits.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund </strong>För att främja medicinteknisk innovation inom vården har ett utvecklingsprojekt för samverkan mellan Stockholms landstingsstyrda sjukhus påbörjats, under namnet PUSH (Produktutveckling inom Stockholms hälso- och sjukvård). Syftet med samverkan är att ta vara på landstingspersonalens idéer och utveckla s.k. high-practice-produkter samt att underlätta för medicintekniska företag att testa produkter i vårdmiljö. Liknande innovationssatsningar finns på olika håll i Sverige och utomlands, men det har varit problematiskt att få flera av dessa att överleva, då olika omständigheter påverkar utvecklingen av satsningarna. Samverkansprojektet mellan sjukhusen står således inför en rad utmaningar om de inte ska gå samma öde till mötes.</p><p><strong>Syfte </strong>Syftet är att undersöka omständigheter som är centrala för organisatorisk samverkan inom innovationssystem för utveckling av medicinteknik. Utgångspunkten är utveckling av ”high-practice-produkter” inom projektet PUSH.</p><p><strong>Teoretisk ansats </strong>För att belysa innovationspåverkande omständigheter i studien, har teorier om innovationssystem, kluster och nätverk studerats, utifrån att de behandlar organisatorisk samverkan.</p><p><strong>Metod </strong>Studiens kvalitativa upplägg bygger på ett semideduktivt tillvägagångssätt. Utifrån ett deduktivt synsätt utgår analysen från befintliga teorier medan empirin på ett induktivt sätt ligger till grund för att framhålla och vidga delar av teorierna. Insamlad data utgörs till stor del av semistrukturerade intervjuer och tidigare undersökningar och utvärderingar.</p><p><strong>Resultat och analys </strong>Erfarenheter från samverkansprojekt för innovationer visar att projekten påverkas delvis av omständigheter som ligger utanför projektens kontroll, som innovationspolitiska beslut och medicintekniskt regelverk. Påverkningsbara omständigheter är exempelvis att innovationsprojekt är beroende av ett välutvecklat kontaktnät som sträcker sig över hela innovationsprocessen, från utveckling av idén till kommersialisering. För långsiktig överlevnad är ett uttalat kommersialiseringsfokus av största vikt för projekten. En central orsak till att innovationsprojekt inte överlever på lång sikt är att det saknas finansiering, dels för kommersialisering av enskilda produkter och dels för att behålla och utveckla befintliga innovationsstrukturer.</p><p><strong>Slutdiskussion </strong>För samverkansprojekt bör befintliga strukturer utnyttjas och kompletteras med en utvidgning av nätverket för att involvera en bredare kompetens. Beslutsfattare måste ta ställning till om huruvida innovationssatsningar ingår i landstingets uppdrag. En gemensam policy för ägarförhållanden och risktagande, finansiering och fördelning av eventuella vinster måste utarbetas om samverkansprojektets visioner ska kunna uppnås.</p>