This diploma thesis deals with issue of quality monitoring and final product testing at the AKD line. Output of this thesis is calculation of testing time optimization by Weibull distribution. In the beginning reader is familiar with AKD device, what quality management is and ways how to test final products in electrotechnical manufacturing. Main goal of this thesis is to describe differences between testing methods and optimize Burn-In testing method.

Bygg- och anläggningsbranschen tar allt mer hjälp av ICT-verktyg, information och kommunikationsteknologi, för att effektivisera produktionskedet samt förenkla informationsspridningen inom projekten. Vid implementering av ICT-verktyg finns det mycket i branschen som utmanar hur väl det blir implementerat. Trots stor mängd guider gällande implementering, både generell och branschinriktad, finns en tendens att inte utnyttja ICT-verktyg till fullo, då det inte anses tillämpbart av branschen med hänsyn taget till branschens projektunik karaktär. För erhålla bättre förståelse för branschens utmaningar, och hur de ska hanteras, fokuserar studien på planeringsstadiet inför implementering av ICT-verktyg som det genomförs hos ett fallföretag. Syftet med studien är att se hur processen innan en implementering kan se ut, lyfta fram påverkande faktorer som är typiska för bygg- och anläggningsföretag för en god implementering samt förslag till lösningar på utmaningar som finns. Metoden som studien bygger på är en kombination av en fallstudie och en litteraturstudie som lyfter fram tidigare forskning. Fallstudien är av kvalitativ form då den följer ett klassiskt bygg- och anläggningsföretag i sin implementeringsplanering av ett ICT-verktyg. Författarna följer arbetet med en konstant jämförande och etnografisk deltagande observation, där beteende- och branschmönster analyseras samt utvärderas. Observerade mönster delas upp i fyra teman av Författarna, vilket utgör grunden i analys och diskussion: bristfällig & delvis avsaknad av struktur talar om tendensen att inte ta tillvara på en konkret struktur i planeringen; tillvaratagande av varierande roller & infallsvinklar tar upp viken av de olika  rollernas förkunskap samt position och hur de bör nyttjas; informationsflödens informella & interna inverkan på planeringsprocessen problematiserar den branschtypiska informationsspridningen, pekar på tendenser och föreslår lösningar; olika syn på innehåll, mål & införande presenterar de olika ansatserna hos roller och grupperingar av de. Det leder in Författarna på sina slutsatser. Främst rör det sig om branschtypiska ansatser till de olika temana där upplägget och informationsflödena inte har tydliga strukturer och rutiner i bygg- och anläggningsbranschen. Ett aktivitetsschema, med viktiga noteringar som bör efterföljas för bästa resultat, för att underlätta planeringsarbetet av implementeringen, är vad författarna kommer fram till. Det genomsyras främst utav noteringar som instruerar tydlighet och genomgående förberedande aktiviteter. / ICT-tools is increasingly being used by the construction industry to streamline the production and simplify the dissemination of information. When implementing ICT-tools, the industry challenges the outcome with its many factors. Despite existing guidelines regarding implementation, there is a tendency to not utilize ICT-tools since it is not considered applicable by the industry. The case study focusses on the planning before implementation of ICT-tools, in order to find out what these attitudes depend on and how to handle them. The purpose is to see how the process before implementation can look like, highlight key factors that are typical for construction and find solutions to them. The method is a combination of a case study and a literature study. The report follows a classic construction company when it is planning implementation of an ICT-tool. The authors evaluate the work with a constant comparative and ethnographic participant observation, where behaviour patterns are analysed. Observed patterns are divided into four themes by the authors which is discussed and leads to the conclusion that the structure and information flows are not clear in the construction industry. Finally, the authors present an activity schedule, in order to facilitate planning of implementation. It primarily permeates notes that instruct clarity and consistently preparatory activities.

Information Communication Technologies are increasingly used in organisations’ market expansion strategies. These Information communication technologies provide organisations with opportunities such as ease of communication and movement of resources, making the entry into new markets a faster and less resource heavy process. When expanding throughout the African continent, the challenge presented in using this approach is that many African markets have underdeveloped information communication technology infrastructure. In considering this barrier, the extent to which information communication technology enables market expansion throughout the African continent is the topic which has been fully analysed and discussed. An exploratory research design and a qualitative method have been used in this study. The subjects of the data collection were three key individuals selected from a large South African retailer. These three individuals job roles spanned across the marketing and IT departments and were influential in the organisation’s expansion efforts throughout Africa. The findings of this study show that the levels of information communication technology infrastructure vary vastly from country to country on the African continent, noting South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, Zambia and Botswana as the more advanced nations with the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda lagging in development. The findings also show that for retailers, the retail focused technology available in South Africa is not yet available in other African nations which causes challenges in offering the same value to consumers across the board. However, the finding show that the development of cloud-based systems has assisted in the widespread use of technologies without the need of heavy investments into physical locations.

Information and communications technology (ICT) is an important part in today’s society and around 60% of the world's population are connected to the internet. Processing and storing ICT data corresponds to approximately 1% of the global electricity demand. Locations that store ICT data produce a lot of heat that needs to be cooled, and the cooling systems stand for up to 40% of the total energy used in ICT-centre locations. Investigating the efficiency of the cooling in ICT-centres is important to make the whole ICT-centre more energy efficient, and possibly saving operational costs. Unwanted operational behaviour in the cooling system can be analysed by using unsupervised machine learning and clustering of data. The purpose of this thesis is to characterise cooling patterns, using K-means clustering, in two water-cooled ICT rooms. The rooms are located at Ericsson’s facilities in Linköping Sweden. This will be fulfilled answering the research questions: RQ1. What is the cooling power per m2 delivered by the cooling equipment in the two different ICT rooms at Ericsson?  RQ2. What operational patterns can be found using a suitable clustering algorithm to process and compare data for LCP at two ICT-rooms?   RQ3. Based on information from RQ1 and patterns from RQ2 what undesired operational behaviours can be identified for the cooling system? The K-means clustering is applied to time series data collected during the year of 2022 which include temperatures of water and air; electric power and cooling power; as well as waterflow in the system. The two rooms use Liquid Cooling Packages (LCP)s, also known as in-row cooling units, and room 1 (R1) also include computer room air handlers (CRAHs). K-means clusters each observation into a group that share characteristics and represent different operating scenarios. The elbow-method is used to determine the number of clusters, it created four clusters for R1 and three clusters for room 2 (R2).  Results show that the operational patterns differ between R1 and R2. The cooling power produced per m2 is 1.36 kW/m2 for R1 and 2.14 kW/m2 for R2. Cooling power per m3 is 0.39 kW/m3 for R1 and 0.61 kW/m3 for R2. Undesirable operational behaviours were identified through clustering and visual representation of the data. Some LCPs operate very differently even when sharing the same hot aisle. There are disturbances such as air flow and setpoints that create these differences, which results in that some LCPs operate with high cooling power and others that operate with low cooling power. The cluster with the highest cooling power is cluster 4 and 3 for R1 and R2 respectively. Cluster 2 has the lowest cooling power in R1 and R2. For LCPs operating in cluster 2 where waterflow mostly at 0 l/min and therefore where not contributing to the cooling of the rooms. Lastly, the supplied electrical power and produced cooling power match in R1 but do not in R2. Implying that heat leave the rooms by other means than via the cooling system or faulty measurements. There is a possibility to investigate this further. Water in R1 and R2 is found to, at occasions, exit the room with temperature below the ambient room temperature. It is also concluded that the method functions to identify unwanted operational behaviours, knowledge that can be used to improve ICT operations.  To summarize, undesired operational behaviours can be identified using the unsupervised machine learning technique K-means clustering.

Digitalization has affected and changed society in many ways, and the use of ICT and smartphones has increased drastically over the last years. The two research questions that were addressed in this Master Thesis Project were: 1. Is there a connection between ICT use and stress? and 2. How can we help people to limit or reduce their smartphone use in bed at night? The project was divided into two parts, one research part (1) and one design development part (2), each with its own research question. Methods applied in the project included Design Research, Human-Centered Design and a Soma Design approach. An extensive background research and user studies, including deep interviews and a survey, both answered the first research question and led to the formulation of the second one. To answer the second research question four different concepts were developed, tested as trigger material and evaluated through a SWOT analysis. The concept that was chosen to be further developed, a massage pillow controlled by moving a smartphone around, was developed into a functional prototype. The purpose of the prototype was to give the user an experience as close to the real one as possible. Based on the prototype, a final concept of the massage pillow, called “Avkopplad”, was created. The answer to the first research question was that yes, there is a connection between ICT use and stress. The second research question was answered by the final concept, although further development and tests of it are necessary to confirm the answer. / Digitaliseringen har påverkat och förändrat samhället på många sätt, och användandet av ICT och smartphones har ökat drastiskt under de senaste åren. De två forskningsfrågor som det här examensarbetet ämnade besvara var 1. Finns det en koppling mellan användande av ICT och stress? och 2. Hur kan vi hjälpa människor att begränsa eller minska sitt användande av smartphones i sängen på kvällen? Projektet bestod av två delar, en forskningsdel (1) och en designutvecklingsdel (2), båda med sin respektive forskningsfråga. Några av metoderna som användes i projektet var Design Research, Human-Centered Design och Soma Design. En omfattande bakgrundsresearch och användarstudier, såsom djupintervjuer och en enkät, både besvarade den första forskningsfrågan och ledde till formuleringen av den andra frågan. Fyra olika koncept togs fram, testades och utvärderades med SWOT-analys för att besvara den andra forskningsfrågan. En funktionell prototyp togs fram för det utvalda konceptet, en massagekudde styrd av hur användaren rör på sin smartphone. Syftet med prototypen var att skapa en upplevelse som så mycket som möjligt liknade den tänkta riktiga upplevelsen. Utifrån prototypen skapades slutkonceptet ”Avkopplad”. Svaret på den första forskningsfrågan var att ja, det finns en koppling mellan användande av ICT och stress. Den andra forskningsfrågan besvarades med slutkonceptet, men ytterligare tester och utveckling krävs för att bekräfta svaret.

Businesses have historically had a negative impact on the environment by contributing to pollution, the increase of greenhouse emissions, neglection of responsible waste disposal, and deforestation among other things. Governments around the globe have been trying to align to goals and principles to decrease the negative impacts of humans, and it is now time for companies to step up and contribute to a more sustainable society. The research question for this study is “what can be the challenges when working with sustainability frameworks as an IT consultant firm?”. To answer this, research within Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), green ICT, and sustainable business have been conducted. In addition to this, the relation of two sustainability frameworks within IT consultant strategies have been assessed. Other than that, a case study have been carried out at an IT consultant firm. A result of this case study is a mapping of processes and their work with digital sustainability and sustainability frameworks. Two of the greatest challenges discussed in this study are about measuring and communicating the sustainability impact of projects. / Historiskt har företag haft en negativ påverkan på miljön genom att bland annat bidra till föroreningar, ökade växthusgasutsläpp, försummelse av ansvarsfull avfallshantering och avskogning. Regeringar runt om i världen har försökt att justera sina mål och principer för att minska människans negativa påverkan på klimatet, och det är nu hög tid för företag att börja bidra till ett mer hållbart samhälle. Forskningsfrågan för denna studie är “vilka utmaningar kan uppstå när en IT-konstulfirma arbetar med hållbarhetsramverk?. För att besvara denna fråga har forskning inom Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT), grön IKT, hållbart företagande kombinerats och redovisats. Utöver detta har integrationen av två hållbarhetsramverk i en IT-konsultfirmas arbetsprocess undersökts. Studien har genomförts hos en IT-konsultfirma, och deras processer och arbete med digital hållbarhet och hållbarhetsramverk har kartlagts genom efterforskningar och intervjuer. De två största utmaningarna som diskuteras i denna studie är att mäta och kommunicera projekts hållbarhetseffekter.

På grund av digitaliseringen är kunskapsarbetare inte längre bundna till sina arbetsplatser för att utföra sitt arbete. Tillgången till informations- och kommunikationsverktyg innebär att allt fler arbetslag har medarbetare som arbetar på distans, vilket innebär nya utmaningar och möjligheter för chefer sett både till kommunikation och koordination. Coronapandemin med dess restriktioner har inneburit en större andel distansarbetare och flexibla team, vilket skapar ett ökat behov av kunskap inom området. Krav på ledarskap förändrades i och med ICT verktygens växande roll på arbetsplatser, vilket är bakgrunden till denna studie. Därför ämnar denna uppsats skapa en fördjupad förståelse för hur chefer leder och koordinerar sina anställda med hjälp av ICT verktyg på den flexibla arbetsplatsen. Utifrån ett tvärvetenskapligt angreppssätt där Företagsekonomi och Människa-dator interaktion förenas, har chefer intervjuats på två fallorganisationer som har liknande systemstruktur för internkommunikation. Med en dualistisk syn på tekniska och sociala aspekter, kan uppsatsen bidra till en ökad förståelse för e-ledarens roll ur både ett tekniskt och ett socialt perspektiv. Våra resultat i kombination med tidigare studier, antyder att chefer inom kunskapsintensiva arbetsplatser möter vissa utmaningar med koordination och kommunikation med hjälp av ICT verktyg, både när det kommer till tekniska och sociala aspekter. Den uppgiftsorienterade kommunikationen och koordinationen främjas av ICT verktyg i större utsträckning, än vad gäller den sociala interaktionen och kommunikationen.

This thesis sought to address the management challenges of using ICT in advancing secondary school administration in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Despite the Kenyan government taking an initiative towards transforming her education sector to be ICT compliant, much emphasis has been laid on the pedagogical aspect at the expense of managerial and administrative functions. This study sought to investigate the underlying challenges in the use of ICT in secondary school administration. A mixed mode method was used in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied. The target population comprised 18 principals and 54 teachers; inclusive of two heads of departments and one computer teacher in each school. Sampling was done using the purposive technique. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires, administrative documents and face-to-face interviews were used. The principals responded to questionnaire one whereas the HoDs and ICT teachers responded to questionnaire two and three respectively. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The findings from the literature review and the empirical study attest that; a) The government in its ICT policy formulation has not adequately defined the roles and responsibilities of various key actors in education for tangible integration. b) A relatively high number of principals (41.2%) and HoDs (36.1%) had only undergone ICT training at informal levels despite their attendance to ICT integration courses in school administration. c) ICT integration in school administration saved time for easy monitoring and evaluation of the school programmes. The conclusion was that vivid ICT policy framework, school administrators and teachers’ ICT training play a crucial role in the integration of ICT in schools’ administrative functions. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

This thesis sought to address the management challenges of using ICT in advancing secondary school administration in Kirinyaga County, Kenya. Despite the Kenyan government taking an initiative towards transforming her education sector to be ICT compliant, much emphasis has been laid on the pedagogical aspect at the expense of managerial and administrative functions. This study sought to investigate the underlying challenges in the use of ICT in secondary school administration. A mixed mode method was used in which both qualitative and quantitative approaches were applied. The target population comprised 18 principals and 54 teachers; inclusive of two heads of departments and one computer teacher in each school. Sampling was done using the purposive technique. Structured and semi-structured questionnaires, administrative documents and face-to-face interviews were used. The principals responded to questionnaire one whereas the HoDs and ICT teachers responded to questionnaire two and three respectively. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. The findings from the literature review and the empirical study attest that; a) The government in its ICT policy formulation has not adequately defined the roles and responsibilities of various key actors in education for tangible integration. b) A relatively high number of principals (41.2%) and HoDs (36.1%) had only undergone ICT training at informal levels despite their attendance to ICT integration courses in school administration. c) ICT integration in school administration saved time for easy monitoring and evaluation of the school programmes. The conclusion was that vivid ICT policy framework, school administrators and teachers’ ICT training play a crucial role in the integration of ICT in schools’ administrative functions. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

Au Québec, la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les technologies de l’information et de la communication (TIC) est une compétence professionnelle à acquérir par les étudiants en enseignement. Cependant, son acquisition est problématique à plusieurs niveaux. Afin d’évaluer et mieux comprendre la compétence, cette thèse présente trois objectifs : 1) décrire le degré de maitrise des TIC et leurs usages dans les salles de classe 2) identifier les facteurs qui influencent l’intégration des TIC en fonction de la compétence professionnelle, et finalement 3) décrire le niveau d’atteinte des composantes de la compétence. Pour atteindre les objectifs de l’étude, une méthodologie mixte fut employée. Ce sont 2065 futurs enseignants du Québec provenant de neuf universités québécoises qui ont complété le questionnaire en plus de 34 participants à des groupes de discussion (n = 5). Cette thèse rédigée sous forme d’articles, répondra à chacun des objectifs visés. Dans le but de mieux comprendre l’utilisation actuelle des TIC par les futurs maitres, le premier article fournira un aperçu de la maitrise d’outils technologiques susceptibles d’être utilisés lors des stages. Le deuxième article visera à identifier les variables externes ainsi que les différentes composantes de la compétence qui ont une influence sur l’intégration des TIC lors des stages. Dans le troisième article, afin de comprendre où se situent les forces et les faiblesses des futurs maitres quant à la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC, une description du niveau d’atteinte de chacune des composantes sera réalisée afin d’en dégager une appréciation globale. Les principaux résultats montrent que pour la moitié des répondants, seuls cinq outils sur 12 sont intégrés en stage et ce sont principalement les outils peu complexes qui sont bien maitrisés. Le logiciel de présentation Power Point, est le plus fréquemment utilisé. Les données considérées dans le premier article suggèrent aussi l’importance d’augmenter, de façon générale, la maitrise technique des futurs enseignants. Les résultats du second article ont permis de constater que la « prévision d’activités faisant appel aux TIC » est une variable prédictive majeure pour l’intégration des TIC. L’analyse des résultats suggèrent le besoin d’enseigner aux futurs maitres comment développer le réflexe d’inclure les TIC dans leurs plans de leçons. De plus, l’appropriation de la sixième composante de la compétence joue un rôle important sur la probabilité d’intégrer les TIC. Les résultats du troisième article indiquent que les composantes 2, 4, 5 et 6 de la compétence sont partiellement maitrisées. La mieux maitrisée est la première composante. Finalement, la troisième composante de la compétence s’est avérée être encore non atteinte et reste à être développer par les futurs enseignants. Cette thèse nous apprend que des efforts considérables restent encore à accomplir quant à la maitrise de la compétence professionnelle à intégrer les TIC. Ces efforts doivent être accomplis à la fois par les futurs enseignants ainsi que par les universités au niveau de la structure des cours de TIC en formation initiale des maitres. / In Quebec, the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) tools in the classroom is a professional competency that must be acquired by prospective teachers. However, their acquisition and mastery poses a challenge. In order to better understand and evaluate this competency in prospective teachers, this thesis presents three research objectives: 1) To describe the degree of mastery of ICT tools and their usage in the classroom, 2) To identify the factors that influence the integration of ICTs and, 3) To examine the level of achievement of the 8th professional competency. Using a mixed-method research paradigm, 2065 prospective teachers attending nine francophone universities within the province of Quebec completed both quantitative and qualitative-type questionnaires. In addition, discussion groups (n = 5) were held so that participants (n = 34) could clarify or elaborate on their answers. This thesis is comprised of three separate articles, each assessing elements of the aforementioned research themes. In order to better understand the actual usage of ICTs, the first article provides an overview of prospective teachers’ technical competence with regards to tools likely to be used during their internships. The goal of the second article, is to identify with the aid of logistical regression, external variables such as sex, program of study, etc. and the different components of the 8th competency that influence the integration of ICTs in the classroom during internships. Lastly, in order to better understand the strengths and weaknesses of prospective teachers with regards to the integration of ICTs, the third article examines the degree of global mastery of the 8th competency. When considering the degree of mastery of ICT tools, questionnaire results show that for half of the respondents, only five of 12 tools were integrated during internships. Furthermore, the five ICT tools that were integrated were the least complex. The most frequently used tool was reported to be the presentation software Power Point. The data considered in this first article points to further areas of technical training that need to be addressed. For factors influencing the integration of ICTs during internships, it was found that planning to use ICTs in advance was the most predictive of integration. The results discussed in this second article suggest the need to reflexively include ICTs in lesson plans. Moreover, mastery of the 6th component plays a significant role in the likelihood of integrating ICTs during internships. Results in the third article suggest that the competency is only partially mastered for the 2nd, 4th, 5th, and 6th components. The component that was the most mastered concerned exercising critical judgment regarding the real benefits and limitations of ICT as teaching and learning resources, and regarding the social issues they raise. This thesis points to the necessity of making considerable efforts to aid in the mastery of the 8th competency. These efforts must be deployed both at an individual level by prospective teachers and by the universities through the teacher training curricula presented in ICT courses.