A consequential ideology in Western society is the uncontested belief that a committed relationship is the most important adult relationship and almost all people want to marry or seriously couple (DePaulo & Morris, 2005). In the present article, I investigated the extent to which the system justification motive may contribute to the adoption of this ideology. In Studies 1 and 2, I examined whether a heightened motive to maintain the status quo would increase defense of committed relationship values. In Study 3, I examined the reverse association, that is, whether a threat to committed relationship ideology would also affect socio-political system endorsement. As past research has found that the justification of political systems depends upon how much these systems are perceived as having control over life outcomes, in Study 4 I tested whether the defense of the system of committed relationships would also increase when framed as controlling. Results from Studies 1–4 were consistent with my hypotheses, but only for men. In Study 5, using cross-cultural data, I sought to replicate these findings correlationally and probe for a cause of the gender effect. Results from over 33 000 respondents indicated a relationship (for men) between defense of the socio-political system and defense of marriage in countries where the traditional advantages of men over women were most threatened. In Studies 6 and 7, I investigated when the gender difference found in the earlier studies disappears. Results revealed that when I measured (Study 6) or manipulated (Study 7) personal relationship identity (i.e., how much relationships are part of the active self-concept), rather than relationship ideology, effects also emerge for women.

In this thesis, I examine the domestication of the Gothic hero-villain in Charlotte Brontës Jane Eyre, Emily Brontës Wuthering Heights, and Anne Brontës The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Each of these novels features a powerful Gothic figure who finds himself physically and emotionally subject to the heroine. This subjection is closely linked to the passing away of that hero-villains Gothic masculinity and his conversion to or replacement by domestic, middle-class masculinity. I argue that the larger social shift from gentry and aristocratic authority in eighteenth-century British society to the entrenchment of domestic, middle-class ideology in the Victorian period and the accompanying shift from an elite to a bourgeois model of masculinity are largely responsible for the subjection, and conversion or supplanting, of these Gothic hero-villains. <p>This social-historical framework also allows me to examine these male characters from a masculinist perspective. Much recent Brontë criticism has been feminist in nature, and these analyses fail to do justice to the novels male characters, usually examining them only in relation to the heroine or indeed casting them as feminized figures, especially when their masculinity is perceived to be unconventional. By looking at effects of the shift from elite to domestic masculinity, I offer a more nuanced analysis of these male characters and how they navigate changing expectations of masculinity. <p>I conclude that though these novels follow a similar pattern, which seems to reify domestic ideology, each Brontë supports this ideology to a different degree. This problematization of ideology has a long tradition in the Gothic novel, which is frequently ambivalent and can be used for either revolutionary or reactionary ends. Charlotte and Anne Brontë defeat the Gothic and gentry masculinity of their hero-villains, making way for the domestic man. Along the way, Charlotte Brontë creates a marriage that is both domestic and radically equal; Anne Brontë critiques the dictates of domestic ideology before finally reifying it. Most interestingly, Emily Brontë allows Heathcliff to die unrepentant and haunt the closing pages of Wuthering Heights. Of the three sisters, Emily Brontë most strongly resists domestic ideology and masculinity in her treatment of the Gothic hero-villain.

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze why parents choose independent schools for their children. The survey was carried out using a total survey addressed to all parents with children in three independent schools in a medium-sized municipality. Two of the schools have a specially oriented pedagogy, Waldorf and Montessori while the third school has general direction. Parents were asked to answer questionnaires with closed questions and calls for comments. We found three categories of reasons for the choice, namely the educational motives, social motives and availability. The social motives proved to be the most important but also pedagogical reasons had certain significance when parents searched for an independent school. The parents sought from that the public school the child would belong to had shortcomings. A major reason in this regard was that bullying occurred in the past. Comparisons between parents grouped in different ways shows that it is the differences between the parents at the various schools. When parents are grouped by income and education the difference between the groups are very limited. We cannot find that the parents received any information that they have been able to base their choice of school. Choice seems rational, but unfounded. / Education, Rational Elections, School Choice, Private Schools, Effective Schools, Neoliberals, Welfare Criticizer, Ideology

Purpose: Which type of social critique does hiphop music present and is it possible to categorize the critique? Is it possible to categorize the social critique ideologically on the basis of socialism, liberalism and conservatism? Procedure and method: A qualitative text method has been used to see which arguments the songs portray. Two different analyzes has been used. The first one was a theory based on Thomas Denk and Daniel Silanders book: Att studera demokratisering and Arvidssons book: Musik och politik hör ihop and its purpose were to categorise the critique. The second one was based on a book by Reidar Larssons: Politiska ideologier i vår tid. With the purpose to ideologically classify the critique. Results: The social critique that was found in the songs where the following: poverty, education system, ethnicity, racism, elite governing, misused power by the police, welfare, religion, justice system, ghettos and the war on Iraq. The social critique came from socialism and liberalism. The arguments from socialism where the class society and the critique that came from the liberalisms side was: political power, freedom and harassment from the police. Conservatism was not represented in the songs.

Zhu Xi advocated Zhongyong (Doctrine of the Mean) as "Practical Learning", while modern scholars intend to interpret its central idea in metaphysical ways. We aims to clarify the difference and attempt to discover the appropriate interpretations of Zhongyong in this article. For centuries, many scholars attempt to prove Zhongyong is not written by Zisi from different aspects of argument. In our article, we discards all arguments and advocate Zisi is the authentic author of Zhongyong. With regard to the title of Zhongyong, we repute that "Zhong" is "Xing" and "Yong" is "Her". "Zhongyong" and "Zhongher" share the common meaning and definition. Moreover, we believe Zhongyong should be one piece of writing originally with all chapters. Based on ideology content of Zhongyong, the writing can be divided into three sections. Chapter 1-11 of Zhongyong is the first section, which is Zisi's dictation; Chapter 12-20 is the second section discussed about Zisi' description; Chapter 21-33 is the third seciont, the description of Zisi' application. The ideology framework of Zhongyong can be divided into three words, "Jiao", "Dao", and "Xing". We can learn from "Jiao" to comprehend the principle of "Dao" then reach the level of "Xing". The essence of Zhongyong teach us to practice the principle of "Jiao", "Dao" and "Xing" in our daily lives as self cultivation .

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This thesis aims to investigate women&rsquo / s oppression through analyzing the overlapping features of hegemonic ideology of beauty and fashion. The major goal of the study is to examine how beauty ideology is constructed and how it is practiced in the case of fashion. Additionally, the intersecting discourses of capitalist system and patriarchy have been questioned to understand women&rsquo / s oppression, as suggested by Dual-System theorists. Therefore, throughout the study, the common interests of capitalist and patriarchal systems in reproducing oppressive body politics have been demonstrated.

A business ideology has very significant influences on a company. A well-thought business ideology can bring great profits and long-term sustainable developments; on the other hand, a flawed business ideology often creates losses for the employees, business itself and even the society. Since the importance of business ideology to a business is undeniable; how then, is the business ideology play a part in the business dynamic influence process and what influences does it have on the actual management process of a company? This paper is proceeded through the method of systems thinking, using XXX Co. as the study case, to discuss how management ideology affects business dynamic influence process. The conclusions found are as follow: 1. By following ¡§people-oriented¡¨ management ideology, managers at higher positions truly care for their employees, and do not lay off any employees arbitrarily, willing for employees to learn, increase interactions with employees by listening attentively to their true thoughts and adjust employee work loads accordingly. In the long run, employee cohesions toward the company strengthen, employee work pressure lessen, project quality elevated and employee leave rate lowered. 2. Under the influences of ¡§people-oriented¡¨ management ideology, in combination with a strict job selection process, a fair and unbiased wage system, and dynamiccriteria such as employee work loads. Thus, the firm can achieve sustainability in business growth without triggering the landmine structure of employee leaves. 3. It is been proven that the influences of business ideology to a company are immense and very broad. At the same time, it made us realize that the ¡§people-oriented¡¨ business ideology has a positive affects and impacts on the growth and business management of a company.

<p>In the 1960’s, the Japanese car manufacturer Toyota developed target costing – a management accounting model that reduces the risk of releasing unprofitable products. The method eventually spread to Swedish firms.</p><p>The study starts by summing recent previous research on target costing in Sweden (full description of these studies is available in Appendix I). Looking at this research, it is noted that there is an inconsistency with regards to what principles of target costing are used, and which are not. It is also noted that some firms are claimed to be used target costing and some firms are claimed not to be using it. No study, however, has tried to find an explanation to why some principles are implemented and why some are not. This is also the theoretical contribution of this thesis.</p><p>More specifically, the research problems are therefore: (1) is target costing really implemented in a different way in Sweden as compared to Japan and (2), if so, why are there differences? It is further assumed that ideology could be a good explaining variable for the possible differences in implementation.</p><p>In answering the first question, target costing is firstly described according to well-known books and articles on the subject. Following normative description, a presentation is made how target costing has been employed in Sweden. Secondary data based on three quantative studies is used here. These two descriptions are then contrasted against each other and it is found that target costing is implemented in a different way as compared to normative Japanese literature.</p><p>Next, the second question is answered by constructing a theoretical framework based on ideological- and managerial assumptions of Japan and Sweden, respectively. This framework is then used to try to explain the differences mentioned above. Through the analysis it is observed that the Swedes’ lower priority of financial goal as well as their orientation towards the future are often used to explain the differences. These two aspects are also two of the main differences between Swedish and Japanese ideologies.</p><p>It is therefore concluded that the differences might be explained using ideological assumptions, although there are probably other important factors as well. An implication of the result is that it is questionable whether target costing even will reach popularity in Sweden. Finally, it is also concluded that Likert-scales are not usefil when measuring target costing implementation</p>

My dissertation research employs theories that examine the relationship between language and social meaning to look at semiotic processes through which ideologies of differentiation are formed. This dissertation considers language use and heritage language maintenance in four multigenerational families whose ancestral language was a target of elimination by national language policies. Utilizing paradigms for examining the semiotic processes of ideologies of language differentiation, as well as identity formation, this dissertation attempts to untangle the various language ideologies surrounding the different language resources within the ethnic Chinese community in Singapore and examines their effects on identity formation and intergenerational interactions where different language competencies are featured. Linguistic resources in Singapore are legitimized with differentiating attribution of linguistic capital where four official languages are placed higher than the heritage languages, and within the official languages, English is legitimized as the language for business and science, and for use in interethnic communication. Differentiation is constructed among the languages, which then project indexical values to their speakers and their respective linguistic behaviors. Taking a discourse-centered approach and paying attention to historicity, this dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of language patterns in multigenerational families. The findings show varying degree of heritage language maintenance at home and language shift from the heritage language in the public sphere. The study also identifies a unique skipped-generational heritage language transmission phenomenon resulting from changes in woman’s roles, as well as from the complexity of identity configurations featuring ethnic, heritage, linguistic, and national affiliations. This dissertation also examines processes of intergenerational language negotiation foregrounding age and religion as two intersecting factors, discussing their implications on traditional family values, family structure, as well as heritage language maintenance. Utilizing multigenerational and multilingual families as a research site encompasses alternative linguistic markets and temporalities to examine the creative use of linguistic resources by speakers for identity formation and language maintenance efforts. / text