En la presente memoria se describe el estudio sobre la preparación de sistemas catalíticos litio/areno o dieno y paladio/derivado de imidazol para su uso en reacciones de formación de nuevos enlaces carbono-carbono. En el primer capítulo se estudia la reacción de litiación de un cloruro secundario [(2-cloropropil)benceno] empleando litio metálico y una cantidad subestequiométrica de un derivado de binaftaleno quiral como transportador de electrones [(R)-BINOL, (R)-BINAP, (R)-H8-BINAP, (S)-Tol-BINAP, (R)-2,2-bis(1-pinolidilo )-1, 1 '-binaftaleno y (S)-2,2 '-dimetil-1, 1 '-binaftaleno], y la posterior reacción del intermedio organolítico generado con distintas cetonas simétricas. El proceso de litiación empleando (S)-2,2' -dimetil-1,1 '-binaftaleno y en presencia del electrófilo (condiciones de reacción tipo Barbier) a temperatura ambiente dio lugar, tras hidrólisis, a los conespondientes alcoholes con enantioselectividades hasta del 50%. En el segundo capítulo se estudia la reacción de litiación en el carbono 2 de diferentes derivados de imidazol N-sustituidos con alquilos primarios (butilo, pentilo y dodecilo) o secundarios (ciclohexilo y 1-metilheptilo) a través de una metología basada en el uso combinado de litio e isopreno. La posterior adición nucleofílica de los correspondientes intermedios derivados de 2-litio-imidazol a diferentes compuestos carbonílicos como electrófilos (condiciones de reacción tipo Grignard), dio lugar a la formación de los correspondientes derivados de imidazol 1 ,2-disustituidos. En el tercer capítulo se lleva a cabo la preparación de diferentes derivados de imidazol hidroxi- y amino-funcionalizados a partir de 1-metil y 1-(dietoximetil)imidazol mediante el uso de una metodología de litiación mediada por isopreno, y posterior reacción con distintos compuestos carbonílicos e iminas como electrófilos. A continuación, estos derivados de imidazol se han empleado, en combinación con acetato de paladio(II), como sistema catalítico para la reacción de acoplamiento tipo Hiyama en ausencia de fluoruros y bajo inadiación con microondas. El estudio del sistema catalítico a través de la utilización de protocolos estadísticos de Diseño de Experimentos (DoE) mostró que el mejor ligando es 1-[(4-clorofenil)(1-metil-2-imidazolil)metil]anilina. El estudio reveló también una interacción entre la proporción Pd/ligando y la cantidad de TBAB. El uso de dicho sistema catalítico formado in situ con una proporción Pd/ligando 1:2, en ausencia de disolvente, empleando NaOH como base y utilizando un 20% molar de TBAB como aditivo representa un procedimiento robusto capaz de operar para una variedad de (trialcoxi)arilsilanos, tanto con bromuros como con cloruros de arilo (en relación equimolecular) para la síntesis de derivados de biarilo. En el cuarto capítulo se estudia en primer lugar el uso de 1,3-bis(carboximetil)imidazol (preparado mediante reacción entre glicina, glioxal y formaldehído) en combinación con acetato de paladio(II) como sistema catalítico para el acoplamiento tipo Hiyama en ausencia de disolvente, empleando NaOH como base y bajo inadiación con microondas. El estudio a través de la utilización de protocolos estadísticos de Diseño de Experimentos (DoE) reveló que dicho derivado de imidazol funcionalizado con grupos carboxilo resulta menos efectivo que otras sales de imidazolio hidroxi-funcionalizadas. A continuación se estudia el empleo de1 ,3-bis(carboximetil)imidazol como ligando de paladio en la reacción Suzuki-Miyaura. El estudio a través de la utilización de protocolos estadísticos de Diseño de Experimentos (DoE) del sistema catalítico formado in situ a partir de dicho precursor de carbeno N-heterocíclico funcionalizado (0.2% molar) y acetato de paladio(II) (0.1% molar) reveló que se trata de un sistema muy activo en disolventes próticos, especialmente en metanol. La información obtenida de dicho estudio estadístico reveló también una interacción entre tres de los parámetros considerados: disolvente, uso de aditivo y proporción Pd/ligando. El empleo de dicho sistema catalítico posibilitó la síntesis de derivados de biarilo y de estilbeno partiendo de una variedad de bromuros de arilo y de organoboranos derivados de arilo y vinilo, como ácidos borónicos y trifluoroboratos de potasio, en 15 min y bajo calentamiento convencional.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6264.pdf: 6241491 bytes, checksum: c10b9312872f17d86e9c24ccd25b2508 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-09 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Due to its versatile chemistry and ability to stabilize metals with low oxidation states, carbonyl compounds of transition metals play an important role in various fields of organometallic chemistry. In our research group, we have studied carbonyl compounds of manganese (I) over time and investigated their photochemical and spectroscopic properties. We carried out studies in photochemistry, electrochemistry (cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry accompanied by UV-Vis and IR) and photoinduced intermolecular electron transfer (ET) reactions (with the electron acceptor MV2+, methylviologen) for the compound fac- [Mn(phen)(CO)3(4MeImH)](SO3CF3) (fac-1) where phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, 4MeImH = 4-methyl-imidazol and SO3CF3 = triflate ion, compound already synthesized and processed by the group. fac-1 shows electronic absorption bands in the UV-Vis at 380 (MLCT) and 270 nm (LLCT) in CH3CN and intense bands in IR between 2200 and 1800 cm-1, consistent with the facial arrangement of the three CO ligands in the sphere of coordination of the metal. The complex is stable in solid state and is a mixture of two isomers while in solution, the adjacent (A) and remote (R) isomers relative to the nitrogen atom (N) of the 4MeImH ligand which coordinates to the metal Mn. Encouraged by the results obtained by the group before, in which the compound fac-1 under irradiation of light in aqueous solution and in the absence of oxidizing agents in the reaction medium was able to cleave a molecule of water to produce molecular oxygen (O2) detected by a Clark electrode, we investigated the reduction and conversion of carbon dioxide molecules (CO2) to CO using this compound of Mn in organic solution, by photochemical and electrochemical means in N2 and CO2 atmosphere. Through the development of chemical processes, the petrochemical industry has made great contributions to mankind but at the same time the release of large amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere has harmed the environment. Capturing this gas emitted into the atmosphere primarily by the burning fossil fuels is a necessary strategy to minimize the greenhouse effect. In our photochemical studies, the complex was able to reduce CO2 to CO, product detected by 13C NMR (185 ppm), and the mechanisms of photochemical and electrochemical reactions of fac-1 in the presence of CO2 were checked. We carried out DFT calculations to corroborate experimental data and the results show the agreement of the UV-Vis and IR spectrum for the proposed product. A comparison of results shows the importance of ligand 4MeImH in the multiple photoinduced electron transfer reactions assisted by protons and the great potential of the fac-1 compound to participate in photocatalytic processes of interest, such as the reduction and conversion of CO2 to products of interest to the chemical industry. / Devido a sua química versátil e habilidade em estabilizar metais com baixos estados de oxidação, os complexos carbonílicos de metais de transição desempenham um papel importante em vários campos da química organometálica. No nosso grupo de pesquisa complexos carbonílicos de manganês (I) vêm sendo estudados ao longo do tempo e suas propriedades espectroscópicas e fotoquímicas investigadas. Neste trabalho estudos fotoquímicos, eletroquímicos (voltametria cíclica e espectroeletroquímica acompanhada por UV-Vis e IV) e de reações de transferência de elétrons (TE) intermoleculares fotoinduzidas (com o receptor de elétrons MV2+, metilviologênio) foram realizados para o complexo fac- [Mn(phen)(CO)3(4MeImH)](SO3CF3) (fac-1) em que phen = 1,10-fenantrolina, 4MeImH = 4-metil-imidazol e SO3CF3 = íon triflato, complexo já sintetizado e caracterizado pelo grupo. fac-1 apresenta bandas de absorção eletrônica no UV-Vis em 380 (MLCT) e 270 nm (LLCT) em CH3CN e bandas intensas no IV entre 2200 e 1800 cm-1, consistentes com o arranjo facial dos três ligantes CO na esfera de coordenação do metal. O complexo é estável no estado sólido e em solução e se apresenta como uma mistura de dois isômeros, o adjacente (A) e o remoto (R) em relação ao átomo de nitrogênio (N) do ligante 4MeImH que se coordena ao metal Mn. Estimulados pelos resultados anteriormente obtidos pelo grupo em que o complexo fac-1 sob irradiação de luz em solução aquosa e na ausência de agentes oxidantes no meio reacional foi capaz de clivar a molécula de água produzindo oxigênio molecular (O2) detectado por eletrodo de Clark, nesta etapa do nosso trabalho investigamos a redução da molécula de gás carbônico (CO2) a CO usando o complexo de Mn em solução orgânica, por via fotoquímica e eletroquímica em atmosfera de N2 e CO2. Através do desenvolvimento de processos químicos, a indústria petroquímica tem realizado grandes contribuições para a humanidade, mas ao mesmo tempo, a liberação de grandes quantidades de CO2 na atmosfera tem prejudicado o ambiente. A captura deste gás, emitido principalmente pela queima de combustíveis fósseis, é uma estratégia necessária para minimizar o efeito estufa. Nos nossos estudos fotoquímicos, o complexo foi capaz de reduzir CO2 a CO, produto detectado por RMN 13C em 185 ppm, e os mecanismos das reações fotoquímicas e eletroquímicas na presença de CO2 foram averiguados. Cálculos computacionais do tipo DFT foram realizados para corroborar os dados experimentais e os resultados mostram a concordância nos espectros de UV-Vis e IV para os produtos propostos. A comparação dos resultados mostra a importância do ligante 4MeImH nas reações fotoinduzidas de transferência de elétrons múltiplas assistidas por prótons e o grande potencial do complexo fac-1 em participar de processos fotocatalíticos de interesse, como a conversão do CO2 a produtos de interesse da indústria química.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a síntese e a determinação de propriedades micelares de líquidos iônicos tensoativos (LITs) catiônicos. Dentre as características importantes desses compostos destacamos: alta deslocalização da carga e caráter ácido no hidrogênio H2 do anel heterocíclico e a grande flexibilidade estrutural, estas são relevantes para as propriedades de soluções desses tensoativos, e, consequentemente, para suas aplicações. A influência da variação estrutural nas suas propriedades é importante para modular as propriedades micelares e, por consequência suas aplicações. A síntese de LITs foi realizada por aquecimento convencional e irradiação por micro-ondas, o último método foi o mais eficiente. Inicialmente, estudamos a influência do comprimento da cadeia carbônica (fator importante para a energia de formação de micelas), de cloretos de 1-alquil-3-metilimidazólio, tendo a cadeia n-alquílica 10 a 16 átomos de carbonos. Em seguida, comparamos as propriedades dos LITs acima mencionados com as de tensoativos convencionais, cloretos de 1-alquilpiridínio e cloretos 1-alcanoil-amidoetil benzildimetilamônio. Por fim, estudamos a influência do volume da cabeça-polar, utilizando cloretos de 1-alquil-3-hexadecilimidazólio, tendo a cadeia alquílica secundária 1 a 5 átomos de carbono. As propriedades micelares foram investigadas por tensão superficial, condutividade, calorimetria, espalhamento de luz e ressonância magnética nuclear. Os resultados mostraram que ligações de hidrogênio (devido ao H2 ácido do anel imidazólio) e as interações hidrofóbicas são relevantes para a formação de micelas e que o aumento do volume da cabeça-polar favorece a micelização e a formação de agregados pré-micelares / The objective of this work is the synthesis and determination of the micelar properties of cationic surface-active ionic liquids (SAILs). Among the important characteristics of these compounds are: high charge delocalization and acid character of hydrogen H2 of the heterocyclic ring and large structural flexibility, the latter is relevant to solution properties of these surfactants, hence to their applications. Synthesis of SAILs was carried out by conventional heating or by microwave irradiation, the later method was more efficient. Initially, we studied the influence of the chain length of the alkyl group (an important factor for the energy of micelle formation) of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides, n-alkyl group having 10 to 16 carbon atoms. Then, we compared the properties of the above mentioned SAILs with conventional surfactants, 1-alkylpyridinium chlorides and 1-alkanoyl-amidoethyl benzyldimethylammonium chlorides. Finally, we studied the influence of the head-group volume, by studying 1-alkyl-3-hexadecylimidazolium chlorides, with secondary n-alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms. The micelar properties were investigated by surface tension, conductivity, calorimetry, light scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. Our results have shown that hydrogen bonding (due to the acidic H2 of the imidazolium ring) and hydrophobic interactions are relevant to micelle formation; increasing the head-group volume favors micellization and the formation of pre-micellar aggregates

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Verwendbarkeit verschiedener Alkine bzw. organischer Azide für die katalysierte 1,3-dipolare Cycloaddition dokumentiert. Es wird gezeigt, dass Popargylazid eine Sonderstellung bezüglich dieser katalysierten Cycloaddition einnimmt, da es diese zu inhibieren vermag. Der Hauptschwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt in der Synthese makrocyclischer Triazolsysteme unter Verwendung der Cu(I)-katalysierten 1,3-dipolaren Cycloaddition. Durch die Entwicklung einer mehrstufigen Synthese gelingt die Darstellung eines makrocylischen Triazolsystems, das formal als cyclisches Tetramer von Propargylazid aufgefasst werden kann. Durch Übertragung des Syntheseprinzips auf andere Fünfring-Heterocyclen (Tetrazole, Imidazole), wird eine große Anzahl an makrocyclischen Verbindungen als potentielle Komplexliganden erzeugt. Der Vergleich der Zielprodukte liefert Aussagen über deren Eigenschaften, vor allem deren Löslichkeitsverhalten und deren Reaktivität. Anhand einer Kristallstruktur wird gezeigt, dass es sich um nichtplanare Verbindungen handelt, was aus den NMR-Messungen bei Raumtemperatur nicht hervorgeht. Des weiteren werden aus den Nebenprodukten des Syntheseweges ebenfalls neue heterocyclische Systeme gewonnen, die den Makrocyclen ähnliche Eigenschaften aufweisen. Ferner gelingt die Synthese einer neuartigen Käfigverbindung aus einem der erstmalig erzeugten Makrocyclen, deren Struktur kristallographisch belegt werden kann.

The diploma thesis deals with monitoring imidazoles in selected types of beverages. The aim is to detect imidazoles in drinks by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with the use of Mass Spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The coumpounds that were detected are 2-Methylimidazole, 4-Methylimidazole and 2-Acetyl-4(5)-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutyl)-imidazole. The theoretical part concerns the origin of imidazoles, its occurrence and influence on human health. There is also a brief introduction to technology of production of beverages containing imidazoles. The practical part statistically compares imidazoles concentration amongst separated types of dark beers, cola beverages, coffee beans and instant coffees. The end of the thesis focuses on determining a dependency of imidazoles on roast time in Ethiopia coffee beans.

The synthesis of a rigid 4,5-bis(triphenylphosphinimino)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene (Ph3PN)2XT (1) ligand is outlined, along with a modified synthesis for previously reported 1,8-bis(triphenylphosphinimino)naphthalene (Ph3PN)2NAP (3). Reaction of neutral (Ph3PN)2XT with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] resulted in double cyclometallation, yielding the base-free monoalkyl complex, [({Ph2(C6H4)PN}2XT)Y(CH2SiMe3)] (2). Layering a concentrated THF solution of 2 with hexanes at −28 °C afforded THF-coordinated [({Ph2(C6H4)PN}2XT) Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)]·2THF (2-THF·2THF), with a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry and approximately meridional coordination of the pentadentate {Ph2(C6H4)PN}2XT dianion. Similarly, (Ph3PN)2NAP reacted with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] to afford a THF-coordinated monoalkyl complex, [{(Ph2(C6H4)PN)2NAP}Y(CH2SiMe3)(THF)] (4-THF). Layering a DME solution of 4-THF with hexanes at −28 °C afforded X-ray quality crystals of [{(Ph2(C6H4)PN)2NAP}Y(CH2SiMe3)(κ2-DME)]·hexane (4-DME·hexane), with a highly distorted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry and a facial coordination mode of the tetradentate {Ph2(C6H4)PN}2NAP dianion The synthesis of a rigid 4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-imine)-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan H(AII2) ligand (5) was achieved via a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. Reaction of the proligand H(AII2) with [M(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (M = Y(6), Sc(8)) yielded the base free dialkyl complexes [(AII2)Y(CH2SiMe3)2] (6) and [(AII2)Sc(CH2SiMe3)2] (8). The reaction of 6 with one equivalent of [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] yielded [(AII2)Y(CH2SiMe3)][B(C6F5)4] (7) in-situ. Complex 7 proved to be a potent intramolecular hydroamination catalyst for a variety of aminoalkane substrates. The attempted synthesis of 4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-imine)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene (XII2) via the Staudinger reaction resulted in the isolation of the triazene intermediate 4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-yliedene{triazene})-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene XIA2 (9). Reaction of XIA2 with one equivalent of [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] led to the isolation of [(XIA2)Y(CH2SiMe3)3] (10). Synthesis of XII2 (11) was achieved via a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. Reaction of XII2 with one equivalent of YCl3(THF)3.5 resulted in the isolation of [(XII2)YCl3] (12). In contrast, the reaction of XII2 with one equivalent of [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] led to several unidentified products. Reaction of XII2 with 1 equivalent of [H(Et2O)2][B(C6F5)4] led to the isolation of the precursor [H(XII)2][B(C6F5)4] (13). The reaction of 13 with 1.1 equivalents of [M(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (M = {Y(14), Sc(15)} led to the isolation of the monocationic [(XII)2M(CH2SiMe3)2][B(C6F5)4] complexes. The reaction of [(XII)2Sc(CH2SiMe3)2][B(C6F5)4] with 1.1 equivalents of B(C6F5)3 led to the abstraction of a methyl anion from the silicon center, with concomitant migration of the remaining alkyl group to the positively charged silicon, forming a new CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3 alkyl group. This process is accompanied by MeB(C6F5)3 anion formation, forming a contact ion pair to afford the dicationic species [(XII)2Sc(CH2SiMe3)][MeB(C6F5)3][B(C6F5)4] 16. In contrast, the reaction of 15 with 1.3 equivalents of [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] in the presence of 5 equivalents of toluene resulted in the synthesis of [(XII)2Sc(CH2SiMe3)(ɳx-toluene)][B(C6F5)4]2 17 in-situ. Complex 17 is a highly potent ethylene polymerization catalyst with an activity of 868 kg/mol·atm·h. The reaction of 15 with [HNMe2Ph][B(C6F5)4] led to the cyclometallation of the resulting NMe2Ph byproduct to yield [(XII2)Sc(C6H4NMe2)][B(C6F5)4]2 (18) in-situ. The synthesis of a rigid, asymmetric 4-(1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-imine)-5-(2,6-diisopropylanilido)- 2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene XAI (19) ligand was achieved by a two step Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction with initial cross coupling of 1,3-diisopropylimidazol-2-imine followed by the cross-coupling of 2,6-diisoproylaniline. The reaction of XAI with 1.1 equivalents of [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] yielded [(XAI)Y(CH2SiMe3)2] (20). Subsequent reaction of [(XAI)Y(CH2SiMe3)2] with 1 equivalent of [CPh3][B(C6F5)4] in the presence of 10 equivalents of toluene resulted in the synthesis of the toluene coordinated [(XAI)Y(CH2SiMe3)(ɳx-toluene)][B(C6F5)4] (21) complex. Similar to 7, complex 21 was highly active for intramolecular hydroamination of various substrates. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Cationic group 3 alkyl complexes are underreported in comparison to analogous group 4 complexes. The scarcity of these complexes can be attributed to their propensity to engage in undesirable reactions such as ligand redistribution and cyclometallation. To increase the thermal stability of such complexes, design features, such as carefully positioned steric bulk and ligand rigidity are beneficial. Additionally, such ligands must also have considerable donor ability, in order to stabilize inherently electron deficient cationic metal centers. This work details the synthesis of a variety of neutral and monoanionic ligands that incorporate the aforementioned design features, which were utilized in the successful synthesis of a variety of neutral, monocationic and extremely rare dicationic group 3 alkyl complexes. The cationic monoalkyl complex in this work proved to be a highly potent intramolecular hydroamination catalyst. Furthermore, a rare dicationic scandium complex was highly active for ethylene polymerization

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese, der Charakterisierung und der Anwendung neuartiger Phosphane in homogenkatalytischen Reaktionen. Dabei wurden die Ferrocenyl- und Ferrocenylethinylphosphan-Palladium und Ferrocenylethinylphosphan-Ruthenium Komplexe in der Palladium-vermittelten Mizoroki-Heck- und Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion sowie der Ruthenium-katalysierten Synthese von β-Oxopropylestern verwendet. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Untersuchung des Einflusses der elektronischen und räumlichen Eigenschaften der Phosphanliganden auf die Aktivität und Produktivität der entsprechenden Katalysatoren in den homogenkatalytischen Reaktionen. Weiterhin beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von funktionalisierten (Phosphino)Imidazol und (Phosphino)Imidazolium Salzen und deren Anwendung in der Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion. Dabei wurde neben der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Position der Phosphanylgruppe und der unterschiedlichen Substituenten ebenfalls die Auswirkung von elektronenziehenden und -schiebenden Gruppen am Phosphanrest untersucht. Die neutralen Mono- und Diphosphane wurden außerdem in der Kreuzkupplung von Arylhalogeniden und in der Synthese räumlich anspruchsvoller Biaryle verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden die (Phosphino)Imidazolium-Salze als Liganden in der Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion in ionischen Flüssigkeiten als Reaktionsmedium angewendet, um die Möglichkeit des Recyclings der Katalysatorphase zu untersuchen.

Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese, der Charakterisierung und der Anwendung neuartiger Phosphane in homogenkatalytischen Reaktionen. Dabei wurden die Ferrocenyl- und Ferrocenylethinylphosphan-Palladium und Ferrocenylethinylphosphan-Ruthenium Komplexe in der Palladium-vermittelten Mizoroki-Heck- und Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion sowie der Ruthenium-katalysierten Synthese von β-Oxopropylestern verwendet. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Untersuchung des Einflusses der elektronischen und räumlichen Eigenschaften der Phosphanliganden auf die Aktivität und Produktivität der entsprechenden Katalysatoren in den homogenkatalytischen Reaktionen. Weiterhin beschäftigt sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Synthese und Charakterisierung von funktionalisierten (Phosphino)Imidazol und (Phosphino)Imidazolium Salzen und deren Anwendung in der Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion. Dabei wurde neben der Untersuchung des Einflusses der Position der Phosphanylgruppe und der unterschiedlichen Substituenten ebenfalls die Auswirkung von elektronenziehenden und -schiebenden Gruppen am Phosphanrest untersucht. Die neutralen Mono- und Diphosphane wurden außerdem in der Kreuzkupplung von Arylhalogeniden und in der Synthese räumlich anspruchsvoller Biaryle verwendet. Des Weiteren wurden die (Phosphino)Imidazolium-Salze als Liganden in der Suzuki-Miyaura-Reaktion in ionischen Flüssigkeiten als Reaktionsmedium angewendet, um die Möglichkeit des Recyclings der Katalysatorphase zu untersuchen.:Table of Contents Bibliographische Beschreibung und Referat ii Präambel iii Table of Contents 1 List of Abbreviations 5 A Introduction 9 1 Homogeneous Catalysis 9 2 References 11 B State of Knowledge 13 1 Transition Metal-Catalyzed C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 13 2 Mizoroki-Heck Reaction 16 3 Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 23 4 β-Oxopropyl Ester Synthesis 29 5 Ferrocenyl Phosphines in C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 33 6 Phosphino Imidazoles and their Application in C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 35 7 Motivation 36 8 References 37 C Metallocenyl Phosphine Palladium Dichlorides: Synthesis, Electrochemistry and their Application in C,C Coupling Reactions 44 1 Introduction 44 2 Results and Discussion 45 2.1 Ligand Synthesis and Properties 45 2.2 Electrochemistry 47 2.3 Single Crystal X-ray Structure Determination 51 2.4 Catalytic Investigations 55 2.4.1 Mizoroki-Heck Catalysis 55 2.4.2 Suzuki-Miyaura Catalysis 56 3 Conclusions 58 4 Experimental Section 60 4.1 General Data 60 4.2 Instruments 60 4.3 Electrochemistry 60 4.4 Spectro-electrochemistry 61 4.5 Materials 61 4.6 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Phosphines 3 and 6 61 4.7 General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Seleno Phosphines 4 and 7 65 4.8 General Procedure for the Synthesis of the Palladium Complexes 9a – e and 10a – d 69 4.9 General Procedure for the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction 72 4.10 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 73 4.11 Crystal Data for 4b 73 5 Supporting Information 73 6 Acknowledgement 77 7 References 77 D Fundamental Study of (Ferrocenylethynyl)phosphines: Correlation of Steric and Electronic Effects in C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 81 1 Introduction 81 2 Results and Discussion 82 2.1 Synthesis, Reaction Chemistry and Characterization 82 2.2 C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 95 2.2.1 Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 95 2.2.2 Mizoroki-Heck Reaction 96 3 Conclusions 97 4 Experimental Section 99 4.1 General Data and Materials 99 4.2 Instruments 99 4.3 Electrochemistry 100 4.4 Spectro-electrochemistry 100 4.5 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Phosphines 3b – f 101 4.6 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Seleno Phosphines 4b – f 104 4.7 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Palladium Complexes 6e, 6f and 7a – f 106 4.8 Synthesis of [PdCl2(P(C≡CFc)(Cy)2)2][B(C6F5)4]2 ([7f][(B(C6F5)4)]2) 110 4.9 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 110 4.10 General Procedure for the Mizoroki-Heck Reaction 110 4.11 Crystal Structure Determination 111 5 Supporting Information 112 6 Acknowledgement 114 7 References 114 E (Ethynylferrocenyl)phosphine Ruthenium Complexes in Catalytic β-Oxopropyl Benzoate Formation 119 1 Introduction 119 2 Experimental Section 120 2.1 General Procedure and Materials 120 2.2 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Ruthenium Complexes 3a – 3e and 10 121 2.3 Synthesis of (Et2N)P(C≡C-PPh2)2 (6) 124 2.4 Synthesis of P(C≡CFc)(C≡CPPh2)2 (9) 124 2.5 Synthesis of (RuCl2(η6-p-cymene))(FcC≡C)P(C≡CPPh2(RuCl2(η6-p-cymene)))2 (10) 125 2.6 General Procedure for the Catalytic Reactions 125 2.7 Crystal Structure Determination 126 3 Results and Discussion 127 4 Conclusions 135 5 Supporting Information 135 6 Acknowledgement 135 7 References 136 F Phosphino Imidazoles and Imidazolium Salts for Suzuki-Miyaura C,C Coupling Reactions 138 1 Introduction 138 2 Results and Discussion 139 2.1 Synthesis 139 2.2 Characterization 143 2.3 Catalysis 148 3 Conclusions 152 4 Experimental Section 154 4.1 General Procedures 154 4.2 Synthesis of 1-(4-iodophenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole (3b) 155 4.3 Synthesis of 1-(4-ferrocenylphenyl)-1H-imidazole (5) 156 4.4 Synthesis of 1-(4-(ethynylferrocenyl)phenyl)-1H-imidazole (7) 156 4.5 Synthesis of 1-(4-(1,1’-biphenyl))-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole (9) 157 4.6 General Synthesis Procedure for Phosphines 11a – f 157 4.7 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Seleno Phosphines 11a-Se – f-Se 165 4.8 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Imidazolium Salts 16a – 16d 169 4.9 Synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-(diphenylphosphino)-3-n-octyl-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (17a) 171 4.10 Synthesis of 1-phenyl-2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)-3-n-octyl-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (17b) 172 4.11 Synthesis of [(1-(4-Br-C6H4)-cC3H2N2-3-n-Bu)2PdI2] (19) 173 4.12 Synthesis of 1-(4-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-3-n-octyl-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazolium hexafluorophosphate (20) 173 4.13 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 174 4.14 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction in Ionic Liquids 175 4.16 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Biaryls 175 4.17 Crystal Structure Determination 176 5 Supporting Information 177 6 Acknowledgement 180 7 References 180 G Imidazole Phosphines: Synthesis, Reaction Chemistry and Their Use in Suzuki-Miyaura C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 184 1 Introduction 184 2 Results and Discussion 185 2.1 Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphino Imidazoles and Metallamacrocycles 185 2.2 Suzuki-Miyaura C,C Cross-Coupling Reactions 193 3 Conclusions 196 4 Experimental Section 197 4.1 General Procedures 197 4.2 Synthesis of 1-(4-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole (4a) 198 4.3 Synthesis of 1-(4-(dicyclohexylphosphino)phenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-1H-imidazole (4b) 199 4.4 General Synthesis Procedure for Phosphines 6a – f 199 4.5 Synthesis of [Pd(1-(4-PPh2-C6H4)-2-PFur2-4,5-Me2-1H-C3N2)Cl2]2 (8) 204 4.6 Synthesis of [Pt(dppf)(C≡C-C6H4-4-PPh2)2] (11) 204 4.7 Synthesis of [Pt(dppf)(C≡C-C6H4-4-PPh2)2PtCl2)]2 (13) 205 4.8 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction 205 4.9 General Procedure for the Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling of Aryl Chlorides 206 4.10 General Procedure for the Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Biaryls 206 4.11 Crystal Structure Determination 206 5 Acknowledgement 207 6 Supporting Information 208 7 References 208 H Summary 211 Acknowledgement/Dank 219 Publications, Oral Presentations, Poster 220 Publications 220 Oral Presentations 221 Posters 221 Curriculum Vitae 223 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 224 Appendix 225

La protéine du TGF-[bêta]1 est une protéine multifonctionnelle qui agit dans plusieurs types cellulaires. Son action varie selon le type de cellulaire. Bien qu'elle ait un rôle inhibiteur chez les astrocytes normaux, elle posséderait un rôle principalement activateur de nombreuses voies carcinogéniques chez les tumeurs astrocytaires primaires malignes. L'isoforme du TGF-[bêta]1 est celle qui est la plus impliquée dans ces processus. Elle joue un rôle dans l'activation des voies d'invasion tissulaire et d'angiogenèse, mais inhibe des mécanismes d'apoptose et d'immunosuppression.La présente étude vise à évaluer l'effet de l'inhibition de la protéine du TGF-[bêta]1 sur le modèle cellules de glioblastome F98/Fischer sur la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Pour ce faire, un inhibiteur sélectif au récepteur a d'abord été utilisé. Par la suite, des techniques d'inhibitions nucléotidiques (oligoantisens, siRNA, shRNA) ont été testées. Nous avons d'abord validé l'utilisation du modèle F98/Fischer dans l'étude des fonctions du TGF-[bêta]1 et de l'inhibition de la production de cette protéine. Nous avons observé la production importante de TGF-[bêta]1 par les cellules F98 avec des essais immunologiques (Western, ELISA). Avec l'essai ELISA, nous avons observé la production considérable de TGF-[bêta]1 actif d'emblée.La présence de notre protéine d'intérêt a été détectée dans le cerveau de rat Fischer implanté avec les cellules F98 contrairement aux animaux sains qui ne montrent aucune trace de TGF-[bêta]1. Ensuite, nous avons tenté de mettre au point une approche nucléotidique pour inhiber la production du TGF-[bêta]1. Pour les oligoantisens et les siRNA qui ont été couplés avec le vecteur liposomale Metafecten, nous n'avons pas réussi à obtenir de diminution significative du TGF-[bêta]1 dans les surnageants des cultures de F98 . Pour l'approche au shRNA/lentivirus, nous n'avons pas réussi à former de bactéries contenant la construction recherchée. Par la suite, nous avons testé sur notre modèle cellulaire un inhibiteur pharmacologique sélectif, le SB-431642, du récepteur permettant la phosphoryllation de la voie instracellulaire Smad, le T[bêta]R-I. Les essais de prolifération (WST-1) ont permis de constater un ralentissement dans la croissance des F98 traitées au SB-431542. Un essai immunologique western a permis de constater que la production de VEGF était d'ailleurs influencée par cette inhibition du TGF-[bêta]1. L'utilisation d'un vecteur luciférase couplé à un élément de réponse Smad a permis de constater que la voie du TGF-[bêta]1 était bel et bien affectée à la baisse par cet inhibiteur. En effet, le dosage luminescent de la luciférase a permis de noter une diminution significative de sa quantité. L'activité d'un tel vecteur est proportionnelle à l'activité Smad intracellulaire. Nous avons aussi testé cet inhibiteur sur le modèle de croissance tumorale tridimensionnelle de sphéroïdes F98.La croissance des sphéroïdes a été ralentie par la présence de l'inhibiteur et l'invasion de la matrice de collagène observée chez les sphéroïdes contrôles a été freinée par l'ajout de SB-431542. Bien que certains de nos essais n'aient pas donné les résultats escomptés, l'utilisation de l'inhibiteur SB-431542 nous a permis de voir l'implication à du TGF-[bêta]1 dans les mécanismes de progression tumorale chez la lignée cellulaire F98, tel que la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Ces résultats sont le préalable à d'éventuels essais avec le modèle d'étude animal, le rat Fischer avec l'utilisation de cellules de glioblastomes F98.