Contemporary labour immigration into the UK has been underpinned by two structural positions: the uneven development within the capitalist system and an intensification of competition driving towards flexibility and precarity. Immigrant workers are overwhelmingly concentrated in secondary sectors of the labour market with low pay, long working hours and poor health and safety and closely associated with non-standard work and informal economy where unions are often not available. How these immigrant workers in highly exploitative industries respond to work-related exploitations poses a great challenge to traditional trade unionism. While community unionism has received increasing attention from researchers and practitioners, an institution-centric approach is dominated in the scholarship which tends to overemphasize the role of institutional entity, such as trade unions and NGOs, in shaping collective agency and consider it as the centrality to immigrant workers activism. In contrast to such union-centred research, this study adopts a social movement perspective to explore whether and how community organizing approach can empower immigrant workers and enhance union organizing when globalization compromises its validity. By conducting the multi-method (interviews, surveys, participant observations and videos) ethnographic studies in an immigrant domestic worker self-help group-Justice for Domestic Workers in London over a year and a post EU-enlargement Polish association and local Polish neighbourhood in South Somerset over five months, the research shows that gendered and cultural space rather than traditional industrial entities could offer a political context in which immigrant workers start recognising structural class exploitations and develop an agency and activism for changes. This suggests that the collective mobilizations of immigrant workers in informal and individualised sectors may require creative leaps of sociological imagination in nurturing such communities of coping, wherever they may be occurring - in social clubs, cafés or churches. Community, however, is not a naturally harmonious and unified group setting. The internal divisions and competitions within immigrant communities pose limits to how far ethnic cohesion can serve as a basis for collective mobilization of immigrant workers. The research points to the potential tensions between immigrant community organizations and trade unions to compete for membership and social influence in the coalition building. There is a risk that the institutional goals of immigrant community organizations, in terms of securing funding and expanding its organizational influence, may take precedence over substantive goals of support provision. The research also suggests that academics and practitioners need to rethink the criteria that define the success of worker organising. To win union recognition and achieve collective bargaining agreements in the workplace is a rare case in community organizing of immigrant workers. A distinction should be made between capacity-building from the perspective of workers and organizations involved in community organizing of immigrant workers. There might be a contradiction between organizational developments and grassroots empowerment. Instead of merely focusing on political outcomes as the existing research indicates, more attention should paid to outcomes in social and cultural arenas and how gains in one arena facilitate or hinder gains in another.

Par ce travail de recherche, nous tâchons de mettre à jour les dynamiques qui sous-tendent la relation entre syndicalistes et travailleurs d'un secteur de production de services tel que le nettoyage industriel. Ce secteur, désormais le plus souvent externalisé, emploie une main-d’œuvre majoritairement féminine et souvent d’origine immigrée. Ce n’est pourtant pas entièrement un « désert syndical », ce qui justifie une analyse fine des pratiques syndicales de ce secteur. Par la comparaison internationale, nous avons ciblé les interactions qui se déploient au niveau des structures territoriales de la bourse du travail pour la CGT de Marseille et de la Camera del Lavoro pour à la CGIL de Bologne. En particulier, une approche basée sur l'observation directe et sur le concept de stratégie syndicale nous a permis d'analyser trois pratiques syndicales, le suivi individuel, l'action collective et les assemblées. Des dynamiques de fonctionnement variées, ainsi que les différentes sources de légitimité des organisations syndicales, conduisent à parler de syndicalismeS au pluriel, plutôt que de syndicalisme. / The current research project aims to analyze the relation between cleaning workers and labor unions based on the comparative international approach. The cleaning sector mainly employs immigrant female workforce, and many of them work under, subcontracting. Although this sector is characterized by a weak labor-union presence, however labor-unions exist, and they have constant relations with cleaning workers. Therefore, the current research project highlights the importance of taking into account trade union practices, and studies more in details the interaction between union activists and cleaning workers. For the purpose of the analysis, we performed participant observation studies at the local structures of the CGT in (Marseille) and CGIL in (Bologna). The participant observation was focused on the concept of union strategies which helped us to identify three main union practices: (individual monitoring (suivi individuel), strikes, and meetings). The results show that different modes of union practices lead us to define the concept labor-unionismS in the plural form, rather than in the singular form.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-04T19:14:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-09-29 / Introdução: Os movimentos migratórios atuais incluem o Brasil como país de atração para estrangeiros, no encalço de melhores condições de vida, oportunidades de trabalho e renda. Dessa forma, políticas públicas voltadas aos trabalhadores imigrantes pautadas nos direitos sociais saúde e trabalho assumem relevância no que concerne a condições dignas de trabalho. Objetivo: Analisar as políticas públicas brasileiras, estaduais e locorregionais de saúde e trabalho, entre 2010 e 2016, voltadas aos trabalhadores imigrantes em Uberlândia/MG, no cenário do trabalho contemporâneo. Métodos: Estudo exploratório e analítico, desenvolvido na cidade de Uberlândia/MG. Como instrumentos de coleta, utilizamos a análise documental de legislações de domínio público, específicas sobre políticas públicas em saúde e trabalho no Brasil e no estado de Minas Gerais, publicadas no período de 2010 a 2016; a análise de dados oficiais sobre migrações do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; entrevistas semiestruturadas e análise de dados sobre o contingente e as características dos trabalhadores imigrantes de Uberlândia nos seguintes órgãos: Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador, Gerência Regional do Trabalho e Emprego, Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social e do Trabalho, Trabalho de Apoio e Assistência aos Refugiados Estrangeiros, Sindicato dos Trabalhadores nas Indústrias da Construção e do Mobiliário e Sindicato dos Trabalhadores nas Indústrias de Alimentação e Afins. Resultados: Das legislações nacionais atinentes à temática da pesquisa – uma originária do Ministério da Saúde e uma interministerial –, incluindo-se saúde, trabalho e previdência social, inexiste alusão ao imigrante no que tange a políticas voltadas a essa população no Brasil. No âmbito estadual, destaca-se a recente criação do Comitê de Atenção ao Migrante, de caráter consultivo, deliberativo e propositivo. Embora não haja um consenso entre os dados das instituições analisadas quanto ao contingente de imigrantes e sua composição segundo a nacionalidade, há estimativas de mais de trezentos imigrantes em Uberlândia, entre haitianos, bolivianos e bengaleses, em sua maioria inseridos formal e informalmente em atividades da construção civil, de abate de aves e do setor de serviços. Sobre a atuação local, destaca-se a falta de legislação, despreparo para receber e atender estrangeiros, bem como a inexistência de ações mais efetivas que beneficiem trabalhadores imigrantes, com maior evidência no setor saúde. Os órgãos que mostraram maior envolvimento e emprenho dos servidores foram a Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social e Trabalho e a organização não governamental pesquisada. Conclusões: Consideramos que o Brasil, o estado de Minas Gerais e a cidade de Uberlândia não estavam preparados para receber o contingente de trabalhadores imigrantes sob o ponto de vista da garantia de direitos sociais e constitucionais como saúde e trabalho. Além disso, os órgãos ministeriais responsáveis por saúde e trabalho não se adequaram em termos de capacitação e normatização, mostrando-se desarticulados e incapazes de dimensionar e desenvolver ações para o conjunto de imigrantes que trabalham formal e informalmente em nosso país. Contudo, concluímos que a nova Lei da Migração, publicada no ano de 2017, constitui um avanço legislativo, embora com limitações, compelindo um redesenho das políticas públicas brasileiras de saúde e trabalho e articulando-as num esforço conjunto de diálogo e cooperação necessários ao enfrentamento da complexidade das migrações internacionais, frente ao cenário do trabalho contemporâneo. / Introduction: Current migratory movements have made Brazil an attractive country for foreigners in search for better living conditions, work opportunities and income. Public policies based on social rights, health and work, aimed at immigrant workers, become relevant in terms of decent working conditions. Objective: To analyze the Brazilian public, state and regional policies regarding health and work from 2010 to 2016, focused on the immigrant workers in the city of Uberlandia/MG, in the scenario of the contemporary work. Methods: This is an exploratory and analytical study developed in the city of Uberlandia/MG. As collection instruments, we used the documentary analysis of public domain legislations specific about public policies in health and work in Brazil and in the state of Minas Gerais, published from 2010 to 2016. We also analyzed the official data about migration from the Ministry of Labor and Employment. We performed semi-structured interviews and data analysis about the contingent and characteristics of immigrant workers in Uberlandia at the following agencies: Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador (Reference Center on Occupational Health), Gerência Regional do Trabalho e Emprego (Regional Management Department of Labor and Employment), Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social e do Trabalho (Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare), Trabalho de Apoio e Assistência aos Refugiados Estrangeiros (NGO for Support and Assistance to Foreign Refugees), Sindicato dos Trabalhadores nas Indústrias da Construção e do Mobiliário (Labor Union of the Civil Construction and Furniture Industries) and Sindicato dos Trabalhadores nas Indústrias de Alimentação e Afins (Labor Union of Food Manufacturing). Results: In the national legislations related to the study’s theme (health, work, and social security), one by the Ministry of Health and another by a joint action of Brazilian Ministries, there is not any mention of immigrants and policies aimed at this population in Brazil. At the state level, we highlight the recent creation of the Comitê de Atenção ao Migrante (Migrant Care Committee), of advisory, deliberative and proactive nature. Although there is no consensus among the data of the institutions analyzed regarding the contingent and composition of the immigrants’ nationality, more than three hundred immigrants are estimated to live in Uberlandia, among Haitians, Bolivians and Bengalese, most of whom are formally and informally involved in construction, poultry slaughtering and in the service provision sector. Regarding the local situation, we highlight the lack of legislation, unpreparedness to welcome and assist foreigners, the lack of more effective actions that benefit immigrant workers with emphasis in the health sector, differently from the Secretaria de Desenvolvimento Social e do Trabalho, which showed greater involvement and commitment, as well as the nongovernmental organization studied. Conclusion: We consider that Brazil, the state of Minas Gerais and the city of Uberlandia were not prepared to receive the contingent of immigrant workers, from the point of view of guaranteeing social and constitutional rights such as health and work. We also consider that the ministerial bodies responsible for health and work did not have adequate training and standardization, showing a disarray and inability to measure and develop actions for the set of immigrants who work formally and informally in our country. However, we concluded that the new Brazilian Migration Law, published in 2017, is a legislative advance. Despite its limitations, this law compels a redesign of Brazilian public policies on health and work, to articulate them in a joint effort of dialogue and cooperation to face the complexity of international migration in the context of contemporary work. / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses.

Summaries in German and English / German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology)

El denominado proceso de "globalización" ha propiciado nuevos patrones de desarrollo en las relaciones económicas a nivel mundial, que no sólo se han traducido en una nueva organización del trabajo y cambios generales en la producción sino que, a su vez, han modificado las relaciones de poder entre el capital y el trabajo. Como consecuencia de esta profunda reorganización social y económica, la denominada "flexibilización" laboral se ha convertido en una de las características dominantes del mercado laboral que ha tenido diversos efectos negativos para los trabajadores en cuanto a su estabilidad, seguridad laboral, y pérdida de poder. En este contexto, surge la precariedad laboral que ha comportado profundos cambios en el empleo, transformando las relaciones de reproducción social y de las relaciones en el ámbito de la producción, acrecentando la vulnerabilidad de los trabajadores. Al mismo tiempo, la emergencia de la precariedad laboral ha coincidido históricamente con el aumento de los flujos migratorios de carácter principalmente económico.La precariedad laboral no afecta de la misma manera al conjunto de la fuerza de trabajo sino que perjudica especialmente a ciertos grupos vulnerables, entre los que se encuentran los inmigrantes. Así, la precariedad está estrechamente relacionada con los ejes de la desigualdad, que permiten explicar cómo las desigualdades sociales se traducen en distintos niveles de salud. No obstante, existe escasa evidencia que permita entender, con la profundidad suficiente, la relación entre los factores estructurales que configuran la precariedad laboral y su relación con la salud de los trabajadores. Aún menor es la evidencia disponible que analice específicamente la situación de los trabajadores inmigrantes. Esta tesis se propone conocer las características y dimensiones de la precariedad laboral específicas de los trabajadores inmigrantes y analizar su relación con la salud y bienestar de los mismos. Para conseguirlo, propone una metodología cualitativa, con dos orientaciones en el análisis. En una primera parte, el método de análisis utilizado fue la inducción analítica, a partir del marco teórico desarrollado por Amable (2006) sobre la precariedad laboral en asalariados españoles.La segunda parte del análisis es descriptiva e interpretativa siguiendo el método de la teoría fundamentada, utilizado para describir la relación de la precariedad con la salud y bienestar percibidos por los informantes. Los trabajadores inmigrantes caracterizan la precariedad laboral describiendo la elevada inestabilidad del empleo, escaso poder para negociar las condiciones de empleo, indefensión y una intensificación de la carga de trabajo. Perciben también, que sus ingresos son insuficientes para cubrir sus necesidades y que poseen escasos beneficios sociales que limitan su capacidad de ejercer derechos. Los trabajadores en situación irregular, comparten las características descritas de la precariedad, aunque perciben mayor indefensión y peores condiciones laborales. En la relación de la precariedad laboral con la salud, los informantes describieron no sólo problemas sobre su salud general (musculoesqueléticos, problemas alimentación, etc.) sino también problemas como la insatisfacción laboral, estrés, factores psicosociales, malas condiciones de vida y también hábitos poco saludables, como consumo de alcohol y medicamentos.A partir de este estudio hemos observado que la principal diferencia entre el colectivo de trabajadores españoles y el de inmigrantes reside en la extensión de la precariedad laboral. Entre los inmigrantes, la precariedad se presenta en niveles muy altos o incluso extremos, que exceden el ámbito laboral e incluyen aspectos de precariedad social, relacionados a sus condiciones de vida, marginación y exclusión. En el caso de los trabajadores en situación irregular necesariamente entran en la precariedad lo que los ubica como un colectivo muy vulnerable.Finalmente, si se considera que el trabajo es uno de los principales mecanismos de inserción en la sociedad, los inmigrantes que se hallan en situación de precariedad laboral podrían quedar expuestos a una inserción social igualmente precaria. Desde la perspectiva de Salud Pública es necesario considerar que aún y cuando la situación de la inmigración represente un impacto pequeño sobre la salud de los trabajadores, la magnitud de la inmigración a nivel mundial es muy elevada, por lo que el potencial impacto que ésta podría tener sobre la salud global de la población podría ser enorme.

Summaries in German and English / German text / In dieser Forschungsarbeit wird qualitativ das missionarische Engagement der sansibarischen Christen den einheimischen muslimischen Sansibaris gegenüber auf förderliche und hinderliche Faktoren untersucht. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, diese Faktoren aufzuzeigen und dadurch ein Bewusstsein für die Problematik der fehlenden Ganzheitlichkeit zu schaffen, damit hier gegengesteuert werden kann. Dazu wird zunächst der ethnologische und religionsgeschichtliche Hintergrund über Sansibar vorgestellt. Danach wird die geschichtliche Entwicklung und das heutige Bild der sansibarischen Gemeinden und Kirchen skizziert, um anschließend anhand des empirischtheologischen Praxiszyklus die Planung, die Durchführung und die Ergebnisse qualitativer Interviews mit jeweils drei Pastoren und leitenden Mitarbeiterinnen sansibarischer Gemeinden und Kirchen darzustellen. Mit Hilfe der Grounded Theory lassen sich zwei Tendenzen von kaum bis bedingt gelebter ganzheitlicher Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen und ihr jenseitsorientiertes Evangeliumsverständnis als Ursache dessen identifizieren. Abschließend wird der Ist-Zustand der Missionspraxis der Gemeinden und Kirchen beschrieben, indem basierend auf den Forschungsergebnissen Thesen formuliert werden. / This research work qualitatively examines the beneficial and hindering factors of the missionary commitment of the Zanzibari Christians to the native population. The aim is to describe these factors and to create an awareness for the lack of holistic mission so that countermeasures can be taken. Firstly, background information about Zanzibar is presented. Next, the historical development and current church landscape are described. Based on the empirical-theological practice cycle, the planning and execution as well as the results of qualitative interviews carried out with six church workers are then presented. Furthermore, based on the Grounded Theory, two tendencies of their mission practice ranging from negligible to minimal are identified, caused by a kingdom-come orientation concerning the understanding of the Gospel. Last but not least, based on the research results, the actual state of the mission practice of the Zanzibari churches is presented in three theses. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology)

Este estudio cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo en cinco ciudades examina las condiciones de trabajo, los riesgos, los factores influyentes y los efectos en salud experimentados por trabajadores inmigrantes en España. Se diseñó una muestra por criterio.El tamaño de la muestra final de 158 hombres y mujeres documentados e indocumentados se determinó por saturación del discurso. Los datos fueron recogidos entre septiembre del 2006 y mayo de 2007 mediante entrevistas individuales y grupos focales, ambos semiestructurados y con un guión de temas. Se empleó un análisis narrativo del contenido, siguiendo un esquema de generación mixta. Los datos muestran una exposición frecuente a una variedad de riesgos laborales, horas largas de trabajo y pocos días de descanso, además de prácticas discriminatorias en cuanto a la asignación de tareas. Los informantes carecían de formación en seguridad laboral y de experiencia en sus puestos de trabajo. La mayoría tenía poco control sobre su ambiente de trabajo. Finalmente, relataron abusos en términos de sus condiciones de empleo. Los efectos en salud relatados cubrían un rango, desde la experiencia o el miedo de sufrir lesiones agudas, lesiones de estrés crónico, problemas respiratorios y dermatológicos, la acumulación de fatiga, afectaciones del sueño, síntomas somáticos y síntomas de salud psicológica pobre tales como ansiedad y depresión. Se examinan las diferencias halladas por estatus administrativo y género. Estos resultados no dejan lugar a duda en cuanto a la necesidad de mejorar el apoyo a los inmigrantes trabajadores. También son necesarios mejores datos y vigilancia a la salud de esta población como elementos centrales de tal apoyo. Se discuten áreas específcas que requieren más atención desde la investigación y la polítca. / This qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study in five cities examines the working conditions, hazards, influencing factors and effects on health experienced by immigrant workers in Spain. A criterion sample was designed. The final sample of 158 documented and undocumented immigrant men and women was determined by saturation of the discourse. Data were collected between September 2006 and May 2007 through semistructured individual interviews and focus groups, using a topic guide. We employed narrative content analysis to examine data according to a mixed-generation scheme. The data demonstrated widespread exposure to a variety of occupational hazards, long work hours, and few days off, as well as discriminatory assignation of tasks. Informants lacked worker safety training, appropriate personal protective equipment, and experience in current jobs.Most had very little control over elements of their work environment. Finally, informants reported abuses in terms of employment conditions. Health effects reported ranged from the experience or fear of acute injuries, to chronic strain injuries, respiratory and dermatologic responses, to the accumulation of fatigue, sleep affectations, somatic symptoms, and mental health concerns such as anxiety and depressive mood. Differences by documentation status and gender are discussed. These results leave little doubt about the need for better outreach and support for immigrant workers in Spain. Better data collection and surveillance of this worker population is a centrally necessary element of stronger immigrant worker support. Specific areas in need of more study and policy consideration are discussed.