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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Desenvolvimento e manutenção de memória imunológica após imunização contra Neisseria meningitidis B com a vacina VA-MENGOC-BC / Development and maintenance of immune memory after immunization against Neisseria meningitidis B with VA-MENGOC-BC .

Simone da Costa Cruz 08 July 2011 (has links)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Neisseria meningitidis é uma das principais causas de meningite bacteriana e septicemia em todo o mundo, acometendo principalmente crianças menores de 4 anos. Atualmente, não existe uma vacina universal contra o meningococo B (MenB). A imunidade protetora contra o meningococo caracteriza-se pela presença e persistência de anticorpos bactericidas, porém pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos de desenvolvimento desta memória sorológica. Avaliamos em modelo animal e em humanos, a geração e manutenção das células secretoras de anticorpos (ASC) e dos linfócitos B de memória (LBm) após vacinação contra MenB. Utilizamos como referência a vacina diftérica (dT ou DTP), considerada ter ótima eficácia em humanos. Para o estudo em modelo animal, grupos de 6 a 8 camundongos suíços, fêmeas, de 5 a 6 semanas, foram imunizados com 3 doses da vacina VA-MENGOC-BC ou DTP, via intramuscular, com intervalo de 2 semanas entre as doses. Aproximadamente 2, 4 ou 6 meses após a última dose, os animais receberam a dose reforço. A vacina anti-MenB induziu uma resposta primária de ASC maior que a resposta à dose reforço. Ao contrário, a resposta de ASC à vacina dT foi maior após o booster. A resposta de LBm anti-MenB permaneceu constante (média de 1%) ao longo de todo o estudo, mas a resposta ao toxóide diftérico (TD) foi maior após o booster (média de 1,9%) que após a imunização primária. A concentração de IgG, anticorpos bactericidas e opsonizantes contra MenB foi dose-dependente e foi reativada após a administração das doses reforços. Esses resultados sugerem que os LBm presentes no baço foram responsáveis pela forte resposta de anticorpos observada após a dose reforço. Para o TD, ambos ASC e LBm foram importantes na manutenção da memória sorológica. Para o estudo em humanos, seis voluntários foram imunizados com 3 doses da vacina VA-MENGOC-BC, via intramuscular, com intervalo de 6 a 7 semanas entre as doses. Seis meses após a imunização primária, os indivíduos receberam uma dose reforço. Outro grupo de voluntários (n = 5) foi imunizado com uma dose reforço da vacina dT. Somente após a terceira dose da vacina anti-MenB foi possível detectar a presença de LBm em todos os indivíduos. Seis meses após a imunização primária, a frequência de LBm voltou ao seu nível basal e não foi reativada após a dose booster. A vacina dT também induziu uma resposta de LBm heterogênea, mas esta foi 5 vezes maior que a induzida por VA-MENGOC-BC. A resposta de anticorpos funcionais anti-MenB foi de curta duração com pequena reativação após a dose reforço. As duas vacinas induziram diferentes frequências de LT de memória central (TCM) e de memória efetora (TEM) após a vacinação primária e após o booster. A resposta à dose booster foi caracterizada pelo aumento da população de linfócitos TCM e diminuição de TEM. A população de linfócitos TCM apresentou maior ativação (CD69+) que os linfócitos TEM, especialmente após a vacinação contra MenB. Concluindo, os dados desta tese indicam que a administração de 3 doses da vacina VA-MENGOC-BC teve uma eficiência limitada em humanos e sugerem que a baixa eficácia da vacina, quando utilizada na década de 90 em São Paulo e no Rio de Janeiro, pode estar relacionada à deficiência na geração e manutenção de LBm específicos.
12

Avaliação da resposta imunológica após vacinação ou infecção por Neisseria meningitidis / Evaluation of the immune response after vaccination or infection with Neisseria meningitidis

Aline da Costa Cruz 17 January 2014 (has links)
A doença meningocócica (DM) é, ainda hoje, um sério problema de saúde pública, estando associada a elevadas taxas de morbidade e letalidade no mundo. A DM evoca proteção imunológica persistente contra a doença em pessoas com sistema imunológico normal. Em contraste, a proteção induzida por vacinas meningocócicas sempre requer a administração de doses reforço (booster) da vacina. No Brasil, Neisseria meningitidis dos sorogrupos C (MenC) e B (MenB) são as principais causas de DM durante os últimos anos. Atualmente, não existe uma vacina universal contra o meningococo B (MenB). A infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) tem sido apontada como um fator de risco para a mortalidade da DM. Um dos pilares do tratamento do HIV é a utilização de vacinas para doenças imuno-preveníveis. A vacina conjugada anti-MenC é frequentemente recomendada para crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV no Brasil e em muitos outros países. Poucos estudos têm abordado os mecanismos pelos quais as vacinas meningocócicas geram e sustentam a memória imunológica. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: 1) avaliar a resposta de anticorpos bactericidas e de linfócito T (LT) CD4 de memória contra o meningococo após a infecção; 2) avaliar a resposta de anticorpos bactericidas e de LT CD4 de memória e linfócito B de memória (LBm) contra o meningococo após o booster da vacina cubana VA-MENGOC-BC em voluntários imunizados há aproximadamente 17 anos; 3) investigar a resposta de anticorpos funcionais (bactericidas e opsonizantes) após imunização com a vacina conjugada anti-MenC (CRM197) em indivíduos infectados pelo vírus HIV. Após a infecção, 83% dos pacientes diagnosticados como tendo DM pelo teste de látex e/ou cultura tiveram títulos de anticorpos bactericidas protetores, mas não houve uma associação entre os títulos de anticorpos bactericidas e a concentração de imunoglobulina total específica. Houve aumento na frequência de linfócitos T de memória central (TCM) (mediana de 15%) ativados, principalmente após estímulo com a cepa MenC. Nos voluntários pré-vacinados, 3 de 5 indivíduos soroconverteram 7 ou 14 dias após a administração da dose booster. Houve um aumento importante da população TCM 14 dias após o booster, mas sem ativação celular diferenciada dos grupos controles. Observamos resposta positiva de LBm na maioria dos voluntários, mas sem correlação com os anticorpos bactericidas. Em relação aos pacientes HIV positivos, os resultados mostraram a necessidade de uma segunda dose da vacina, já que apenas 15% soroconverteram a uma única dose e a segunda dose resultou em soroconversão de cerca de 55% dos indivíduos. Observamos correlação positiva (r= 0,43) e significativa (P= 0,0007) entre os anticorpos opsonizantes e bactericidas após a vacinação. Não observamos diferenças significativas quando relacionamos os títulos de anticorpos bactericidas com o número absoluto de LT CD4 P= 0,051) e LT CD4 nadir (P= 0,09) entre os pacientes que soroconverteram (n= 43) ou não soroconverteram (n= 106) após a primeira dose. Desta forma, os resultados desta tese indicaram que: 1) os pacientes convalescentes da DM adquirem anticorpos bactericidas após infecção por N. meningitidis; 2) nos voluntários vacinados, a dose booster da vacina anti-MenB não foi plenamente eficaz em ativar a memória imunológica através da produção de anticorpos bactericidas ou ativação de LTm; 3) os pacientes HIV positivos necessitam de uma dose booster da vacina conjugada anti-MenC. / Meningococcal disease (MD) is still a serious public health problem and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. MD evokes persistent immune protection against disease in people with normal immune systems. In contrast, protection induced by meningococcal always requires booster injections of the vaccine. In Brazil, Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C (MenC) and B (MenB) have been the main causes of MD for the past years. Currently, there is no universal vaccine against serogroup B. HIV infection has been implicated as a risk factor for the mortality of meningococcal disease. One of the cornerstones of HIV treatment is the use of vaccines for immunopreventable diseases. The anti-MenC conjugated vaccine is often recommended for children and adolescents infected with HIV in Brazil and many other countries. Few studies have addressed the mechanisms by which meningococcal vaccines generate and sustain immunological memory. The aims of this study were: 1) to evaluate the response of bactericidal antibody and memory CD4 T lymphocyte against meningococcus after infection; 2) to evaluate the bactericidal antibody response and memory T cells and memory B cells against meningococcal booster after the Cuban vaccine VA-MENGOC-BC in volunteers immunized for about 17 years; 3) to investigate the functional antibody response (bactericidal and opsonizing) after immunization with anti-MenC conjugated vaccine (CRM197) in individuals infected with HIV. After infection, 83% of patients diagnosed as having DM by latex and/or culture test, had protective titers of bactericidal antibodies, but there was no association between the titers of bactericidal antibodies and the total specific immunoglobulin concentration and an increase in frequency of TCM (median of 15%) activated mainly after stimulation with MenC strain. In pre-vaccinated volunteers, 3 of 5 subjects seroconverted 7 or 14 days after administration of the booster dose. There was a significant increase in TCM population 14 days after the booster dose but without differentiated cell activation of control groups. We observed positive response of memory B lymphocyte in most volunteers, but no correlation with bactericidal antibodies. Regarding HIV infected patients, the results showed the need for a second vaccine dose in this population since only about 15% responded to a single dose and second dose resulted in seroconversion in about 55 % of individuals. We observed a positive (r= 0,43) and significant (P= 0,0007) correlation between the opsonizing and bactericidal antibody after vaccination. No significant differences when we relate the titles of bactericidal antibodies with the absolute number of CD4 (P= 0,051) and CD4 nadir (P= 0,09) among patients who seroconverted (n= 43) or not seroconverted (n= 106) after the first dose. Thus, the results indicated that: 1) convalescent patients of DM acquire bactericidal antibodies after infection with N. meningitides; 2) in vaccinated volunteers, the booster dose of anti-MenB vaccine was not fully effective in activating the immune memory by production of bactericidal antibodies or activation of memory CD4 T lymphocyte; 3) HIV-positive patients need a booster dose of the anti-MenC conjugated vaccine.
13

Estudo fenotípico e funcional de populações de células B de memória durante a fase aguda e convalescença de malária vivax em pacientes expostos na Amazônia Brasileira

Soares, Roberta Reis 31 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-21T12:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 robertareissoares.pdf: 5933538 bytes, checksum: b54bb391cf221f53ba8ab332d78dcb44 (MD5) / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: on 2017-08-24T11:30:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-24T15:19:55Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Rejected by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br), reason: IsaBELA acho q células b o B deveria ser maiúsculo. Verifique, por favor. on 2017-08-30T14:33:13Z (GMT) / Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-31T10:42:30Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-31T12:25:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T12:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-03-31 / A malária constitui um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública mundial, sendo responsável por aproximadamente meio milhão de mortes anuais. Por isso, e devido à crescente resistência dos parasitos aos antimaláricos usuais e aumento do número de casos graves, sobretudo os ocasionados por P. vivax, grandes esforços têm sido dispensados no desenvolvimento de vacinas. Até o momento, a única vacina licenciada mostrou-se capaz de conferir algum grau de imunidade contra P. falciparum, porém a inabilidade de manutenção de resposta protetora ao longo do tempo tem sido um grande desafio a ser superado. Indivíduos naturalmente expostos à doença desenvolvem graus variados de proteção, que parece ser perdida na ausência de reestímulos. Essas observações apontam para falhas na memória imunológica mediada por células B. No Brasil, onde cerca de 85% dos episódios de malária são atribuídos a P. vivax, estudos acerca do desenvolvimento e manutenção de memória imunológica são escassos. O entendimento de fatores que possam modular as respostas imunes durante e após a malária são importantes no desenvolvimento de vacinas. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar aspectos clínicos e hematológicos, verificar a geração e persistência de anticorpos e células B de memória (MBCs) direcionadas aos peptídeos sintéticos (PvAMA-1(S290-K307) e PvMSP-9(E795-A808)), bem como à proteína recombinante PvAMA-1DII e averiguar a ocorrência de flutuações no compartimento de células B em indivíduos durante a malária aguda e em 30, 60 e 180 dias decorridos do diagnóstico (convalescença) por P. vivax. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que alterações hematológicas ocorerram predominantemente na fase aguda, destacando-se plaquetopenia, linfopenia e leucopenia. Na fase aguda da infecção, indivíduos exibiram MBCs e anticorpos específicos para PvAMA-1(S290-K307) e PvMSP-9(E795-A808), bem como para a PvAMA-1DII, os quais persistiram, de maneira geral, por > 180 dias na ausência de reinfecções/recaídas. Não foram observadas associações positivas entre respostas de anticorpos e MBCs ao longo do tempo para todos os antígenos avaliados. Além disso, este estudo corroborou a relação entre exposição/infecção malárica e ocorrência de flutuações no perfil fenotípico de subpopulações de células B no sangue periférico, com destaque para a expansão de imaturas e plasmáticas durante a fase aguda da doença. No tocante às MBCs atípicas, independentemente do grupo avaliado (controles expostos, fase aguda ou convalescença) estas células se encontraram expandidas em relação ao observado em indivíduos não expostos à malária. Os dados desse estudo ainda sugerem que a expansão de células B atípicas observada em indivíduos provenientes de área endêmica é influenciada pela ocorrência de episódios pregressos da doença. Estudos posteriores são de fundamental importância para determinar o impacto de tais alterações em estratégias de imunizações voltadas ao combate da malária vivax em populações expostas em regiões de baixa transmissão de malária na Amazônia Brasileira. / Malaria is one of the greatest public health problems in the world, accounting for approximately half a million annual deaths. Therefore, due to the increasing resistance of the parasites to the usual antimalarials and an increase in the number of severe cases, especially those caused by P. vivax, great efforts have been dispensed with in the development of vaccines. To date, the only licensed vaccine has been shown to confer some degree of immunity against P. falciparum, but the inability to maintain a protective response over time has been a major challenge to be overcome. Individuals naturally exposed to the disease develop varying degrees of protection, which seems to be lost in the absence of re-stimulation. These observations point to failures in B cells-mediated immune memory. In Brazil, where about 85% of malaria episodes are attributed to P. vivax, studies on the development and maintenance of immune memory are scarce. Understanding of factors that can modulate immune responses during and after malaria are important in the development of vaccines. This study aimed to evaluate clinical and hematological aspects, to verify the generation and persistence of antibodies and memory B cells (MBCs) directed to synthetic peptides (PvAMA-1(S290-K307) and PvMSP-9(E795-A808)), as well as to the recombinant protein PvAMA-1DII and to investigate the occurrence of fluctuations in the B cell compartment in individuals during acute malaria and at 30, 60 and 180 days after the diagnosis (convalescence) of P. vivax. The results showed that hematological alterations occurred predominantly in the acute phase, especially thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia and leucopenia. In the acute phase of infection, individuals exhibited MBCs and antibodies specific for PvAMA-1(S290-K307) and PvMSP-9(E795-A808) as well as for PvAMA-1DII, which generally persisted > 180 days in the absence of reinfections/relapses. No positive associations between antibody responses and MBCs over time were observed for all antigens evaluated. In addition, this study corroborated the relationship between exposure/malarial infection and occurrence of fluctuations in the phenotypic profile of B-cell subpopulations in peripheral blood, with emphasis on immature and plasma expansion during the acute phase of the disease. Regarding atypical MBCs, regardless of the group evaluated (exposed controls, acute phase or convalescence), these cells were expanded in relation to that observed in individuals not exposed to malaria. The data from this study still suggest that the expansion of atypical B cells observed in individuals from the endemic area is influenced by the occurrence of previous episodes of the disease. Subsequent studies are of fundamental importance to determine the impact of such changes on immunization strategies aimed at combating vivax malaria in populations exposed in regions of low malaria transmission in the Brazilian Amazon.
14

Mechanisms of T Cell Reconstitution Following Lymphoablation in TransplantationAnd Description of a Novel Protective Role for T Cells in Epilepsy

Ayasoufi, Katayoun 07 February 2017 (has links)
No description available.
15

Induction de réponses mémoires lymphocytaires T CD8 et protection vaccinale après transfert de gènes par le vecteur AAV recombinant / Induction of lymphocytic memory CD8 T cell responses and vaccinal protection following genes transfer by recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) vector

Ghenassia, Alexandre 30 October 2015 (has links)
La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.
16

Induction de réponses mémoires lymphocytaires T CD8 et protection vaccinale après transfert de gènes par le vecteur AAV recombinant / Induction of lymphocytic memory CD8 T cell responses and vaccinal protection following genes transfer by recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) vector

Ghenassia, Alexandre 30 October 2015 (has links)
La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.
17

Induction de réponses mémoires lymphocytaires T CD8 et protection vaccinale après transfert de gènes par le vecteur AAV recombinant / Induction of lymphocytic memory CD8 T cell responses and vaccinal protection following genes transfer by recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV) vector

Ghenassia, Alexandre 30 October 2015 (has links)
La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.
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Papel das citocinas IL-5 e IL-17A na diferenciação de células produtoras de anticorpos de vida longa (ASC) induzida pelo veneno do peixe Thalassophryne nattereri / The role of IL-5 and IL-17A in the differentiation of long-lived antibody secreting cells (ASC) induced by Thalassophryne nattereri fish venom

Grund, Lidiane Zito 15 September 2009 (has links)
O veneno do T.nattereri induz uma resposta de memória com a diferenciação de células B B220neg, indicativo de células produtoras de anticorpos de vida longa (ASC). Para avaliar o efeito do veneno na diferenciação de ASCs, camundongos BALB/c foram imunizados e sacrificados nos dias 21, 28, 48, 74 e 120 para avaliação de anticorpos plasmáticos e células B no peritônio, baço e medula óssea. O veneno induziu intensa esplenomegalia, formação de centros germinativos e persistentes níveis de anticorpos específicos IgG1, IgG2a e IgE anafilática. Células B1a e ASC apareceram rapidamente e a população de ASC CD138pos foi dividida em três subtipos (B220highCD43high, B220lowCD43low, e B220negCD43high) que persistiram em diferentes níveis em todos compartimentos. Finalmente, por métodos de neutralização nós sugerimos um papel importante da IL-5 e IL-17 A no desenvolvimento de ASC B220neg e na população B1a e mais ainda, a produção de TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, KC bem como a retenção do veneno nas células dendríticas foliculares parece promover os mecanismos para manutenção das ASCs. / T. nattereri fish venom induces a memory immune response with the differentiation of B cells B220neg, an indicative of long-lived antibody-secreting cells - ASC. To assess the effect of the venom on differentiation of ASCs, BALB/c mice were immunized with venom and sacrificed at days 21, 28, 48, 74 and 120 to evaluate plasmatic antibodies and B cell subtypes in peritoneum, spleen and bone marrow. The venom promoted splenomegaly, germinal centers formation and persistent levels of specific antibodies IgG1, IgG2a and anaphylactic IgE. B1a cells and ASC emerged rapidly and CD138pos ASCs can be divided into three subsets (B220high CD43high, B220low CD43low, and B220neg CD43high) that persist at different levels in all compartments. Finally, by neutralization methods we suggested an important role for IL-5 and IL-17A on development of B220neg ASCs and B1a population and moreover the production of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, KC as well as the venom retained in follicular dendritic cells seem to provide mechanisms to explain the maintenance of ASCs.
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Papel das citocinas IL-5 e IL-17A na diferenciação de células produtoras de anticorpos de vida longa (ASC) induzida pelo veneno do peixe Thalassophryne nattereri / The role of IL-5 and IL-17A in the differentiation of long-lived antibody secreting cells (ASC) induced by Thalassophryne nattereri fish venom

Lidiane Zito Grund 15 September 2009 (has links)
O veneno do T.nattereri induz uma resposta de memória com a diferenciação de células B B220neg, indicativo de células produtoras de anticorpos de vida longa (ASC). Para avaliar o efeito do veneno na diferenciação de ASCs, camundongos BALB/c foram imunizados e sacrificados nos dias 21, 28, 48, 74 e 120 para avaliação de anticorpos plasmáticos e células B no peritônio, baço e medula óssea. O veneno induziu intensa esplenomegalia, formação de centros germinativos e persistentes níveis de anticorpos específicos IgG1, IgG2a e IgE anafilática. Células B1a e ASC apareceram rapidamente e a população de ASC CD138pos foi dividida em três subtipos (B220highCD43high, B220lowCD43low, e B220negCD43high) que persistiram em diferentes níveis em todos compartimentos. Finalmente, por métodos de neutralização nós sugerimos um papel importante da IL-5 e IL-17 A no desenvolvimento de ASC B220neg e na população B1a e mais ainda, a produção de TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, KC bem como a retenção do veneno nas células dendríticas foliculares parece promover os mecanismos para manutenção das ASCs. / T. nattereri fish venom induces a memory immune response with the differentiation of B cells B220neg, an indicative of long-lived antibody-secreting cells - ASC. To assess the effect of the venom on differentiation of ASCs, BALB/c mice were immunized with venom and sacrificed at days 21, 28, 48, 74 and 120 to evaluate plasmatic antibodies and B cell subtypes in peritoneum, spleen and bone marrow. The venom promoted splenomegaly, germinal centers formation and persistent levels of specific antibodies IgG1, IgG2a and anaphylactic IgE. B1a cells and ASC emerged rapidly and CD138pos ASCs can be divided into three subsets (B220high CD43high, B220low CD43low, and B220neg CD43high) that persist at different levels in all compartments. Finally, by neutralization methods we suggested an important role for IL-5 and IL-17A on development of B220neg ASCs and B1a population and moreover the production of TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, KC as well as the venom retained in follicular dendritic cells seem to provide mechanisms to explain the maintenance of ASCs.
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Lymphocytes T CD4 et réponses vaccinales: du processus de différenciation à la mémoire immunologique

Stubbe, Muriel 05 November 2007 (has links)
Les lymphocytes T CD4 (LT CD4) jouent un rôle central dans la régulation des réponses immunitaires vis-à-vis des agents infectieux et des vaccins. Cependant, leur différenciation in vivo est encore mal comprise et les caractéristiques des LT CD4 capables de persister à long terme tout en assurant une réponse immunitaire protectrice sont mal définies. L’approfondissement de ces connaissances est indispensable pour le développement de nouveaux vaccins. <p>Pour approcher cette question, nous avons utilisé deux approches expérimentales. La première est un suivi de la différenciation des LT CD4 au cours de la réponse immune primaire chez des sujets vaccinés contre l’hépatite B ;la deuxième est la caractérisation phénotypique et fonctionnelle des LT CD4 mémoires antigène(Ag)-spécifiques pendant la phase d’état. Cette analyse a été réalisée au sein des LT CD4 spécifiques d’Ag vaccinaux, l’Ag de surface du virus de l’hépatite B (HBs) et la toxine tétanique (TT), ainsi que ceux spécifiques des Ag du cytomégalovirus (CMV). Les LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques ont été mis en évidence par cytométrie de flux après marquage intracytoplasmique du ligand du CD40 (CD40L) exprimé en réponse à une stimulation de courte durée par l’Ag. Des expériences basées sur la stimulation par la toxine du syndrome du choc toxique et le marquage du segment Vbeta2 du récepteur des LT ont démontré la bonne sensibilité et spécificité de cette méthode.<p>Le suivi de la réponse primaire chez 11 donneurs jusqu’à plus d’un an après immunisation par le vaccin anti-hépatite B a permis d’établir un modèle de différenciation des LT CD4 Ag-spécifiques in vivo chez l’homme. Nous avons mis en évidence des LT CD4 spécifiques d’un nombre limité de peptides immunodominants de la protéine HBs suggérant une réponse de type oligoclonale. Grâce à l’utilisation d’un cytomètre neuf couleurs, nous avons mené une analyse détaillée de l’hétérogénéité de la population mémoire HBs-spécifique. L’expression du CCR7 permet de distinguer des cellules de type mémoire centrale (LTCM, CCR7+) et effectrice (LTEM, CCR7-) se distinguant notamment par leur capacité à migrer vers les ganglions lymphatiques ainsi que par leurs propriétés fonctionnelles. Nous avons montré l’existence de ces deux sous-populations au sein des cellules HBs-spécifiques mais par opposition à leur définition initiale, ces LTCM sont capables de produire des cytokines effectrices. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant le Ki67 témoigne d’une activité proliférative persistante in vivo et suggère la capacité de ces cellules à s’auto-renouveler et éventuellement à alimenter le pool des LTEM. La proportion importante de LTCM exprimant la chaîne alpha du récepteur à l’IL-7 (CD127) suggère que ces cellules sont sensibles aux signaux émanant de l’IL-7, une cytokine dont le rôle dans le maintien de la mémoire lymphocytaire T est connu. Compte tenu de la relevance potentielle de ces caractéristiques uniques pour le développement de vaccins et de l’accumulation de travaux montrant l’avantage sélectif des LTCM à conférer une immunité protectrice, nous avons focalisé la dernière partie de ces recherches sur cette sous-population. Une étude transversale des LTCM spécifiques de plusieurs types d’Ag (éliminés (HBs et TT) ou persistants (CMV)) a été menée. Nos résultats montrent une hétérogénéité, variable selon l’Ag, de la capacité de ces cellules à produire des cytokines effectrices et de leur phénotype de différenciation. Cette donnée nouvelle soulève la possibilité que les LTCM soient hétérogènes dans leur capacité à conférer une immunité protectrice. L’acquisition du marqueur KLRG1 par une fraction des LTCM s’associe à une capacité accrue à produire des cytokines effectrices et à une expression élevée du CD127. La possibilité que ces cellules soient particulièrement aptes à conférer une immunité protectrice et durable est discutée, tout comme les mécanismes menant à leur génération et l’intérêt de ces connaissances pour la conception de nouveaux vaccins.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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