No description available.

Cerca de 60% do total de cargas transportadas no país, utilizam-se do modal rodoviário, ainda que apenas 13,5% das estradas do país sejam pavimentadas, e, destas 48% possuam algum tipo de deficiência. Inseridas neste contexto, estão as quase 1300 fabricantes de implementos rodoviários, veículos destinados especificamente ao transporte dessas cargas. O cenário evidencia a concorrência existente neste segmento. Para manterem-se competitivas, estas empresas devem oferecer produtos com maior qualidade, durabilidade, segurança e a um custo competitivo. Uma das etapas do desenvolvimento que mais consome recursos destas empresas são as avaliações de durabilidade dos seus respectivos produtos e, neste intuito, as ferramentas de simulação numérica são importantes aliadas, pois permitem estimar a vida em fadiga dos mesmos ainda na fase de concepção, reduzindo custos em garantias, protótipos e tempo despendido no desenvolvimento de um novo produto. A vida em fadiga dos componentes e estruturas metálicas pode ser definida através de duas principais abordagens: domínio do tempo ou domínio da frequência, também chamado de métodos espectrais. Esta abordagem apresenta tanto excitações quanto respostas em termos de Densidade Espectral de Potência - PSD, enquanto a abordagem no domínio do tempo apresenta excitações e respostas em termos de históricos temporais. O uso de métodos espectrais possui como vantagens a redução do esforço computacional, melhor entendimento do comportamento dinâmico da estrutura, além de permitir a análise de trechos representativos das pistas por onde o implemento trafega. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para estimativa da vida em fadiga de componentes de implementos rodoviários, além de um estudo de caso, utilizando métodos espectrais. A solução do problema faz uso de acelerações aquisitadas em pistas de asfalto e estrada de chão e estes valores são utilizados como dados de entrada na estimativa da vida em fadiga do componente em estudo. Efeitos das tensões médias e critérios de multiaxialidade também foram abordados. / About 60% of the total cargo transported in the country makes use of highways, however only 13.5% of the country's roads are paved, and 48% of them have some type of disability. Inserted in this context there are approximately 1300 manufacturers of road implements, vehicles designed specifically to the transport of cargo. The scenario highlights the competition in this segment. In order to remain competitive, that companies must offer products with higher quality, durability, safety and lower cost. One of development the stages that consumes more resources from these companies is the durability evaluation of their products and, in this aim, numerical simulation tools are important allies, as they allow to estimate the fatigue life of them, still in the design phase, reducing costs in guarantees, prototypes and the time spent in the development of a new product. The fatigue life of components and metallic structures can be defined by two main approaches: the time domain and the frequency domain or spectral method. This spectral approach has both excitations and responses in terms of the Power Spectral Density - PSD, while the time domain approach involves the excitations and responses in terms of some history of time. The use of spectral methods have the advantage of reducing the computational effort, a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the structure, and allows the analysis of more representative sections of tracks where the implement travels. This work uses one specific methodology for fatigue life assessment of components of road implements, besides a study of some particular case, using spectral methods. The solution of the problem makes use of experimental accelerations measured in paved and unpaved roads, where they are used as input data in the fatigue life assessment of the component in study. Mean stress effects and multiaxial stresses criteria were also considered.

Cerca de 60% do total de cargas transportadas no país, utilizam-se do modal rodoviário, ainda que apenas 13,5% das estradas do país sejam pavimentadas, e, destas 48% possuam algum tipo de deficiência. Inseridas neste contexto, estão as quase 1300 fabricantes de implementos rodoviários, veículos destinados especificamente ao transporte dessas cargas. O cenário evidencia a concorrência existente neste segmento. Para manterem-se competitivas, estas empresas devem oferecer produtos com maior qualidade, durabilidade, segurança e a um custo competitivo. Uma das etapas do desenvolvimento que mais consome recursos destas empresas são as avaliações de durabilidade dos seus respectivos produtos e, neste intuito, as ferramentas de simulação numérica são importantes aliadas, pois permitem estimar a vida em fadiga dos mesmos ainda na fase de concepção, reduzindo custos em garantias, protótipos e tempo despendido no desenvolvimento de um novo produto. A vida em fadiga dos componentes e estruturas metálicas pode ser definida através de duas principais abordagens: domínio do tempo ou domínio da frequência, também chamado de métodos espectrais. Esta abordagem apresenta tanto excitações quanto respostas em termos de Densidade Espectral de Potência - PSD, enquanto a abordagem no domínio do tempo apresenta excitações e respostas em termos de históricos temporais. O uso de métodos espectrais possui como vantagens a redução do esforço computacional, melhor entendimento do comportamento dinâmico da estrutura, além de permitir a análise de trechos representativos das pistas por onde o implemento trafega. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para estimativa da vida em fadiga de componentes de implementos rodoviários, além de um estudo de caso, utilizando métodos espectrais. A solução do problema faz uso de acelerações aquisitadas em pistas de asfalto e estrada de chão e estes valores são utilizados como dados de entrada na estimativa da vida em fadiga do componente em estudo. Efeitos das tensões médias e critérios de multiaxialidade também foram abordados. / About 60% of the total cargo transported in the country makes use of highways, however only 13.5% of the country's roads are paved, and 48% of them have some type of disability. Inserted in this context there are approximately 1300 manufacturers of road implements, vehicles designed specifically to the transport of cargo. The scenario highlights the competition in this segment. In order to remain competitive, that companies must offer products with higher quality, durability, safety and lower cost. One of development the stages that consumes more resources from these companies is the durability evaluation of their products and, in this aim, numerical simulation tools are important allies, as they allow to estimate the fatigue life of them, still in the design phase, reducing costs in guarantees, prototypes and the time spent in the development of a new product. The fatigue life of components and metallic structures can be defined by two main approaches: the time domain and the frequency domain or spectral method. This spectral approach has both excitations and responses in terms of the Power Spectral Density - PSD, while the time domain approach involves the excitations and responses in terms of some history of time. The use of spectral methods have the advantage of reducing the computational effort, a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the structure, and allows the analysis of more representative sections of tracks where the implement travels. This work uses one specific methodology for fatigue life assessment of components of road implements, besides a study of some particular case, using spectral methods. The solution of the problem makes use of experimental accelerations measured in paved and unpaved roads, where they are used as input data in the fatigue life assessment of the component in study. Mean stress effects and multiaxial stresses criteria were also considered.

Orientador: Paulo Sergio Graziano Magalhães / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T21:21:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Buscarato_EderAlexandre_M.pdf: 14445069 bytes, checksum: c3e2d83e7b2d506697ea88ad7cc248cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Nas áreas de reflorestamento de pinus e eucaliptos onde não é utilizada a eliminação da cepa através da queima e do preparo intensivo do solo, o plantio das novas mudas passou a ser feito na entrelinha de cepas. Acreditava-se que após 7 anos, quando a floresta alcança o seu ponto de corte, as cepas do plantio anterior teriam sido decompostas pela ação de microorganismos. Contudo observou-se que as cepas de plantios anteriores permanecem no campo e atualmente o problema com excesso de cepas em área de plantio florestal, acarreta atrasos nas operações, quebra e redução de vida útil de equipamentos, aumento do custo na produção de florestas. Esse processo de decomposição é muito variado, depende de uma serie de fatores como material genético, umidade, temperatura, etc. Os meios mecânicos de eliminação de cepas em larga escala disponíveis no mercado, são caros e lentos, além de provocar muita movimentação de material orgânico e solo. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a resistência mecânica das raízes de cepas de eucalipto, para obter dados para o projeto de equipamento de eliminação de cepas. A partir de cepas de 7 anos sem recondução, obtidas em campo, foi realizado levantamento da força específica necessária para o corte das raízes localizadas a 400 mm de profundidade (pivotantes) e a um raio de 500 mm do centro da cepa (laterais). Utilizou-se neste levantamento ferramentas de corte com 3 ângulos de posição e 3 ângulos de cunha distintos e cepas oriundas de árvores cultivadas em solos argilosos e arenosos. Realizou-se também avaliação da distribuição radicular em torno da cepa. Os resultados mostraram que não existe uma diferença significativa entre as raízes em função de sua localização em torno da cepa, e também em relação ao tipo de solo onde a árvore foi cultivada. Os ensaios de campo mostram também que a força específica de corte das raízes é muito pouco influenciada pelo ângulo de ataque da ferramenta ou o seu ângulo de corte, devido principalmente a disposição aleatória das raízes em relação à linha de avanço da ferramenta / Abstract: In the areas of pines and eucalyptus reforestation where the elimination of the stump is not endorse through burning or intensive soil preparation, planting of the new sprout was done in interline of stumps. It was understood that after 7 years, when the forest reaches its harvest age, the stumps of the previous plantation would have been decomposed by the action of microorganisms. However, it was observed that the stumps of previous crop remained in the field. Now the problem with excess of stumps in area of forest growing cause delay in filed operations, breakdown and reduction of equipments operational life and cost rising of forests production. The decomposition process varied, as function of a series of factors such as genetic material, humidity, temperature, etc. The mechanical methods for stumps elimination in wide scale available in the market are expensive and slow, besides provoking a lot of movement of organic material and soil. The present research project had as the main objective characterizing the mechanical resistance the eucalyptus stumps roots, to obtain data for the design of equipment for stumps elimination. From 7 year-old stumps obtained in the field, the specific forces necessary to cut roots located to 400 depth mm and the a radius of 500 mm from the center of the stump was determined. In the experimental work, cutting tools with 3 different rake angles and tools angles and stumps originating from of trees cultivated in clay and sandy soils were uded. An evaluation of the root distribution around the stump was also realized. The results showed that, does not exist a significant difference among the roots as function of its location around the stump, and in relation to the soil type where the tree was cultivated. The field-test also show that the specific force to cut of the roots is very a low influenced by the rake angle or the tool angle, due mainly to the aleatory position of the roots in relation to line of forward displacement of the tool / Mestrado / Agua e Solo / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Cerca de 60% do total de cargas transportadas no país, utilizam-se do modal rodoviário, ainda que apenas 13,5% das estradas do país sejam pavimentadas, e, destas 48% possuam algum tipo de deficiência. Inseridas neste contexto, estão as quase 1300 fabricantes de implementos rodoviários, veículos destinados especificamente ao transporte dessas cargas. O cenário evidencia a concorrência existente neste segmento. Para manterem-se competitivas, estas empresas devem oferecer produtos com maior qualidade, durabilidade, segurança e a um custo competitivo. Uma das etapas do desenvolvimento que mais consome recursos destas empresas são as avaliações de durabilidade dos seus respectivos produtos e, neste intuito, as ferramentas de simulação numérica são importantes aliadas, pois permitem estimar a vida em fadiga dos mesmos ainda na fase de concepção, reduzindo custos em garantias, protótipos e tempo despendido no desenvolvimento de um novo produto. A vida em fadiga dos componentes e estruturas metálicas pode ser definida através de duas principais abordagens: domínio do tempo ou domínio da frequência, também chamado de métodos espectrais. Esta abordagem apresenta tanto excitações quanto respostas em termos de Densidade Espectral de Potência - PSD, enquanto a abordagem no domínio do tempo apresenta excitações e respostas em termos de históricos temporais. O uso de métodos espectrais possui como vantagens a redução do esforço computacional, melhor entendimento do comportamento dinâmico da estrutura, além de permitir a análise de trechos representativos das pistas por onde o implemento trafega. O presente trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para estimativa da vida em fadiga de componentes de implementos rodoviários, além de um estudo de caso, utilizando métodos espectrais. A solução do problema faz uso de acelerações aquisitadas em pistas de asfalto e estrada de chão e estes valores são utilizados como dados de entrada na estimativa da vida em fadiga do componente em estudo. Efeitos das tensões médias e critérios de multiaxialidade também foram abordados. / About 60% of the total cargo transported in the country makes use of highways, however only 13.5% of the country's roads are paved, and 48% of them have some type of disability. Inserted in this context there are approximately 1300 manufacturers of road implements, vehicles designed specifically to the transport of cargo. The scenario highlights the competition in this segment. In order to remain competitive, that companies must offer products with higher quality, durability, safety and lower cost. One of development the stages that consumes more resources from these companies is the durability evaluation of their products and, in this aim, numerical simulation tools are important allies, as they allow to estimate the fatigue life of them, still in the design phase, reducing costs in guarantees, prototypes and the time spent in the development of a new product. The fatigue life of components and metallic structures can be defined by two main approaches: the time domain and the frequency domain or spectral method. This spectral approach has both excitations and responses in terms of the Power Spectral Density - PSD, while the time domain approach involves the excitations and responses in terms of some history of time. The use of spectral methods have the advantage of reducing the computational effort, a better understanding of the dynamic behavior of the structure, and allows the analysis of more representative sections of tracks where the implement travels. This work uses one specific methodology for fatigue life assessment of components of road implements, besides a study of some particular case, using spectral methods. The solution of the problem makes use of experimental accelerations measured in paved and unpaved roads, where they are used as input data in the fatigue life assessment of the component in study. Mean stress effects and multiaxial stresses criteria were also considered.

In this paper I’ll be investigating how to implement and use virtual 3D sets using only simple 2D reference footage. There are many possible ways to achieve similar effects but I’ll be specifically targeting the lower end segment of the industry by using methods that require fewer resources. Other methods are used in large film productions in Hollywood but my goal with this paper is to make the technology more accessible for small-scale companies and productions.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Local and international pundits concur that education systems play a pivotal role in fostering and developing values in learners. In some countries, like South Africa, the values and rights enshrined in the Constitution and the Bill of Rights resonate in the Schools Act. As one of the concerns of education is nationbuilding, my study investigates if the integration of the values does achieve tolerance and co-operation in the classroom by examining how learners make sense of values in the Mathematical Literacy curriculum. While I firmly believe that educational institutions have a responsibility to integrate positive values into all aspects of the school curriculum, it is my contention that learners cannot fully benefit from values specifically related to the Mathematical Literacy curriculum itself on their own. All stakeholders in education need to come together to establish an informed understanding of policy documents and reconcile the complexities and challenges that surround the transmission of values, so that educators will be able to assist learners in a meaningful way. The classroom life of a learner is intricately woven with that of the teacher. In order to unearth the views and practices of learners and teachers, I adopted a participatory approach. The qualitative study that ensued was conducted in three Mathematics Literacy classrooms at secondary schools in Cape Town, South Africa. The observation sessions afforded me the opportunity to experience and appreciate how the teachers integrate values into the Mathematical Literacy lessons while observing learners‟ behaviour in the classroom. The interactions and interviews with both learners and teachers aided in further unravelling their understanding and implementation of values in the Mathematical Literacy lessons. For learners to develop into responsible, caring and morally just citizens who arecapable of critical thought, they equire an education that provides them with the necessary opportunities and tools to develop. Mathematical Literacy is able to provide learners with the relevant opportunities and thinking tools to construct meaning around moral concepts. I strongly believe that for learners to accomplish this goal, educators need to be appropriately capacitated to facilitate opportunities for their learners.I did not find any evidence in the literature that suggests a fail-safe theoretical approach to success in values education. I am of the opinion that for any measure of success in values education, a combination of these theories of learning and moral development has to be employed. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Due to climate change, rapid urbanization, and population expansion, the water demand and supply is showing increasing fluctuations, especially in the arid or semi-arid regions. One of the most important water resource management strategies to improve water security in these drought-prone areas is managed aquifer recharge (MAR), which is developed to recharge groundwater purposefully and increase its storage to overcome the temporal imbalance between local water demand and availability, thus improving water security of the water supply. Assessment of an MAR project requires the integration of many types of methods, data and information from many disciplines, which makes it a challenge. This thesis addressed a GIS based modeling approach for assessing the implementation of MAR in terms of suitable sites as well as appropriate scheme in drought-prone area. The West Coast of South Africa was studied as a case. Langebaan Road

Detta examensarbete syftar till att exemplifiera vilka informationsparametrar som är nödvändiga för att Building Information Management på ett bättre sätt ska kunna implementeras i produktionsfasen. För att uppnå detta mål har vi analyserat utvecklingen och nyttjandet av Building Information Management genom tre olika datainsamlingsmetoder; litteraturstudie, observationer och intervjuer.   I detta examensarbete har vi fördjupat oss i för- och nackdelar samt hur Skanska Sverige AB kan tillämpa Building Information Management som hjälpmedel i arbetsberedningar. Denna fördjupning har lett till att vi kan analysera vilka produktionsanpassade informationsparametrar som en produktionsledare behöver i sin tjänsteroll för att dra nytta av Building Information Management. Vi anser att användandet av en BIM-modell kompletterar produktionsledarens ledaregenskaper, vilket gör det lättare för denne att nå fram med informationen till yrkesarbetarna, då visualiseringen underlättar förståelsen inför aktiviteten. I denna rapport kan läsaren ta del av de slutsatser vi kommit fram till. / This thesis aims to exemplify the information parameters necessary for Building Information Management in a better way will be able to implemented in the production phase. To achieve this goal, we have analyzed the development and use of Building Information Management through three different data collection methods; literature, observations and interviews. In this thesis we have extended us in the pros and cons and how Skanska Sweden AB may apply Building Information Management as a work tool in work briefings. This invasive treatment has led us to analyze the production custom information parameters as a production manager needs in its employment to take advantage of Building Information Management. We believe that the use of a BIM model complements the production manager's leadership skills, which makes it easier for him/her to convey information to skilled workers, then the visualization facilitates understanding of the task. More about the conclusions we have reached, the reader can take part of this thesis.

Titania köpte hösten 2010 in programvaran Revit för att skapa möjligheten att kunna BIM-projektera sina ROT-projekt. En övergång från 2D-projektering har ännu inte skett då den allmänna synen inom företaget är att projekten innehåller för många komplexa delar i utförandet och därför bör lösas på plats. Idag säljer Titania sina råvindslägenheter när dessa står färdiga men de har som mål att tidigarelägga försäljningen av sina projekt, om detta ska kunna ske måste företaget ha mer material att lämna till sina mäklare som de i sin tur kan presentera för kunden. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka vilka skillnader BIM skulle kunna skapa för produktionen, hur BIM kan implementeras på arbetsplatsen samt att visa hur Titania kan använda sig av BIM till försäljningen av sina projekt. Examensarbetet är baserat på en fallstudie, intervjuer samt litteraturstudie rörande typprojektet Byggmästaren, ett råvindsprojekt i Solna. Under arbetet med fallstudien upptäcktes en del problem i den nuvarande projekteringen, några av de problem som upptäcktes var bland andra; avvikelser mellan ritningar, kollisioner mellan byggdelar och mått som inte stämmer överrens med varandra. Detta är något som även uppmärksammades i vår intervju med platschefen för Byggmästaren och dessa problem är något som i slutändan kan skapa svårigheter och fördröjningar i produktionen. I fallstudien undersökte vi även vad som saknades i det nuvarande materialet för att kunna tidigarelägga försäljningen av lägenheterna, det som framkom var bland annat: ljusinsläppet i lägenheterna samt tydligare visualiseringar. I resultatdelen presenteras funktioner i BIM som kan vara alternativa lösningar till de problem och efterfrågningar som vi upptäckte. Slutsatsen för detta examensarbete är att Titania bör övergå till att projektera med BIM. Detta skulle öka kvalitén i materialet som lämnas till produktionen och på så sätt spara tid.Till följd av projektering i BIM fås 3D-visualiseringar i form av bilder och modeller detta material kan sedan användas av mäklaren för att tidigarelägga försäljningen. En summering av det vi uppmärksammat i fallstudien i kombination med tidigare forskning presenteras som en förenklad process för hur BIM kan implementeras genom hela företaget. / During autumn 2010 the company Titania purchased the software Revit in order to be able to have the possibility to utilize the work process of BIM in their renovation projects.A transition from 2D-projection has not yet been completed since the general opinion within the company is that the projects contain complex works in production and therefore must be solved on site. Currently Titania markets their renovated penthouses when they are finished but they aim to sell the projects at an earlier stage. In order to realise this, it is necessary for the company to be able to provide more material to their broker which they can present to the clients. The purpose of this work is to investigate and examine the differences that BIM could generate for the production, and how BIM can be implemented in the workplace and also to show how Titania can use BIM in sales and marketing of their projects. The work is based on a case study, interviews and literature study regarding the project Byggmästaren, a project for renovation of attics in Solna. During the work with our case study we encountered some problems in the current way of working, examples are; discrepancies between drawings, conflicts between building elements, dimensions that do not match each other. This is something that is also noticed in our interview with the Site manager for Byggmästaren, those problems can ultimately lead to difficulties in the actual production. In the case study, we also investigated what was missing in the existing material in order to support and promote the sales of the apartments, what emerged were; the degree of light in the apartments and clearer visualization. In our result we introduced features in BIM that might be alternative solutions to the problems we discovered and requests that were made. The conclusion of our thesis is that Titania should use BIM as a tool in their planning. This may as well increase the quality of the materials supplied to production and thus save time.BIM could also provide an opportunity to visualize the project with images and 3D-models, which can be used by the broker to bring sales forward.A summary of what we ourselves noticed during our own work combined with acquired information are presented as a simplified process for how BIM can be implemented across the company.