This paper builds on the study Prices on the Second-hand Market for Swedish Family Housesconducted by Lennart Berg, economist and associate professor emeritus from UppsalaUniversity in 2002. This study attempts to identify inter-and intraregional pricedependencies in Sweden for the second hand market for family houses. The house priceindices used in this econometric analysis commences in 1990:1 and ends in 2018:4 for allregions in accordance to NUTS 2 in Sweden.This thesis models the change of the regional prices for one-and two family houses indicatingthat the metropolitan area of Stockholm contributes predominantly to all other regionsthroughout the country. In addition, the capital city also shows cointegrated relationshipswith all regions although not the contrary. Shocks to the housing market of Stockholmindicate that Gothenburg, the Western region and Malmö are affected contemporaneouslyfollowed by the other regions nationwide with a certain time lag leading to say that thecontribution and influence of the capital city´s house price development leads the pricedevelopment throughout the country, Sweden. / Detta examensarbete ligger till grund av den tidigare studien Prices on the Second-handMarket for Swedish Family Houses av Lennart Berg, nationalekonom och professor emerituspå Uppsala Universitet, 2002. Denna studie har som mål att finna de inter-och intraregionala pris förhållanden i Sverige på den inhemska andrahandsmarknaden för en-och tvåfamiljhus. Med hjälp av ekonometriska analyser har fastighetsprisindex använts i rapportenmellan år 1990:1 till 2018:4 för samtliga regioner i landet enligt indelning av NUTS 2.Denna uppsats skattar de regionala prisförändringar för en-och två familjehus därindikationer tyder på att Stockholms län verkar vara prisledande i relation till alla andraregioner och storstadsområden i Sverige. Därutöver, visar det sig att huvudstaden harkointegrerande samband med resten av landets regioner dock ej tvärtom. Simuleradeekonomiska chocker på Stockholms län visar att att Stor-Göteborg, Västsverige och Stor-Malmö är påverkade samtidigt med hänsyn till tid följd av de resterande regionerna med ettvisst lag. Detta kan tyda på att Stockholms regionala utveckling samt prispåverkan lederprisutvecklingen i landet.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Alcohol related problems and abuse continue to be serious problems in the U.S. today affecting nearly 17.6 million Americans. Understanding of the specific genes and related behaviors associated with alcohol use may provide substantial preventative measures for those who are at an increased risk. Genetically selected lines such as the high-alcohol preferring (HAP) and low-alcohol preferring (LAP) mice have been created to examine which endophenotypes co-segregate with alcohol preference. One behavioral trait that has been commonly associated with alcohol related problems is impulsivity. Impulsivity is the inability to withhold a response (motor impulsivity) or to act without forethought (cognitive impulsivity). The latter comprises much of the research and literature today using delay discounting models to tease out differences in subject’s wiliness to discount larger reinforcers for smaller immediate reinforcers. This study utilized relatively two newer paradigms associated with motor impulsivity in attempt to test differences in response disinhibition between two independent replicate HAP and LAP lines. It is hypothesized that the genes responsible for alcohol preference would be genetically correlated with motor impulsivity as HAP mice would display a greater degree of response disinhibition. Two independent replicates consisting of 48 mice (24 HAP II and 24 LAP II, representing the 37th generation; 24 HAP III and 24 LAP III, representing the 13th generation) were tested in two separate identical experiments. Each experiment was comprised of three phases. Phase I utilized a fixed interval (FI) 120s procedure for 30 days. After the 30 days of FI exposure mice were immediately moved to phase II for 10 days which implored a differential reinforcement of low rate procedure (DRL) at a time interval of 20s. Phase III used the same procedures as Phase II except the DRL was increased to 32s. As hypothesized, there was a moderate genetic correlation between alcohol preference and impulsivity as the HAP II mice displayed greater response disinhibition throughout all three phases compared to the LAP II mice. No differences were observed amongst the replicate III mice in any of the three phases. The findings from this study provide additional support that a genetic correlation between alcohol preference and impulsivity exists as seen in the delay discounting literature. Though this was observed in only one of the two replicates, interpretations must be taken at caution as the replicate III mice are still in the early stages of selection. It is possible at this stage in the selection process that increases in alcohol over successive generations are associated with selecting for taste until a threshold is met where selection shifts to pharmacologic drinking relevance. Until later generations of replicate III mice are studied where pharmacologic drinking occurs, conclusions from this study provide a moderate genetic correlation between alcohol preference and impulsivity.

[pt] O presente trabalho tem por objetivo explorar diferentes acepções acerca do conceito psicanalítico de pulsão de morte. Para tal, escolhemos quatro autores com perspectivas singulares: S. Freud, M. Klein, S. Ferenczi e D. W. Winnicott. Em Freud, encontramos uma primeira versão de Tânatos associada à ideia de retorno ao inorgânico, seguida de mutações que culminam com a consolidação do conceito enquanto uma força destrutiva inata, inexorável, e o maior empecilho aos empreendimentos humanos. Klein toma a pulsão de morte por esta faceta da agressividade, e lhe concede grande importância enquanto força promotora de angústias que, por sua vez, engendram o uso de mecanismos de defesa, e finalmente a instalação de organizações patológicas a partir de falhas ou exageros na aplicação de tais defesas. Em Ferenczi, a pulsão de morte é relegada a uma posição de coadjuvante, e notamos a subordinação do conceito à influência do ambiente, conforme o autor húngaro passa, na parte mais madura de sua obra, a conduzir suas proposições em nível de teoria e técnica pelo campo relacional, intersubjetivo. Finalmente, Winnicott rejeita Tânatos por completo, apresentando alternativas como a regressão à dependência; a ideia de trauma por privação; e cunhando uma teoria original da agressividade, que a distancia do âmbito pulsional. Ao longo de quatro capítulos, exploramos como os autores escolhidos trabalham cada um desses aspectos, ressaltando semelhanças e diferenças entre suas perspectivas no intuito de atingir uma compreensão global mais aprofundada do lugar da pulsão de morte na teoria e clínica psicanalíticas. / [en] The present work aims to explore different senses of the psychoanalytic concept death instinct. To this end, we chose four authors with unique perspectives: S. Freud, M. Klein, S. Ferenczi and D. W. Winnicott. In Freud, we find a first version of Thanatos associated with the idea of a return to the inorganic, followed by mutations that culminate in the consolidation of the concept as an innate, inexorable destructive force, and the greatest hindrance to human endeavors. Klein takes the death instinct by this facet of aggressiveness, and gives it great importance as a promoting force of anxieties that, in turn, engender the use of defense mechanisms, and finally the installation of pathological organizations from failures or exaggerations in the application of such defenses. In Ferenczi, the death instinct is relegated to a supporting role, and we note the subordination of the concept to the influence of the environment, as the Hungarian author starts, in the later part of his work, to conduct his theoretical and technical propositions through the relational, intersubjective field. Finally, Winnicott rejects Thanatos altogether, presenting alternatives such as the regression to dependence; the idea of trauma by deprivation; and coining an original theory of aggressiveness, which distances it from the instinctual sphere. Over four chapters, we explore how the chosen authors work on each of these aspects, highlighting similarities and differences between their perspectives in order to reach a deeper global understanding of the place of the death drive in psychoanalytic theory and clinic.

No description available.

There is no single commonly adapted model that explains the influence that various monetary policy instruments carry for the economy. During 2011-2017, the Swedish inflation rate has remained below the 2 percent target which has led the Riksbank to take measures aimed at stimulating the inflation. As of May 2018, the repo rate has experienced a number of decreases and is now at 􀀀0:50% which represents an unprecedentedly low level. With the inflation rate remaining below the target whilst the housing market has experienced substantial growth and recent decline, the question arises regarding what impact the repo rate exerts on various macroeconomic measures. In this paper, a statistical time series analysis is conducted using a Vector Autoregression model and the impulse responses are studied. A model of 7 economic variables is constructed to specially study the effect of the repo rate on employment and housing prices. Results demonstrate that rational expectations exist in the economy. Furthermore, results show that the repo rate influences factors affected by inflation rapidly, exerting maximum influence during the first year after the shock. On the other hand, real variables based on quantitative measures that are adjusted for inflation experience the greatest influence of the repo rate after a delay of 6 to 7 quarters. Employment experiences the greatest negative response to a repo rate shock after 7 quarters, with a magnitude of 0.317 standard deviations per standard deviation in the repo rate shock. Housing prices experience the greatest negative response to a repo rate shock after 4 quarters, with a magnitude of 0.209 standard deviations per standard deviation in the repo rate shock. / Det finns ingen allmänt vedertagen modell som beskriver olika penningpolitiska instruments påverkan på ekonomin. Under 2011-2017 har Sveriges inflationstakt legat under 2-procentsmålet vilket har fått Riksbanken att vidta åtgärder i syfte att stimulera inflationen. Fram till maj 2018 har upprepade sänkningar av reporäntan genomförts och den ligger i dagsläget på 0:50% vilket är den lägsta nivån någonsin. Då inflationstakten inte nått målet samtidigt som bostadsmarknaden har upplevt kraftig tillväxt och nylig nedgång uppstår frågan gällande vilken effekt som reporäntan utlovar på diverse makroekonomiska mått. I denna rapport genomförs en statistisk tidsserieanalys med en vektorautoregression och impuls-responserna studeras. En modell med 7 ekonomiska variabler skapas för att specifikt studera effekten av reporäntan på sysselsättning och bostadspriser. Resultaten visar att rationella förväntningar finns i ekonomin. Vidare visar resultaten att reporäntan influerar inflationspåverkade variabler omgående, med maximal påverkan inom det första året efter chocken. Å andra sidan påverkas volymbaserade variabler som justeras för inflation maximalt först efter en fördröjning på 6 till 7 kvartal. Sysselsättningen upplever störst negativ påverkan från en reporäntechock efter 7 kvartal motsvarande 0.317 standardavvikelser per standardavvikelse i chocken. Bostadspriser upplever störst negativ påverkan från en reporäntechock efter 4 kvartal motsvarande 0.209 standardavvikelser per standardavvikelse i chocken.

In Virtual Reality (VR) systems, the incorporation of acoustics allows for the generation of audio-visual stimuli, facilitating applications in engineering, architecture, and design. The goal of virtual acoustics is to create a realistic sound field in continuous space. Realistic virtual acoustic environments can be produced with wave-based acoustic simulations. However, rendering a sound field with a dense grid of room impulse responses (RIRs) in real-time is slow and memory-intensive. Conventionally, a more sparsely spaced grid of RIRs is used and as a workaround linear interpolation between the nearest RIRs is performed, allowing users to listen at an arbitrary location. However, the linear interpolation method reduces the quality of the sound field as it does not produce natural-sounding RIRs. The aim of this thesis is therefore to answer the question of whether we are able to achieve a better interpolation technique than linear interpolation using a machine learning approach. In this thesis, we present a novel neural network-based method for interpolating between Room Impulse Responses (RIRs). The networks were trained using RIRs from a wave-based simulation of a single 3D room and developed through a series of experiments. The experimental process was performed in three distinct stages. Firstly, we explored various representations of the RIRs: unprocessed RIRs, Short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of RIRs, and encoded STFT of the RIRs using an autoencoder. Secondly, we examined several different neural network architectures: Multi-layer perception, residual neural network, autoencoder, and U-Net. Additionally, we experimented with training the networks in a Generative Adversary Network (GAN) setting. Thirdly, we experimented with different sizes of the best-performing architecture. Results show that using an STFT representation of the RIRs combined with a residual neural network architecture yielded the most optimal results. Furthermore, we were able to outperform the established linear interpolation baseline. / Inom Virtuell Verklighet (VR) möjliggör användningen av akustik skapandet av audiovisuell stimuli, vilket underlättar tillämpningar inom ingenjörsvetenskap, arkitektur och design. Målet med virtuell akustik är att skapa ett verklighetstroget och kontinuerligt ljudfält. Verklighetstrogna virtuella akustiska miljöer kan skapas med hjälp av vågbaserade akustiska simuleringar. Men att återge ett ljudfält med ett tätt rutnät av Room Impulse Responses (RIRs) i realtid är långsamt och minneskrävande. Konventionellt används ett rutnät med glesare avstånd av RIR, och som en lösning utförs linjär interpolation mellan de närmaste RIR:erna, vilket tillåter användare att lyssna på en godtycklig plats. Den linjära interpolationen minskar dock kvaliteten på ljudfältet eftersom den inte producerar naturligt ljudande RIR:er. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att besvara frågan om vi kan finna en bättre interpolationsteknik än linjär interpolation med hjälp av en maskininlärningsmetod. I detta examensarbete presenterar vi en ny metod för interpolering mellan Room Impulse Responses (RIR:er) baserad på neurala nätverk. De neurala nätverken tränades med hjälp av RIR:er från en vågbaserad simulering av ett enskilt 3D-rum och utvecklades genom en serie experiment. Experimenten utfördes i tre steg. Först undersöktes olika representationer av RIR:er: obearbetade RIR:er, korttids fouriertransform (STFT) av RIR:er och kodade STFT av RIR:er med hjälp av en autoencoder. Det andra steget innefattade undersökningen av flera olika neurala nätverksarkitekturer: Multi-layer perception, residual neural network, autoencoder och U-Net. Dessutom experimenterade vi med att träna nätverken i en GAN-miljö (Generative Adversary Network). I det tredje steget experimenterade vi med olika storlekar på den mest effektiva arkitekturen. Resultaten visar att användning av en STFT-representation av RIR:er kombinerat med en residual neural nätverksarkitektur resulterade i de mest optimala resultaten. Dessutom kunde vi överträffa den etablerade linjära interpolationsbaslinjen.

Studien syftar till att undersöka hur den penningpolitiska transmissionsmekanismen, särskilt hur förändringar i styrräntan, påverkar hushållens konsumtion. Huvudsyftet som undersöks är huruvida effekten av konsumtion-förmögenhetskanalen existerar vid förändringar i styrräntan. Genom att estimera en SVAR- modell och använda impuls respons funktioner (IRF) kan vi besvara våra syften och analysera hur en chock med en standardavvikelse på styrräntan kommer att påverka hushållens konsumtionsbeteende. Vidare inaktiveras konsumtion- förmögenhetskanalen för att kunna göra en jämförelse med studiens tidigare estimat och påträffa en eventuell existens. Resultaten från studien visar att det inte finns några signifikanta indikationer på en konsumtion-förmögenhetskanal i samband med penningpolitiska åtgärder under tidsperioden från första kvartalet 1996 till fjärde kvartalet 2022. Slutsatsen av studien indikerar således att en konsumtion-förmögenhetskanal inte är den dominerande transmissionsmekanismen för att påverka hushållens konsumtion vid penningpolitiska åtgärder. / The study aims to examine how the monetary policy transmission mechanism, specifically changes in the policy interest rate, affect household consumption. The main objective investigated is whether the effect of the consumption-wealth channel exists during changes in the policy interest rate. By estimating a Structural Vector Autoregressive (SVAR) model and utilizing impulse response functions (IRFs), we can address our objectives and analyze how a shock of one standard deviation in the policy interest rate will impact household consumption behaviour. Furthermore, the consumption-wealth channel is deactivated to enable a comparison with the study's previous estimates and identify any potential existence. The results of the study indicate no significant evidence of a consumption-wealth channel associated with monetary policy measures during the period from the first quarter of 1996 to the fourth quarter of 2022. Thus, the study's conclusion suggests that the consumption-wealth channel is not the dominant transmission mechanism for influencing household consumption during monetary policy measures.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.