[pt] O trabalho conduz uma análise empírica sobre como a credibilidade da política monetária influencia as reações da atividade econômica e da inflação a um aumento da taxa de juros. Como parte da metodologia, um índice de credibilidade foi construído a partir do desvio da expectativa de inflação com relação à meta para o período. Esse índice foi empregado em um modelo T-VAR junto a séries de hiato do produto, núcleo da inflação, taxa de câmbio e taxa de juros para gerar funções resposta ao impulso generalizadas através das quais foi possível comparar a dinâmica entre os regimes com credibilidade e sem credibilidade. As principais conclusões foram que a presença de credibilidade reduz o custo do aumento aos juros e intensifica a redução da inflação a um aumento da taxa de juros. / [en] The work conducts an empirical assessment on how monetary policy credibility influences the reaction of output and inflation to an increase in interest rate. As part of the methodology, a credibility index was built based on the deviation of the expected inflation from its target for a given period. This index was employed in a T-VAR model – also containing series of output gap, inflation core, exchange rate and interest rate – in order to generate generalized impulse response functions through which the dynamics of the with- and without- credibility regimes could be compared. The main conclusions were that the presence of credibility lowers the cost of raising interest rates and strengthens the inflation reduction in response to an interest rate increase.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem por objetivo investigar o aspecto transgressivo que caracteriza o pensamento da psicanalista francesa Nathalie Zaltzman ao revisitar a metapsicologia freudiana. Com a acepção de ultrapassar, violar, não cumprir, a transgressão revela-se uma ação psíquica vital para o sujeito, sobretudo quando esse se encontra em perigo de vida devido a circunstâncias opressoras e asfixiantes. Iniciamos nossa investigação por meio da articulação teórica do viés anarquista da pulsão de morte, manifestação em forma de luta e resistência contra forças que diminuem ou anulam a existência de um ser humano. A partir dessa perspectiva, percorremos proposições acerca da clínica. Destacamos a importância dada à ação de desligamento da pulsão de morte e a urgência da escuta, durante o tratamento, de suas manifestações. Expandindo a discussão com a abordagem do processo civilizatório, demonstramos como o trabalho de cultura poderia ser considerado o seu viés transgressor. Por meio desse, poder-se-ia lidar de maneira mais lúcida com a dimensão maléfica do humano, evitada a qualquer custo pela perspectiva civilizatória. Afirma-se a necessidade de fomentar vias que façam frente a posturas censoras e moralizantes. Essas impediriam o mal, dimensão inelutável e inerente à condição humana, de ocupar lugar nas representações psíquicas conscientes de cada indivíduo e no patrimônio simbólico da humanidade. Uma vez impedido, só lhe restaria abrir caminhos violentos de satisfação, reascendendo a barbárie. / [en] The present dissertation aims to investigate the transgressive aspect which characterizes the thoughts of the French psychoanalyst Nathalie Zaltzman in review of freudian metapsychology. With the sense of overtaking, violating, unaccomplishing, transgression is revealed as a vital psychic way out, specially when one s life is endangered due to oppressive and suffocating circumstances. We start our investigation with the theoretical articulation of the anarchist aspect of death drive, a manifestation characterized by the struggle and resistance against forces which dominate, diminish or nullify the human being existence. Based upon such perspective, we go along propositions about the clinic. We outline the importance given to the act of unattachment from death drive and the urgency of its listening, throughout the treatment, its manifestations. In order to take part in the discussion with the civilizing process, we demonstrate how culture work may be considered its transgressive way. By taking such approach for granted one could handle with a more lucid way in facing the maleficent dimension of the human, which is avoided by all costs in the civilizing perspective. It is argued the need to promote ways of confronting censorship and moralizing positions. Such act would prevent evil, ineluctable and insisting dimension of the human, from taking place in the conscious psychic representations of each single person and in the symbolic patrimony of humanity. Once there is an imposition, the only way left is to open violent paths of satisfaction, reigniting barbarism.

[pt] Este trabalho apresenta a hipótese de que o processo analítico implica na perdição criadora. Com esta expressão busca destacar tanto a experiência da perda como o despertar do desejo, presentes na análise. Ambos provocam sensação de desordem, vivida como experiência traumática. No entanto, constituem condição necessária para a invenção de nova maneira de viver e perceber o mundo. Parte do conceito de pulsão de morte, formulado por Sigmund Freud e reelaborado pelos psicanalistas Jacques Lacan e MD Magno, para pensar o fenômeno da criação, tanto na cultura como na clínica psicanalítica. Ao associar a pulsão de morte ao caráter trágico da existência, o trabalho estabelece diálogo entre a psicanálise e o pensamento de Friedrich Nietzsche. / [en] This thesis presents the hypothesis that psychoanalytic process implicates in creative perdition. By this expression it intends to emphasize the loss experience as much as the awakening of desire. Both incite a sensation of disorder, associated to a traumatic experience. Nevertheless, they are necessary to promote the invention of an original way of living. The thesis starts with the study of the death drive, formulated by Freud and elaborated anew by the psychoanalysts Jacques Lacan and MD Magno, in order to investigate the creation phenomenon, as related both to culture and psychoanalytic clinic. By associating death drive to the tragic character of existence, this thesis establishes a dialogue between psychoanalysis and Friedrich Nietzsche s thought.

With the help of the Electric Impulse Technology, it is possible to remove concrete or mineral surfaces in existing building structures with low vibrations and emissions and to make openings by slotting and cutting. Very fast high-voltage impulses are generated and led to an electrode arrangement positioned on the material to be destroyed. A breakdown is generated in the material and thus the material is destroyed. On this basis, investigations into the removal of concrete as well as mineral structures are carried out and a machine concept for the use of the Electric Impulse Technology for operations in existing buildings is developed.

Particulate systems in practical applications such as biomass combustion, blood cellular systems and granular particles in fluidized beds, have often been computationally represented using spherical surfaces, even though the majority of particles in archetypal fluid-solid systems are non-spherical. While spherical particles are more cost-effective to simulate, notable deficiencies of these implementations are their substantial inaccuracies in predicting the dynamics of particle mixtures. Alternatively, modeling dense fluid-particulate systems using non-spherical particles involves increased complexity, with computational cost manifesting as the biggest bottleneck. However, with recent advancements in computer hardware, simulations of three-dimensional particulate systems using irregular shaped particles have garnered significant interest. In this research, a novel Discrete Element Method (DEM) model that incorporates geometry definition, collision detection, and post-collision kinematics has been developed to accurately simulate non-spherical particulate systems. Superellipsoids, which account for 80% of particles commonly found in nature, are used to represent non-spherical shapes. Collisions between these particles are processed using a distance function computation carried out with respect to their surfaces. An event - driven model and a time-driven model have been employed in the current framework to resolve collisions. The collision model's influence on non–spherical particle dynamics is verified by observing the conservation of momentum and total kinetic energy. Furthermore, the non-spherical DEM model is coupled with an in-house fluid flow solver (GenIDLEST). The combined CFD-DEM model's results are validated by comparing to experimental measurements in a fluidized bed. The parallel scalability of the non-spherical DEM model is evaluated in terms of its efficiency and speedup. Major factors affecting wall clock time of simulations are analyzed and an estimate of the model's dependency on these factors is documented. The developed framework allows for a wide range of particle geometries to be simulated in GenIDLEST. / Master of Science / CFD – DEM (Discrete Element Method) is a technique of coupling fluid flow solvers with granular solid particles. CFD – DEM simulations are beneficial in recreating pragmatic applications such as blood cellular flows, fluidized beds and pharmaceutics. Up until recently, particles in these flows have been modeled as spheres as the generation of particle geometry and collision detection algorithms are straightforward. However, in real – life occurrences, most particles are irregular in shape, and approximating them as spheres in computational works leads to a substantial loss of accuracy. On the other hand, non – spherical particles are more complex to generate. When these particles are in motion, they collide and exhibit complex trajectories. Majority of the wall clock time is spent in resolving collisions between these non – spherical particles. Hence, generic algorithms to detect and resolve collisions have to be incorporated. This primary focus of this research work is to develop collision detection and resolution algorithms for non – spherical particles. Collisions are detected using inherent geometrical properties of the class of particles used. Two popular models (event-driven and time-driven) are implemented and utilized to update the trajectories of particles. These models are coupled with an in – house fluid solver (GenIDLEST) and the functioning of the DEM model is validated with experimental results from previous research works. Also, since the computational effort required is higher in the case of non – spherical particulate simulations, an estimate of the scalability of the problem and factors influencing time to simulations are presented.

Titel – Från Scroll till Köp, en kvantitativ studie om köpbeteenden hos kvinnor födda mellan 1980–2005. Syfte - Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur olika faktorer såsom influencer marketing och användning av sociala medier påverkar kvinnors köpbeteenden online. Metod - Denna studie genomfördes med hjälp av noga utvalda vetenskapliga artiklar som är relevanta för mitt forskningsämne. Studien är baserad på kurslitteratur och peer-reviewed artiklar. Detta är en kvantitativ studie där en enkät skickas ut till kvinnliga respondenter inom den utvalda målgruppen. Detta gjordes för att få en bättre förståelse för vad som påverkar kvinnors köpbeslut. Slutsats - Studien har visat sammanband mellan demografiska faktorer, influencer marketing, sociala jämförelser och FOMO (Fear of missing out) gällande kvinnors impulsköp. Resultatet har visat att det finns en relativt svag påverkan från influencers på kvinnor. Interaktionen med influencers på sociala medier som Facebook, Instagram, TikTok och YouTube kan öka tendensen till impulsköp. FOMO och influencers trovärdighet har även bidragit till impulsköp men andra faktorer kan även spela roll såsom personliga preferenser och behov. Studien betonar även vikten att förstå influencers roll i kvinnors köpbeteenden och den lilla men ändå märkbara effekten av FOMO:s roll i kvinnors impulsköp. Studiens avgränsningar - Studien är begränsad till kvinnor mellan 18–43 år. Studiens bidrag - Denna studie bidrar till en ökad förståelse för företag gällande användning av influencers som marknadsföringsverktyg för att utveckla samt optimera försäljningen av produkter och/eller tjänster. / Title - From Scroll to Purchase: A Quantitative Study on Purchasing Behaviours Among Women Born Between 1980-2005. Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine how various factors such as influencer marketing and the use of social media influence women's purchasing behaviours online. Method - This study was carried out using carefully selected scientific articles that are relevant to my research topic. It is based on course literature and peer-reviewed articles. This is a quantitative study where a survey was sent to female respondents within the selected target group. This was done to gain a better understanding of what influences women's purchasing decisions. Conclusion - The study has shown correlations between demographic factors, influencer marketing, social comparisons and FOMO (Fear of missing out) with women's impulse buying behaviours. The results have shown that there is a relatively weak influence from influencers on women. The interaction with influencers on social media such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok and YouTube can increase the tendency towards impulse buying. FOMO and influencer credibility have also been shown to contribute to impulse buying but other factors can also play a role such as personal preferences and needs. The study also emphasises the importance of understanding the role of influencers in women's buying behaviours and the small but still noticeable effect of FOMO's role in women's impulse buying behaviours. Limitations of the Study - The study is limited to only women between the ages of 18-43. Contribution of the Study - This study contributes to an increased understanding for companies regarding the use of influencers as a marketing tool to develop and optimise the sales of products and/or services.

Titel: Influencers och upplevelsens roll i marknadsföring - En kvalitativ studie om hur influencer marknadsföring påverkar konsumenter till impulsköp ur ett upplevelseekonomiskt perspektiv  Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi  Författare: Linn Andersson och Sanna Högsäter  Handledare: Alice Schmuck  Datum: 2024-maj Syfte: Syftet med arbetet är att förstå hur influencers marknadsföring påverkar konsumenter till impulsköp ur ett upplevelseekonomiskt perspektiv.  Metod: Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ ansats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. 18 intervjuer har genomförts med respondenter som är användare av sociala medier och inom studiens åldersavgränsning. Därefter har en tematisk analys gjorts med hjälp av ett kodningsträd.  Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet påvisar att influencer marknadsföring lockar till impulsköp på grund av dess smidighet och lättillgänglighet till köp i form av direktlänkar och rabattkoder, vilket traditionella marknadsföringskanaler saknar. Däremot framkommer det att köp från påverkan av influencer marknadsföring sker i större utsträckning som planerade köp än impulsiva köp. Med anledning av att konsumenter tar till sig marknadsföringen som inspiration och rekommendationer för att på egen hand göra efterforskning innan köpbeslut, med undantaget när det erbjuds rabattkoder. För att influencers ska engagera konsumenter i deras marknadsföring och skapa en upplevelse behöver de visa, testa och beskriva varan eller tjänsten som marknadsförs i detalj, samt anpassa marknadsföringen utefter konsumenters behov och deras preferenser med tilltalande marknadsföring.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Vår forskning utvidgar begreppet upplevelseekonomi och bekräftar att influencer marknadsföring har möjligheter i sitt utformande av marknadsföring att skapa upplevelse. Praktisk bidrar studien till insikter hur influencer marknadsföring bör erbjuda rabattkoder för att locka till impulsköp och visa, beskriva samt testa varan eller tjänsten för att engagera konsumenter till konsumtion.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För vidare forskning föreslås en studie inom samma område, däremot med en annan metodansats. En kvantitativ ansats föreslås för att ge en större del av populationen möjlighet att bidra med åsikter och beteende. Vidare forskning kan även avgränsa sig till andra målgrupper.  Nyckelord: Upplevelseekonomi, upplevelsebaserad marknadsföring, Influencer marknadsföring, traditionell marknadsföring, impulsköp, planerade köp. / Title: Influencers and the experiences role in marketing - A qualitative study on how influencer marketing influences consumers to make impulse purchases from an experience economy perspective  Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor´s Degree in Business Administration   Author: Linn Andersson and Sanna Högsäter  Supervisor: Alice Schmuck Date: 2024-May  Aim: The purpose of the work is to understand how influencer marketing influences consumers to make impulse purchases from an experience economy perspective.  Method: The study has used a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews. 18 interviews have been conducted with respondents who are users of social media and within the age limit of the study. Subsequently, a thematic analysis has been carried out using a coding tree.  Results and conclusions: The result shows that influencer marketing attracts impulse purchases due to its flexibility and easy accessibility to purchase in the form of direct links and discount codes, which traditional marketing channels lack. However, it appears that purchases from the influence of influencer marketing occur to a greater extent as planned purchases than impulsive purchases. Due to the fact that consumers take the marketing as inspiration and recommendations to do research on their own before purchasing decisions, with the exception when discount codes are offered. In order for influencers to engage consumers in their marketing and create an experience, they need to show, test and describe the product or service being marketed in detail. As well as adapting the marketing according to consumers' needs and their preferences with appealing marketing.  Contribution of the thesis: Our research expands the concept of experience economy and confirms that influence marketing has opportunities to be shaped by marketing to create experience. Practically, the study contributes to insights into how influencer marketing should offer discount codes to attract impulse purchases and show, describe and test the product or service to engage consumers in consumption.  Suggestions for future research: For further research, a study in the same area is proposed, but with a different methodological approach. A quantitative approach is proposed to give a larger part of the population the opportunity to contribute with opinions and behavior. Further research can also be limited to other target groups.  Key words: Experience economy, experience-based marketing, Influencer marketing, traditional marketing, impulse purchases, planned purchases.

La pulvérisation cathodique magnétron est un procédé plasma très répandu dans l'industrie pour le dépôt de couches minces. Néanmoins, les exigences des nouvelles applications nécessitent de mieux comprendre, contrôler et maîtriser les processus fondamentaux gouvernant le transport de la matière pour optimiser le procédé. Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'étude du transport des atomes pulvérisés de tungstène (W) en décharge magnétron continu (DC direct current) et pulsée haute puissance (HiPIMS_high power impulse magnétron sputtering). La fluorescence induite par diode laser (TD-LIF) a été mise au point afin de mesurer les fonctions de distribution en vitesse des atomes W pulvérisés. Les mesures ont été calibrées par absorption laser et validées en corrélant avec les vitesses de dépôt. En procédé DC, l'étude de l’influence des paramètres de la décharge (puissance, tension, mélange gazeux Ar/He, distance par rapport à la cible, etc.) a mis en évidence l'évolution spatiale des régimes de transport balistique (atomes énergétiques), diffusif (atomes thermalisés), et mixte (balistique+diffusif). Pour l'étude du procédé HiPIMS, le plasma pulsé a nécessité de développer la TD-LIF résolue en temps (TR-TDLIF). Le degré de liberté supplémentaire qu'offre la dimension temporelle du plasma HiPIMS a permis de mieux comprendre le transport mixte qui représente le cas le plus compliqué. En effet, cela a permis de mesurer la cinétique du transport des atomes pulvérisés en ayant la possibilité de séparer les temps caractéristiques des différents processus / Magnetron sputter deposition is an established and widely used method for the growth of thin films. Nevertheless, the high level of expectations regarding new applications require a better understanding, controlling, mastering of basic processes governing atoms transport in the view of process optimization. This work consist in the study of transport of sputtered W atoms in direct current and high power impulse magnetron discharges (DC and HiPIMS). A tunable diode laser induced fluorescence technique (TD-LIF) has been developed, in order to measure W sputtered atom velocity distribution function. Measurements were calibrated using laser absorption and were corroborated by deposition rate. In DC, the study of the influence of discharge parameters (power, voltage, Ar/He gas mixture, and distance from target, etc.) highlighted spatial evolution of different regimes of transport: ballistic (energetic atoms), diffusive (thermalized atoms), and mixed (ballistic + diffusive). In HiPIMS, pulsed plasma required to develop a time resolved TD-LIF technique (TR-TDLIF). The additional degree of freedom, given by time dimension allowed for a better understanding of mixed transport which represents the most complicated situation. This technique allowed to measure the kinetic of sputtered W atoms while at the same time providing the possibility to separate characteristic time scales of different processes

The main focus of this thesis is to analyse signals (signal-dependent analysis) and room responses (system-dependent analysis) from a statistical point of view, attempt to determine the underlying statistical relationships between the reverberant signals and the room responses and propose relevant statistical models. Based on such a statistical framework, this thesis aims to propose novel methodologies for the extraction of room acoustical information and parameters from reverberant signals. Schroeder's theory is experimentally evaluated for various Room Transfer Functions (RTFs) measured in many source/receiver positions in various enclosures and several related aspects are discussed. Using a statistical approach, the effects of reverberant energy on the histograms and statistical measures are discussed and models describing the relationship of statistical measures between the reverberant signal and the RTFs are extracted. Then, the statistical properties of Binaural Room Transfer Functions (BRTFs) and binaural cues are examined. The well-known property of the spectral standard deviation of the magnitude of RTFs, that is its convergence to 5.6 dB for diffuse fields, is examined for the case of BRTFs, using a similar approach and a generic model for the relationship of the spectral standard deviation of RTFs and BRTFs. This thesis is also concerned with the distance estimation problem from a perceptual and computational point of view. Two novel methods for the estimation of the source/receiver distance using speech signals are proposed. The first method is able to detect the distance between the speaker and the microphone in a room environment using single-channel signals. The distance-dependent variation of several temporal and spectral statistical features of single-channel signals is studied and a novel sound source distance detector, based on these features is developed. The second method estimates distance from binaural speech signals (two-channel signals). This method does not require a priori knowledge of the room impulse response, the reverberation time or any other acoustical parameter and relies on a set of novel features extracted from the reverberant binaural signals. For this method, a novel distance estimation feature is introduced exploiting the standard deviation of the difference of the magnitude spectra of the left and right binaural signals (termed here as Binaural Spectral Magnitude Difference Standard Deviation (BSMD STD)). Moreover, an extended and novel set of additional features based on the statistical properties of binaural cues (ILDs, ITDs, ICs) is extracted from an auditory front-end which models the peripheral processing of the human auditory system. Both methods rely on novel distance-dependent features, related to statistical parameters of speech signals. Finally, a novel method for the estimation of the direct-to-reverberant-ratio (DRR) from dual-channel microphone recordings without having knowledge of the source signal is presented. / Η παρούσα διατριβή ασχολείται με τη μελέτη και ανάλυση των στατιστικών χαρακτηριστικών ηχητικών σημάτων και των ακουστικών αποκρίσεων χώρου, έχοντας ως πρωταρχικό σκοπό να προτείνει σχέσεις που περιγράφουν τη συσχέτιση των στατιστικών χαρακτηριστικών των σημάτων με αντήχηση με τις ακουστικές αποκρίσεις χώρων. Βάσει ενός τέτοιου θεωρητικού πλαισίου, η διατριβή αυτή αποσκοπεί στο να προτείνει νέες μεθοδολογίες για την εξαγωγή πληροφορίας που σχετίζεται με τα ακουστικά χαρακτηριστικά των χώρων, κάνοντας χρήση ηχογραφημένων ηχητικών σημάτων (π.χ. σήματα ομιλίας) στους εκάστοτε κλειστούς χώρους. Το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο αυτής της διατριβής βασίζεται σε υπάρχοντα θεωρητικά μοντέλα για το ηχητικό πεδίο μέσα σε ένα κλειστό χώρο, όπως, για παράδειγμα, το στατιστικό μοντέλο του Schroeder. Το μοντέλο του Schroeder επιβεβαιώνεται πειραματικά για ακουστικές αποκρίσεις που έχουν μετρηθεί σε διάφορες θέσεις, μέσα σε κλειστούς χώρους, οι οποίοι διαφέρουν στα ακουστικά χαρακτηριστικά τους. Βάσει στατιστικής ανάλυσης, εξάγονται στατιστικά μοντέλα, τα οποία περιγράφουν την επίδραση της αντήχησης στα ηχητικά σήματα, όταν αυτά αναπαραχθούν μέσα σε ένα κλειστό χώρο. Στη συνέχεια, λαμβάνοντας υπόψη αντιληπτικά μοντέλα ακοής, τα οποία προϋποθέτουν την ύπαρξη δυο ηχητικών σημάτων (δυο αυτιά, αμφιωτική ακοή) σε αυτή τη διατριβή, μελετώνται κάποιες παράμετροι οι οποίες εξάγονται από αμφιωτικές ακουστικές αποκρίσεις χώρου. Η ιδιότητα της φασματικής τυπικής απόκλισης συναρτήσεων μεταφοράς χώρων να συγκλίνει στην τιμή των 5.6~dB για διάχυτα ηχητικά πεδία, επεκτείνεται στην περίπτωση των αμφιωτικών αποκρίσεων χώρου και προτείνεται ένα γενικευμένο μοντέλο που συσχετίζει τη φασματική τυπική απόκλιση μονοφωνικών και αμφιωτικών συναρτήσεων μεταφοράς χώρου. Η διατριβή αυτή, επίσης, ασχολείται με το πρόβλημα της εκτίμησης της απόστασης μεταξύ πηγής και δέκτη. Προτείνονται δυο νέες μέθοδοι για την εκτίμηση της απόστασης μεταξύ πηγής και δέκτη, κάνοντας χρήση ηχητικών σημάτων ομιλίας. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος βασίζεται σε μια σειρά από στατιστικές παραμέτρους των οποίων οι τιμές μεταβάλλονται είτε στο πεδίο του χρόνου είτε στο πεδίο της συχνότητας. Η δεύτερη προτεινόμενη μέθοδος αφορά, επίσης, στην εκτίμηση της απόστασης πηγής/δέκτη, αλλά από αμφιωτικά σήματα. Η μέθοδος αυτή δεν προαπαιτεί γνώση της ακουστικής απόκρισης του χώρου, του χρόνου αντήχησης ή άλλης ακουστικής παραμέτρου και βασίζεται σε μια σειρά από νέες παραμέτρους, οι οποίες μπορούν να υπολογισθούν από τα αμφιωτικά σήματα με αντήχηση. Οι παράμετροι συνδυάζονται με δυο διαφορετικές τεχνικές αναγνώρισης προτύπων των οποίων τα μειονεκτήματα και πλεονεκτήματα συζητώνται. Στα πλαίσια αυτής της μεθόδου, προτείνεται μια νέα παράμετρος, η οποία βασίζεται στη διαφορά της φασματικής τυπικής απόκλισης του αριστερού και του δεξιού αμφιωτικού ηχητικού σήματος, η οποία αποδεικνύεται ότι σχετίζεται με τα στατιστικά της αντίστοιχης μονοφωνικής ακουστικής απόκρισης. Τέλος, προτείνεται μια σειρά από παραμέτρους οι οποίες βασίζονται στα στατιστικά χαρακτηριστικά αμφιωτικών παραμέτρων και σχετίζονται με το αντιληπτικό μοντέλο της ανθρώπινης ακοής. Τέλος, προτείνεται μια νέα μέθοδος για την εκτίμηση της στάθμης λόγου κατευθείαν προς ανακλώμενου ήχου από στερεοφωνικά σήματα.

Qu’est-ce que la spontanéité en langue ? Comment investit-elle les différents types de discours oraux ? Avec quelles limites ? Nous cherchons à mettre au jour les aspects formels (marqueurs) de la spontanéité à partir de corpus de différents types. Nous partons de l’hypothèse selon laquelle un locuteur a tendance à produire des énoncés syntaxiquement plus complexes s’il parle spontanément que s’il surveille son énonciation, et que cette complexité linguistique se manifeste par une réduction syntaxique. La réduction des énoncés ou des formes qui le constituent, alliée à d’autres critères tels que leur caractère prédicatif, et le rôle de l’intonation pour leur complétude, s’observe effectivement dans des énoncés où l’élan de la spontanéité est patent. Cet élan est scalaire, il varie même au sein d’un tour de parole, comme le montrent les auto-ajustements. Sa variation chez un même locuteur se manifeste par des variations linguistiques intrapersonnelles.Ces variations corrélées (élan/langue) sont observables grâce au corpus spécifique que nous avons constitué : au cours d’interactions informelles, un procédé de sollicitation freine l’élan du locuteur, et celui-ci est amené à reformuler son énoncé avec plus d’attention à la forme. Les équivalences sémantiques produites dans ce contexte sont confrontées et mettent au jour l’effet de la scalarité de la spontanéité sur la grammaire des énoncés. Il se confirme que la réduction est bien un marqueur de spontanéité. Mais surtout, cette réduction investit tous les niveaux de la langue. Cette concomitance d’éléments réduits est non seulement compatible avec l’élan de la spontanéité mais elle le nourrit. / What is spontaneity in language? What role does it play in different types of oral discourse, and which constraints is it subject to? This study sets out to identify formal markers of spontaneity in different corpora. We hypothesize that a speaker tends to produce more complex syntactic statements when speaking spontaneously than when monitoring his /her spoken discourse, and that this linguistic complexity is manifested in syntactic reduction. The reduction of the statements or their component forms, combined with other criteria such as their predictive nature, and the role of intonation in their completeness, is indeed observed in statements where the impulse of spontaneity is very evident. This impulse varies, even within a single speaking turn, as can be seen in self-adjustments. Impulse variation in a single speaker is manifested by intrapersonal linguistic variations.These correlated variations (impulse and language) can be observed thanks to the specific corpus compiled for this study, which permits the comparison of semantic equivalences, revealing the effect of the degree of spontaneity on the grammar of statements. The study confirms that reduction is indeed a marker of spontaneity. But reduction affects all levels of language. This concomitance of reduced elements is both compatible with and also fosters the impulse of spontaneity.