The new changes such as developments in transportation and communication technology, globalization of markets, intensification of flow of information, ideas and innovations since the 1980s have helped to increase the interaction between urban and rural and this process have had very important impact on the resemblance process of rural areas to urban areas with some characteristics, vice versa. Therefore the process have had an effect on the blurring strict distinction between urban and rural in worldwide. The new rurality approach has been main approach in the thesis that has tried to explain the new features of rural areas. It has focused on what has been happenning in rural areas and drawn attention to changes in rural areas which was previously ignored or overemphasized. The approach took five main changing features of rural areas as central focus which were non-farm activities, role of women, entrepreneurship, in-migration, division of labour and also urban-rural interaction. Therefore, the observed changes caused to draw attention to the question of is rural still the opposite of urban? In this respect, the effects of the increased relationships between urban and rural on rural areas in terms of getting new characteristics that new rurality approach explained were investigated by handling two case studies / Gedelek and Kus&ccedil / uali Villages in Turkey.

The crucial point for winning the presidential election of Taiwan comes mostly from the trends of ¡§ Cross-Strait Policies¡¨ for each candidate takes. After Ma was elected as president of Taiwan, the rapid warming relations between cross strait make some local Governments to be caught unawareness. Being Compared with local government of northern Taiwan to be filled with resources from central government, local government in southern Taiwan facing with difficult situation. In this way, the major purpose of this thesis is on developing useful and feasible policies directions under the situation of three direct links. The thesis comes with the research method called ¡§Interactive Management¡¨. After two days of intensively meeting, the experts come out with implementing policies goals as below: (1)Reset the goal for Kaohsiung¡¦s development then building the brand and image for Kaohsiung city.(2) Clarify the future tourism direction of Kaohsiung city.(3)Develop cultural, art and creative industries of Kaohsiung city. (4)The positive and active attitudes for Kaohsiung city government to solve problems and enforce the policy propaganda.(5)Scheme the second period of sixth Container Terminal of Kaohsiung Harbor.(6)Build the southern international airport to integrate the other four airports.(7)The mass media to balance the reports toward Mainland China and educate Taiwan people to regard mainlanders in a perspective way.(8)Redraw the free trade zone and lift the related laws and decrees to accelerate the flows between human resources, cargos and funds.(9)Enforce the international Convention and Exhibition certifications and expand the human resources base of tour guides tour leaders. And most important of all: (10)Let more people to participate the discussions of public affairs by purposely and frequently forums involving programs. Another major purpose is to discuss how the central Government coordinative unit,¡¨ Executive Yuan Southern United Service Center, EYSC¡¨ to elaborate Kaohsiung city Government to cope with cross-strait affairs. This research based on the designed questionary with government officials from EYSC and kaohsiung city government. The experts sum up with the conclusions in the dimensions below :(1)Reduce the height between central and local government. (2)Redevelop the function of coordination. (3)Give direct help from EYSC to kaohsiung city government (including policy communications and coordination, the future policy implements, cross strait interactions and cooperation).

近年來，台灣許多縣市的住宅價格不斷高漲，身為政經重鎮之台北市首當其衝，於2008~2009年金融海嘯時期，政府為維持經濟發展而全面將遺產及贈與稅調降為單一稅率10% 後尤然。以產品價值而言，此波上漲很可能來自於「逢低買進，逢高賣出」之投資心理造成。由於不動產最終用途為使用，當真實需求者無力負擔時將導致房市泡沫，更因房市的經濟佔額高，進而可能引發經濟泡沫。為檢視台北市住宅價格的合理性，鑒於出租住宅需求者動機單純，本文以租價關係探討台北市住宅價格是否已有偏離實際使用需求之現象；且是否因未來的住宅價格在預期之引導下，使房價似遵循著過去價格的成長而逐步提高，有不效率之現象。實證結果顯示，台北市住宅價格與租金間已然背離，在金融海嘯過後種種非理性現象更為嚴重，導致房價有偏離其合理結構之虞，成交總價越高的住宅、偏離情況越為明顯，而存在泡沫化危機。 / In recent years, the housing market has been awash with funds. The phenomenon resulted in domestic housing prices in Taipei rising year by year, especially after the Subprime mortgage crisis. From the viewpoint of economics, the price is decided by supply and demand. However, with regard to the value of product, this rising of housing price probably comes from the artificial demand. In other words, this kind of demand is just like "buy low and sell high". In addition, real estate is a special commodity, except as an investment good, it is also a necessary consumption good. Furthermore, real estate is expense, making housing the biggest item among households’ assets. Once housing price is too high and the actual demanders cannot burden with; that is likely to trigger a market bubble, which caused the imbalance of trade market. According to the aforementioned, this study will observe whether the housing price has deviated from the fundamentals in Taipei City. Since the demand of rent is only for living, we probing into the relationship between housing price and rent in order to observe the rationality of housing price; and if the future housing price in the anticipated guided, the price seems to follow the historical trend, and the higher the housing price of an area, the more significant. The empirical results show that, the housing price seems to prevail in unreasonable investment in Taipei City, which may lead into a bubble crisis.

Det finns olika teorier som beskriver faktorer föratt skapa organisatoriskt lärande. I denna studie har det undersökts hur faktorer, för lärande organisationer, samvarierar inom två stora, svenska företag. De två företagen har definierat var sitt problem som är relaterade till organisatoriskt lärande. Studien har även undersökt om dessa samvariationer kan användas för att bidra till en lösning på de problem företagen har. Empiri från de två företagen har samlats in genom enkäter och svaren har sedan analyserats med hjälp av analysverktyget IBM SPSS Statistics. Analysen har visat hur olika faktorer samvarierar inom de två företagen, vilket har diskuterats mot teorin. Studiens resultat visar att faktorer som samvarierar inom det ena företag, inte nödvändigtvis samvarierar inom det andra. Dessutomvisar studien att en variabel kan samvariera med flera, vilket innebär att det kan finnas olika sätt att lösa ett specifikt problem på. Slutligen visar studien att samvariationerna är specifika för de olika företagen, vilket tyder på att företag är unika. / There are different theories describing factors to create organizational learning. This study has focused on how factors, for learning organizations, correlate in two large Swedish companies. The two companies have defined one problem each related to organizational learning. This study also investigated if these correlations can be used to contribute a solution of the problems at the companies. Data were collected through questionnaires and has been analyzed using the analytic tool IBM SPSS Statistics. The analysis showed that different factors correlate within the companies, an outcome that also partly argues against some of the referred theories in this thesis. The results also shows that correlation within one company of certain factors, differ from the within correlation of the corresponding factors in another company. It also shows that one variable may correlate with several, which means that there may be several ways to solve a specific problem. Finally, the study shows that the correlations are specific for each company, which indicates that each company is unique.

The purpose of this qualitative sociological law study is to examine the relationship between the social services and civil court to apprehend if knowledge about the child's best interest is transfered from social workers to the legal system. This have been done by investigating civil court cases concerning custody transition from biological parents to foster parents according to 6 chapter 8 paragraph in the law of parenting, built upon the legal principle of the best interests of the child. Eight cases has been examined by using a method of qualitative text analysis and categorised into five primary categories and three concepts linked to sections of the law. The material has been analysed through a sociological law perspective, social constructionist theory and attachment theory. The study shows that a variety of factors interacts when it comes to determining what’s in the best interest of the child . Moreover, the civil court refers in all eight cases to social services assessments of the child's situation. This suggests that social services have an informal power position when it comes to decisions on custody transition in accordance with the child's best interests.

Within the United States Army, it is estimated that as many as 10,000 soldiers are Muslim. However, in 2008, only 3,086 active duty personnel self-identified as Muslim. Following the attacks of September 11 and more recently, the 2009 Fort Hood shooting, there has been a marked shift in the general public’s perception toward Muslim citizens, and for American soldiers whom are Muslim; they have been placed in incredibly difficult circumstances. In this report, I aim to document the experiences of soldiers who are Muslim within the U.S. Armed Forces, and report on their struggles, successes and lives, in an era when Islamic terrorist and extremist groups are considered to be the United States nemesis. A vast majority of soldiers never encounter prejudice or experience religious or ethnic discrimination, but some do. And for soldiers who face prejudice in the military based on their religion or ethnicity, there is often little internal protection available from the higher chain of command. The problem may be relatively small in scope with regard to the number of soldiers affected on a daily basis, but fundamentally important constitutional rights are at stake in these cases of institutional lack of protection / text

The present study is concerned with developing some statistical models to evaluate and analyze software reliability. We have developed the analytical structure of the logistic model to be used for testing and evaluating the reliability of a software package. The proposed model has been shown to be useful in the testing and debugging stages of the developmental process of a software package. It is important that prior to releasing a software package to marketing that we have achieved a target reliability with an acceptable degree of confidence. The proposed model has been evaluated and compared with several existing statistical models that are commonly used. Real software failure data was used for the comparison of the proposed logistic model with the others. The proposed model gives better results or it is equally effective. The logistic model was also used to model the mean time between failure of software packages. Real failure data was used to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed statistical procedures. Using the logistic model to characterize software failures we proceed to develop Bayesian analysis of the subject model. This modeling was based on two different difference equations whose parameters were estimated with Bayesian regressions subject to specific prior and mean square loss function.

Ο πολυπολιτισμικός χαρακτήρας των κοινωνιών αντανακλάται έντονα και στον εκπαιδευτικό χώρο. Συγκεκριμένα, στα ελληνικά σχολεία η συνύπαρξη των ντόπιων μαθητών με μαθητές που προέρχονται από διαφορετικές, πολιτισμικά, χώρες αποτελεί πλέον μια συνηθισμένη εικόνα της νέας σχολικής πραγματικότητας. Λαμβάνοντας, λοιπόν, υπόψη την εκπαιδευτική πραγματικότητα, όπου η πολιτισμική ετερότητα αποτελεί βασικό της στοιχείο και αφορμή για την εκδήλωση ποικίλων φαινομένων, στην παρούσα εργασία θα επιχειρήσουμε να περιγράψουμε τις ενδοομαδικές και διομαδικές σχέσεις που δημιουργούνται σε ομάδες πολιτισμικά διαφορετικές, υπό συγκεκριμένες πειραματικές συνθήκες. Ο πληθυσμός της έρευνας αποτελείτο από τριάντα έξι (36) Έλληνες και αλλοδαπούς μαθητές, οι οποίοι φοιτούσαν σε τρία (3) Ολοήμερα Δημοτικά Σχολεία της Αρκαδίας. Σε κάθε σχολείο δημιουργήθηκε ένα δείγμα δώδεκα (12) μαθητών, εκ των οποίων οι έξι (6) ήταν ελληνικής καταγωγής και οι υπόλοιποι έξι αλλοεθνείς. Για τη συλλογή των δεδομένων χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως ερευνητικό εργαλείο η μη-συμμετοχική παρατήρηση, η οποία διενεργήθηκε με τη βοήθεια ειδικών εντύπων, των ονομαζόμενων « Σχεδίων Παρατήρησης και Καταγραφής της Συμπεριφοράς». Τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνάς μου μπορούν να συνοψιστούν στα εξής κύρια σημεία : 1. Σε συνθήκες ανταγωνισμού, τα μέλη της ομάδας των Ελλήνων μαθητών συνεργάστηκαν μεταξύ τους, με στόχο την καλύτερη επίδοση από την ομάδα των αλλοδαπών μαθητών. Η εκδήλωση ενδοομαδικών συνεργατικών τάσεων και η αύξηση της συνοχής δεν μπορεί να θεωρηθεί ανεξάρτητη από την αντίληψη της κοινής καταγωγής και γλώσσας των μελών. 2. Σε συνθήκες ανταγωνισμού, τα μέλη της ομάδας των αλλοδαπών μαθητών, σε μικρό ποσοστό, εκδήλωσαν τάσεις ενδοομαδικής συμμετοχής και συνεργασίας με τα υπόλοιπα μέλη. Το γεγονός ότι προτίμησαν να εργαστούν ατομικά ο καθένας, ίσως οφείλεται στο ότι δεν έχουν εξοικειωθεί με τον ομαδικό τρόπο εργασίας. Η δεύτερη πιθανότητα ίσως είχε σχέση με τη διαφορετικότητα των μαθητών, η οποία αφορούσε πολιτισμικά και εθνικά χαρακτηριστικά τους. 3. Όσον αφορά τη διομαδική διάσταση, δηλαδή τις σχέσεις μεταξύ των δυο ομάδων παρατηρήθηκε ότι αυτές επηρεάστηκαν από την ύπαρξη ανταγωνιστικών στόχων, οι οποίοι είχαν ως αποτέλεσμα την εκδήλωση αρνητικών διομαδικών συμπεριφορών. 4. Τέλος, παρατηρήθηκε ότι η ύπαρξη ενός κοινού στόχου δεν ήταν ικανός παράγοντας για να οδηγηθούν οι δυο διαφορετικές ομάδες, όσον αφορά την εθνική προέλευση των μελών τους, σε συνεργασία και στην ανάπτυξη θετικών σχέσεων. Οι προϋπάρχουσες αρνητικές στάσεις και στερεοτυπικές πεποιθήσεις της μιας ομάδας για την άλλη, σίγουρα αποτέλεσαν ανασταλτικό παράγοντα στην υιοθέτηση ενός ομαδικού τρόπου σκέψης και δράσης από τα μέλη των δυο ομάδων. / The multicultural character of societies reflects in the educational field. Specific, in Greek schools the coexistence of native students with students who come from different cultural societies portrays the new educational reality. Consider the educational reality, in which multiculturalism is a major element and the main reason for the manifestation of various phenomena, in the present research I will attempt to describe the in group and between group relations that form cultural different perspectives, under certain experimental conditions. The sample of the research consisted of thirty-six Greek and foreign students who attend three all-day elementary schools located in Arcadia, Greece. In each school a sample of twelve students was formed in which six of them were Greek students and the six were foreign students. For the collection of the data I used observational note-taking techniques with a checklist that contained various behavioral features (Behavioral checklist). The results of the research can be summarized on the following main points: 1. In competitive conditions the members of the Greek group cooperated and performed on a higher level than the foreign group. The demonstration of in-group cooperative tendency and the increase of cohesion can’t be considered independent from the perception of common origin and language of the members of the group. 2. In competitive conditions, the members of the group of foreign students demonstrate low level in-group cooperative tendencies with the rest of the members. The fact that they prefer to work individually, maybe so because the students were not familiar with working in groups. A second possibility that the students of the foreign group may not have progressed as the Greek student group maybe because of cultural and ethnic differences. 3. According to the relationship between the two groups, it was observed that the relationship between the students was affected because of the existence of competitive goals that resulted in the demonstration of negative between-group behavior. 4. Finally, it was observed that the existence of common goals was not the major factor that guided the two cultural diverse groups of students to cooperate and to create a positive relationship among the two groups of students. The preconceived and stereotypical notions of each group affected their ability to develop a common way of thinking, to interchange ideas and to focus on a common goal.

In the master's thesis "Pre-School Aged Child In His/Her Parents' Divorce Process: Interaction Between The Parents And The Specialists In Atypical Situation" the following problem is analysed: what kind of interaction should be between the parents and the specialists in optimizing behavioural and emotional development of the pre-school aged children, who experienced their parents' divorce. Object of investigation: optimization of behavioural and emotional development of the pre-school aged children, who experienced their parents' divorce in the context of interaction between the parents and the specialists.

In the current paper it is striven to define the connection between a pedagogue and a child applying a complex influence methodology. The subject is important trying to activate teaching and learning methods in music and art schools. Educational process and its organization are not indiscrete, they have common and specific principles and their implementation requires diligent and structural activities from the educator. For the efficiency of education humane interaction between a pedagogue and a child is important. It is striven to have a close correlation between different parts of activities using a complex educating system. Therefore, a pedagogic interaction is based on the contents of teaching and education, it is conditioned by the educating methods, organizational forms and pedagogy ethics. The Hypothesis of the research raised: interaction of a pedagogue and a child will be effective applying a complex influence method. The purpose: to estimate striving for the interaction between a pedagogue and a pupil applying a complex influence method. The tasks raised: a) to study the references of Lithuanian and foreign educology and art science; b) to collect data about the methodology used for the definition of efficiency and importance; c) to compare schoolchildren’s assessment criteria applying different musical activity parts; d) to compare the link between a pedagogue and a child applying a complex influence method in Mazeikiai Music School (hereinafter referred to MMM)... [to full text]