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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados e preditores de maior consumo em idosos em unidade de terapia intensiva / Use of potentially inappropriate medications and predictors of increased consumption in elderly patients in intensive care units

Guerrero, Miguel Angel Tineo 31 October 2016 (has links)
Introdução: Medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) representam um importante problema de saúde para os idosos, e estão associados com morbidade, mortalidade e custos hospitalares elevados. Abordagens quanto ao uso de MPI e preditores são amplamente explorados na literatura. No entanto, no âmbito das unidades de terapia intensiva, os estudos ainda são incipientes. Objetivo: Analisar o uso de MPI em idosos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Método: Coorte retrospectiva de idosos internados em UTI (Clínicas, Cirúrgicas e Especialidades) de um Hospital Público de São Paulo. A amostra foi composta por idosos que haviam recebido pelo menos um medicamento. Utilizou-se um instrumento para coletar os dados referentes às variáveis demográficas clinicas e de regime terapêutico. Os MPI foram identificados pelo Critério de Beers Versão 2015. Na análise estatística utilizaram-se os testes Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e correlações Pearson/Fisher/Spearman e regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 283 idosos. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (55,1%), com comorbidades (67,8%) e sobreviveu à internação na UTI (77%). A idade média foi 71,15 anos. A quase totalidade dos pacientes usou pelo menos um MPI (99,6%). Quanto ao regime terapêutico foram identificados 219 medicamentos, destes, 14,2% eram MPI. Os MPI mais usados foram omeprazol (80,9%), insulina (70,4%) e metoclopramida (51,6%). O número de medicamentos foi preditor independente para maior consumo de MPI (OR: 1,248; IC95%: 1,167 1,344; p < 0,001). A condição de saída da UTI de óbito foi fator de proteção (OR: 0,404; IC95%: 0,182 0,861; p=0,022). Conclusões: Prescrições de MPI foram comuns entre os idosos internados. Os MPI mais frequentes neste estudo foram prescritos baseando-se na condição de gravidade dos pacientes e considerando-se as circunstancias e/ou contexto clinico da abordagem terapêutica na UTI, procurando reduzir as complicações associadas à internação e, assim, reduzir a morbimortalidade dos idosos internados. / Introduction: Potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) represents an important health problem for the elderly, and are associated with morbidity, mortality and high hospital costs. Approaches related to the use of PIM and predictors are widely investigated in the literature. However, in the field of intensive care units, studies are still incipient. Objective: To analyze the use of PIM in elderly patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU). Method: Retrospective cohort of elderly patients in ICU (Clinical, Surgical and Specialties) of a public hospital in São Paulo. The sample consisted of elderly people who had received at least one medication. Data were collected using an instrument consisting of demographic, clinical and therapeutic regimen variables. The MPI were identified by Beers criteria (2015 version). In the statistical analysis Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis test and Pearson/Fisher/Spearman\'s correlations and multiple logistic regressions were used. Results: The study included 283 elderly. Most patients were male (55.1%), with comorbidity (67.8%) and survived internment in the ICU (77%). The average age was 71.15 years; probability of death SAPS II was 18.7%; average ICU length of stay was 6.81 days; average prescription medication was 15.23; and average use of PIM was 3.52. Almost all patients used, at least, one PIM (99.6%). Concerning to the treatment regimen they were identified 219 drugs, 14.2% of these were PIM. The most commonly used PIM were omeprazole (80.9%), insulin (70.4%) and metoclopramide (51.6%). The number of drugs was an independent predictor for increased MPI consumption (OR: 1.248, 95% CI: 1.167 - 1.344, p <0.001). The ICU death condition was a protective factor (OR: 0.404, 95% CI: 0.182-0.861, p = 0.022). Conclusion: The PIM prescriptions were common between hospitalized elderly. The most common PIM in this study were prescribed based on the condition of patient severity and considering the circumstances and/or clinical context of therapeutic approach in the ICU, seeking to reduce the complications associated with hospitalization and, in this way, reduce morbidity and mortality of hospitalized elderly.
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Mortalidade associada ao uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados, segundo critério de Beers: revisão sistemática e metanálise / Mortality associated with the use of potentially inappropriate medications, according to the Beers criteria: systematic review and metaanalysis.

Sichieri, Karina 24 October 2012 (has links)
Na atualidade, a questão dos eventos adversos a medicamentos nos idosos apresenta grande importância, dada a expansão populacional deste grupo e o impacto negativo destes eventos, que muitas vezes apresenta associação com o uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI). Tendo em vista que os resultados dos estudos sobre o impacto do uso de MPI na mortalidade de idosos, ainda são inconclusivos, o objetivo foi identificar e analisar na literatura científica as evidências de que o uso de MPI em idosos, segundo critério de Beers, encontra-se associado a mortalidade. Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática finalizada em 20 de Julho de 2012, cujos procedimentos metodológicos seguiram as recomendações do Joanna Briggs Institutte e Systematic Reviews Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Na busca das publicações foram utilizadas as bases de dados Pubmed/Medline, Lilacs, Scopus, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Web of science, Sciencedirect; CINAHL, Current contents connect, Proquest Dissertation and Theses, Banco de teses-CAPES. A seleção das publicações e extração das informações dos estudos foi realizada por dois investigadores de forma independente. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi avaliada pela lista de verificação Newcastle-Ottawa. A amostra da RS foi constituída por 17 estudos, sendo que destes, oito publicações compuseram a metanálise. Na síntese descritiva observou-se que a maioria dos estudos apresentou nível de evidência IV (94,1%), cujo delineamento foi coorte (94,1%), usou técnica de amostragem não probabilística (64,7%), coletou dados de modo prospectivo (64,7%), utilizou amostra superior a 1.000 idosos (64,7%), realizou seguimento de 12 a 24 meses (52,9%) e a obtenção do desfecho mortalidade ocorreu em bases de dados (64,7%). A metanálise que totalizou a participação de 90.611 participantes apontou que idosos que utilizaram MPI apresentaram maior risco relativo para o desfecho de mortalidade (RR=1,11; IC 95% 1,01 1,22; p = 0,023), de acordo com os critérios de Beers, independente do cenário do estudo, da existência de comorbidades, de polifarmácia ou do tipo de MPI usado. / Currently, the issue of adverse drug events in the elderly presents great importance, given the expansion of this population group and the negative impact of these events, which often presents association with the use of Potentially Inappropriate Medications (PIM). Having in mind that the results of studies on the impact of using MPI elderly mortality are still inconclusive, the aim was to identify and analyze the evidences in the scientific literature that the use of PIM in the elderly, according to the Beers criteria, is associated with mortality. This is a Systematic Review finalized in July 20, 2012, whose methodological procedures followed the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institutte and Systematic Reviews - Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Guidance for Undertaking Reviews in Health Care. In the search of the publications were used databases Pubmed / Medline, Lilacs, Scopus, Embase, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Web of science, Sciencedirect, CINAHL, Current Contents Connect, Proquest Dissertation and Theses database-CAPES. The selection of publications and extraction of the information of the studies was conducted by two researchers independently. The methodological quality of studies was assessed by checklist Newcastle-Ottawa. The sample was composed of RS 17 studies, of which eight publications were included in the meta-analysis. In the synthesis descriptive observed that most studies showed level of evidence IV (94.1%), whose design was cohort (94.1%) used non-probability sampling technique (64.7%), collected data from prospectively (64.7%) used sample of more than 1,000 elderly (64.7%), realized during 12 to 24 months (52.9%) and obtaining of outcome mortality occurred in databases (64.7% ). The meta-analysis which totaled the participation of 90,611 participants pointed out that the elderly who have used PIM had higher relative risk for the outcome of mortality (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22, p = 0.023), according to Beers criteria, regardless of the setting of the study, the existence of co-morbidities, polypharmacy, or the type of PIM used.
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Avaliação e tratamento das falas inapropriadas de um indivíduo com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia.

Nogueira, Guliver Rebouças 19 February 2016 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guliver Reboucas Nogueira.pdf: 700204 bytes, checksum: 744d59ba2ac76a499c54f23d61b9d723 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / The current study involved evaluation and treatment of the antecedent and consequent events which were keeping inappropriate speeches (FI) of a person with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The participant was a male, single, 30 years old. Strategies of the functional evaluation process through indirect observation, direct observation and functional analysis (experimental) were used. The functional analyses involved the manipulation of environmental events in for main conditions: attention, demand escaping, alone and control. The condition attention was subdivided into: (1.1) attention-reprimand, (1.2) attention-inquiry and (1.3) attention-reverse. The results have showed that there was a higher record of FI in the conditions of attention and demand escaping, than in the other conditions: alone and control. It became clear, therefore, that the FI were kept through positive and negative reinforcement sources. For the conduction of intervention, the outline of alternate treatments of the type ABC was used, proceeded by follow-up. For the treatment itself, on phase B, it was applied differential reinforcement of the type alternative differential reinforcement (DRA) of speeches topographically different from the FI combined with its extinction (EXT), procedure that has made possible to reduce the FI and increase the appropriate speeches (FA). On phase C the stimuli analysis (AE) was taught which comprehended in the participant to evaluate the current events in his immediate environment with his physical descriptions. In the follow-up phase, the results point to the maintaining of the issuance of FA in higher frequency than in respect to the FI. The objectives of this study were achieved. Studies such as this one, among others available in literature, show that with behavior analysis tools is possible to increase the frequency of appropriate behaviors in people who have the psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia. / O presente estudo envolveu avaliação e tratamento dos eventos antecedentes e consequentes que mantinham as falas inapropriadas (FI) de uma pessoa com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. O participante era do sexo masculino, solteiro, com idade de 30 anos. Utilizou-se de estratégias do processo de avaliação funcional por observação indireta, observação direta e a análise funcional (experimental). A análise funcional envolveu a manipulação de eventos ambientais em quatro condições principais: atenção, fuga de demanda, sozinho e controle. A condição atenção foi subdividida em: (1) atençãoreprimenda, (2) atenção-interrogação e (3) atenção-inversa. Os resultados mostraram que houve maior registro de FI nas condições de atenção e fuga de demanda, do que nas demais condições: sozinho e controle. Evidenciou-se, portanto, que as FI foram mantidas por fontes de reforçamento positivo e negativo. Para a realização de intervenção, utilizouse o delineamento de tratamentos alternados do tipo ABC, seguido por follow-up. Para o tratamento, em si, na fase B, foi aplicado reforço diferencial do tipo reforçamento diferencial alternativo (DRA) de falas topograficamente diferente das FI combinado com a sua extinção (EXT), procedimento que possibilitou reduzir as FI e aumentar as falas apropriadas (FA). Na fase C foi ensinada a análise dos estímulos (AE) que compreendeu em o participante avaliar os eventos presentes em seu ambiente imediato com as suas descrições físicas. Na fase de follow-up, os resultados apontam para a manutenção da emissão de FA em maior frequência que com relação às FI. Os objetivos desse estudo foram alcançados. Estudos como este, dentre outros disponibilizados na literatura, mostram que com instrumentos da análise do comportamento, torna-se possível aumentar frequência de comportamentos apropriados em pessoas que apresentam o diagnóstico psiquiátrico de esquizofrenia.
24

Uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados por idosos do município de São Paulo - Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem Estar e Envelhecimento / Use of Potentially Inappropriate Medications by Elderly in São Paulo City: SABE Study - Health, Well-being and Aging

Cassoni, Teresa Cristina Jahn 03 October 2011 (has links)
Introdução - Os efeitos prejudiciais envolvendo medicamentos pela cres- cente população idosa impulsionaram pesquisas para desenvolvimento e aplicação de diversos métodos e instrumentos para identificar padrões inadequados de prescrição/ uso e problemas farmacoterapêuticos envolvendo este grupo populacional. Objetivo - Verificar a prevalência do uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados listados nos Critérios de Beers 2003 pelas pessoas idosas de 60 anos ou mais do município de São Paulo, entrevistadas pelo Estudo SABE no ano de 2006. Métodos - Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, com utilização de dados secundários obtidos do Estudo SABE. A amostra constituída de 1258 idosos de 60 anos ou mais. Os dados finais foram ponderados e expandidos de modo a representar a população idosa no ano de 2006. Os medicamentos foram classificados de acordo com a Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o pacote estatístico Stata com realização de regressão logística. Considerou-se nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados Verificou-se a prevalência de 28 por cento de uso de MPI entre os idosos. Na análise pelo modelo de regressão logística multivariada as variáveis associadas ao consumo de MPI foram polifarmácia (p = 0,001), comorbidade (p = 0,011) e sexo (p = 0,007); ajustadas por fragilidade, idade e dificuldade em ABVD. Este estudo identificou 41 medicamentos ou classes potencialmente inadequados segundo os Critérios de Beers sendo utilizados pelos idosos moradores de São Paulo em 2006. Ao se analisar os MPI agrupados por sistema ATC notou-se que o de maior prevalência foi o grupo com os medicamentos que atuam no sistema cardiovascular (11,1 por cento ). Conclusões Entre outros problemas, os idosos, em especial as idosas, têm ainda a dificuldade de conviver com várias doenças o que leva a complexidade da terapêutica, em geral com polifarmácia e uso de medicamentos inadequados fatores ratificados pelo presente estudo situação agravada pelo contexto de alteração da farmacocinética, farmacodinâmica e as alterações relacionadas à composição corporal e fisiologia da idade avançada. Sugere-se a elaboração de método baseado em critérios explícitos de avaliação do uso de medicamentos por idosos adaptada a realidade nacional, levando-se em conta os medicamentos disponíveis no país, a opinião dos especialistas brasileiros e a literatura baseada em evidências na área de utilização de medicamentos / Introduction - The damaging effects involving drugs boosted by the growing elderly population research for developing and implementing a variety of methods and tools to identify patterns of inappropriate prescribing / use and drug related problems involving this population group. Objective - To assess the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) listed in the 2003 Beers criteria for people aged 60 or more of São Paulo, interviewed by the SABE survey in 2006. Methods - This is a population-based crosssectional study, using secondary data obtained from the SABE survey. The sample consisted of 1258 elderly aged 60 years or more. The final data were weighted and expanded to represent the elderly population in 2006. The drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. For data analysis it was used the Stata® with performance of logistic regression. It was considered a significance level of p <0.05. Results - There was a prevalence of 28 per cent using MPI among the elderly. In the analysis by multivariate logistic regression model the variables associated with consumption of PIM were polypharmacy (p = 0.001), comorbidity (p = 0.011) and female gender (p = 0.007) adjusted for frailty, age and difficulty in ADL. This study identified 41 PIM or classes according to the Beers criteria being used by the elderly residents of Sao Paulo in 2006. When analyzing the PIM grouped by the ATC system was noted that the most prevalent was the group with drugs that act on the cardiovascular system (11.2 per cent ). Conclusion - Among other problems, the elderly, especially elderly women, still have the difficulty of living with various illnesses leading to the complexity of therapy, usually with polypharmacy and inappropriate drug use - factors that are ratified by this study - a situation exacerbated by the context of altered pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and changes related to body composition and physiology of aging. We suggest the preparation method based on explicit criteria for evaluating the use of medications by elderly adapted for the national reality, taking into account the available drugs in the country, the opinions of Brazilian experts and evidence-based literature in the area of drug use
25

Utilização de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados por idosos brasileiros

Hermes, Gabriele Bester January 2017 (has links)
O aumento da proporção de idosos trouxe mudanças importantes no perfil de morbidade geral. Uma maior frequência de doenças crônicas faz com que a prescrição de medicamentos seja cada vez mais extensa e mais complexa nesta população. Estes aspectos, somados às variações farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas relacionadas com a idade e à crescente medicalização, levam ao aumento do risco de problemas relacionados à farmacoterapia, tais como o uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados (MPI) e correspondente aparecimento de reações adversas. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar o uso de MPI entre idosos brasileiros utilizando a Lista PRISCUS (2010). Os dados analisados são provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM), de caráter transversal e amostra probabilística populacional em municípios brasileiros urbanos. Neste estudo, foram analisadas as informações obtidas com a população de idosos (60 anos ou mais) (N=9.019). A variável independente foram os medicamentos utilizados por idosos com 60 anos ou mais. As variáveis intervenientes foram sexo, idade, escolaridade, nível econômico e região geográfica. Também foram analisadas as variáveis presença de doença crônica e médico que trata doença crônica. Uma análise multivariável foi realizada para identificar os fatores para o uso de medicamentos inapropriados. Do total de idosos, 18,1% utilizaram no mínimo um medicamento considerado potencialmente inapropriado, independente de dose, sendo que o grupo de medicamentos para o sistema nervoso correspondeu a 45,8%, sendo a amitriptilina a mais prevalente. O uso de medicamentos inapropriados foi maior em mulheres (20,4%), idosos com 80 anos ou mais (22,2%), idosos com nenhuma escolaridade (21,5%), nível econômico C (18,6%), região Sul do Brasil (22,4%), idosos com doença crônica (DC) (21,8%) e que tratavam a DC com mais de um médico (28%). De acordo com a análise multivariável, a variável que se mostrou associada à maior probabilidade para o uso de medicamentos inapropriados foi o aumento do número de medicamentos. Idosos que utilizam maior número de medicamentos simultaneamente (polifarmácia) têm maior probabilidade de terapia inapropriada. Com o intenso processo de envelhecimento, a tendência é aumentar a utilização de medicamentos na população. Programas de atenção ao idoso devem constar como prioridade dos órgãos públicos de saúde. / The proportion of aged has increased causing important changes in the general morbidity profile. A higher frequency of chronic diseases makes medications prescription more and more extensive and complex in this population. These aspects, coupled with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variations related to age and increasing medicalization, lead to an increased risk of problems related to the use of medications, such as the use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) and corresponding adverse reactions. This dissertation aims at evaluating the use of PIM among Brazilian elders using the PRISCUS List (2010). The analyzed data came from the National Survey of Access, Use and Promotion of the Rational Use of Medicines (PNAUM, in Portuguese), of transversal character and population probabilistic sample in urban Brazilian municipalities. In this study, the information obtained with the elderly population (60 years or more) (N=9.019) was analyzed. The independent variable was the medication used by the 60 years old people or older. The intervening variables were sex, age, schooling, economic level and geographic region. Also, it were analyzed the presence of chronic disease and the doctor who treats chronic disease. A multivariate analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for the use of inappropriate medications. Of the total aged, 18.1% used at least one medication considered to be potentially inappropriate, regardless of dose, and the group of medications for the nervous system corresponded to 45.8%, with amitriptyline being the most prevalent. The use of inappropriate medications was higher in women (20.4%), 80 years old people or older (22.2%), aged with no schooling (21.5%), economic level C (18.6%), South region of Brazil (22.4%), aged with chronic disease (CD) (21.8%) and who treated CD with more than one physician (28%). According to the multivariate analysis, the variable that was shown to be associated with the greatest probability for the use of inappropriate medications was the increase in the number of medications. Aged who use more medications at the same time are more likely to have inappropriate therapy. With the intense process of aging, the tendency is to increase the use of medications by the population. Aged care programs should be a priority of public health agencies.
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A polifarmácia em idosos no município de São Paulo - Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento / The polypharmacy in elderly in São Paulo – SABE Study – Health, Well-being and aging.

Carvalho, Maristela Ferreira Catão 28 September 2007 (has links)
Introdução: O crescente aumento da população idosa faz aumentar a necessidade de recursos de saúde, entre eles o uso de medicamentos.Objetivo: Estudar os riscos de polifarmácia em idosos no município de São Paulo, Brasil. Métodos: Este estudo faz parte do projeto SABE – Saúde,Bem-estar e Envelhecimento – através de questionários por amostra em domicílios de 2143 idosos com 60 anos e mais composta por sorteio. Os dados finais foram ponderados e expandidos de modo que representem a população idosa no ano de 2000. A polifarmácia foi definida como o uso de quatro ou mais medicamentos, e utilizado o estudo de regressão logística por passos (IC 95%). Resultados: A média do número de medicamentos foi de 2,72 e a prevalência de polifarmácia de 31,5%. A polifarmácia foi mais prevalente em mulheres com 75 anos e mais (52,1%), religião espírita(51,2%), que declaram estado de saúde ruim (40,2%) e escolaridade acima de 12 anos (46,9%). Verificou-se que 71,1% adquirem medicamentos do próprio bolso, 15,95% se automedicam e a não adesão é devida ao custo (9,1%). Os riscos para polifarmácia foram mulheres (OR 2,2), idade acima de 75 anos (OR 1,5), consulta e internação em quatro meses (OR de 1,9 e 3,8) e problemas cardíacos (OR 3,8). Quanto ao medicamento impróprio a prevalência foi de 15,6%. Conclusão: Os riscos identificados na polifarmácia mostram uma necessidade de políticas públicas que visem promover o uso racional de medicamentos. / Introduction: The continuous growth of the elderly population increases the need for further health resources; amongst them is the use of drugs.Object: Study the risks’ Polypharmacy in the population of elderly people within the city of São Paulo, Brasil. Method: This study is part of the ‘SABE’ project – Health, Well-being and aging. This survey is carried out by using a sample questionnaire in the residence of 2143 people aged 60 and over. The final data are pondered and expanded to represent the population of elderly people in the year 2000. In order to analyze, polypharmacy was defined as four or more drugs, using the study of stepwise logistical regression (IC95%). Results: The average number of drug stays at 2,72, with a prevalence of polyfarmacy of 31,5%. Polyfarmacy is more prevalent amongst women aged 75 and over (52,1%); spiritualists (51,2%); those who claim poor self perceived health status (40,2%); those whose level of education is at least 12 years (46,9%). It has been observed that 71,1% use their own money to buy drugs; 15,9% practice self-medication; the cost of treatment being the cause of nonadherence (9,1%). Women are more at risk (OR 2,2), aged 75 and over (OR 1,5), visit to the physician and hospitalization within four months(OR from 1,9 to 3,8), cardiovascular conditions (OR 3,8). As for inappropriate use of medications, the prevalence is 15,6%. Conclusion: The identified risks in polypharmacy show a need for public policies that would promote a more rational use of medications.
27

Uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados por idosos do município de São Paulo - Estudo SABE - Saúde, Bem Estar e Envelhecimento / Use of Potentially Inappropriate Medications by Elderly in São Paulo City: SABE Study - Health, Well-being and Aging

Teresa Cristina Jahn Cassoni 03 October 2011 (has links)
Introdução - Os efeitos prejudiciais envolvendo medicamentos pela cres- cente população idosa impulsionaram pesquisas para desenvolvimento e aplicação de diversos métodos e instrumentos para identificar padrões inadequados de prescrição/ uso e problemas farmacoterapêuticos envolvendo este grupo populacional. Objetivo - Verificar a prevalência do uso de medicamentos potencialmente inapropriados listados nos Critérios de Beers 2003 pelas pessoas idosas de 60 anos ou mais do município de São Paulo, entrevistadas pelo Estudo SABE no ano de 2006. Métodos - Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base populacional, com utilização de dados secundários obtidos do Estudo SABE. A amostra constituída de 1258 idosos de 60 anos ou mais. Os dados finais foram ponderados e expandidos de modo a representar a população idosa no ano de 2006. Os medicamentos foram classificados de acordo com a Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o pacote estatístico Stata com realização de regressão logística. Considerou-se nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados Verificou-se a prevalência de 28 por cento de uso de MPI entre os idosos. Na análise pelo modelo de regressão logística multivariada as variáveis associadas ao consumo de MPI foram polifarmácia (p = 0,001), comorbidade (p = 0,011) e sexo (p = 0,007); ajustadas por fragilidade, idade e dificuldade em ABVD. Este estudo identificou 41 medicamentos ou classes potencialmente inadequados segundo os Critérios de Beers sendo utilizados pelos idosos moradores de São Paulo em 2006. Ao se analisar os MPI agrupados por sistema ATC notou-se que o de maior prevalência foi o grupo com os medicamentos que atuam no sistema cardiovascular (11,1 por cento ). Conclusões Entre outros problemas, os idosos, em especial as idosas, têm ainda a dificuldade de conviver com várias doenças o que leva a complexidade da terapêutica, em geral com polifarmácia e uso de medicamentos inadequados fatores ratificados pelo presente estudo situação agravada pelo contexto de alteração da farmacocinética, farmacodinâmica e as alterações relacionadas à composição corporal e fisiologia da idade avançada. Sugere-se a elaboração de método baseado em critérios explícitos de avaliação do uso de medicamentos por idosos adaptada a realidade nacional, levando-se em conta os medicamentos disponíveis no país, a opinião dos especialistas brasileiros e a literatura baseada em evidências na área de utilização de medicamentos / Introduction - The damaging effects involving drugs boosted by the growing elderly population research for developing and implementing a variety of methods and tools to identify patterns of inappropriate prescribing / use and drug related problems involving this population group. Objective - To assess the prevalence of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) listed in the 2003 Beers criteria for people aged 60 or more of São Paulo, interviewed by the SABE survey in 2006. Methods - This is a population-based crosssectional study, using secondary data obtained from the SABE survey. The sample consisted of 1258 elderly aged 60 years or more. The final data were weighted and expanded to represent the elderly population in 2006. The drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. For data analysis it was used the Stata® with performance of logistic regression. It was considered a significance level of p <0.05. Results - There was a prevalence of 28 per cent using MPI among the elderly. In the analysis by multivariate logistic regression model the variables associated with consumption of PIM were polypharmacy (p = 0.001), comorbidity (p = 0.011) and female gender (p = 0.007) adjusted for frailty, age and difficulty in ADL. This study identified 41 PIM or classes according to the Beers criteria being used by the elderly residents of Sao Paulo in 2006. When analyzing the PIM grouped by the ATC system was noted that the most prevalent was the group with drugs that act on the cardiovascular system (11.2 per cent ). Conclusion - Among other problems, the elderly, especially elderly women, still have the difficulty of living with various illnesses leading to the complexity of therapy, usually with polypharmacy and inappropriate drug use - factors that are ratified by this study - a situation exacerbated by the context of altered pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and changes related to body composition and physiology of aging. We suggest the preparation method based on explicit criteria for evaluating the use of medications by elderly adapted for the national reality, taking into account the available drugs in the country, the opinions of Brazilian experts and evidence-based literature in the area of drug use
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Evaluation of a Level System with a Built in Token Economy to Decrease Inappropriate Behaviors of Individuals with mental Retardation

Tomaka, Ashley 04 June 2009 (has links)
The level system is a behavioral procedure that alters the status of a participant contingent on his or her behaviors; within each level the amount of reinforcement is different. In most cases, level systems are paired with another form of treatment such as a token economy. In the current study, the effectiveness of a level system with a built in token economy was evaluated within three intensive residential group homes with 3 male participants. Each participant was diagnosed with mental retardation and behavioral issues. The level system was comprised of 5 different levels, each having different privileges and reinforcers. Each participant received token dollars for displaying replacement behaviors and the tokens were used to purchase items from a token store. A preference assessment was conducted to determine the items and their values. The results of the current study suggest that a level system with a built in token economy is an effective form of treatment in managing severe, inappropriate behaviors in individuals with mental retardation residing in a group home setting.
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Good Girl/Bad Girl

Aylward, Kaitlyn Marie 22 October 2013 (has links)
Good Girl/Bad Girl asks women to define the good girls and bad girls in respect to their clothing. Participants are women who live in either New Mexico or Texas and identify as one or more of the following groups: New Mexican, Mexican, Native American, Sorority women, and Cowgirls. Participants with interviewed and photographed in their homes and places of work. Good Girl/Bad Girl was exhibited during the 2013 The Co-op Presents the Cohen New Works Festival. A selection of twenty-one images were displayed in addition to audio from the interviews. / text
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Inappropriate prescribing, non-adherence to long-term medications and related morbidities : Pharmacoepidemiological aspects

Hedna, Khedidja January 2015 (has links)
Background: Inappropriate use of medications (IUM), in particular inappropriate prescribing and non-adherence to prescribed medications, are important causes of drug-related morbidities (DRMs). They are increasing problems with the ageing populations and the growing burden of chronic conditions. However, research is needed on the association of IUMs with DRMs in outpatient settings and in the general population. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to estimate and analyse the burden of potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs) in the elderly and non-adherence to long-term medications among adults across care settings, and to investigate how IUM is associated to DRMs. Methods: A meta-analysis summarised the previous evidence on the percentage of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated to IUM across healthcare settings (Study I). From a cohort in the general population, using medical records and register data, the prevalence of PIPs in the elderly and its association with ADRs were estimated retrospectively (Study II). From the same cohort, the factors associated with refill non-adherence to antihypertensive therapy, considering the use of multiple medications, and the association between non-adherence and sub-therapeutic effects (STEs) were investigated (Study III). A survey assessed the refill behaviour to antihypertensive, lipid lowering and oral antidiabetic medications (undersupply, adequate supply and oversupply), and its association with perceived ADRs and STEs (Study IV). Results: IUM was the cause 52% and 45% of ADRs occurring in adult outpatients and inpatients respectively. Across healthcare settings, 46% of the elderly refilled PIPs over a 6-month period; PIPs were considered the cause of 30% of all ADRs; and the elderly who were prescribed PIPs had increased odds to experience ADRs (OR 2.47, 95% CI 1.65-3.69). In total, 35% was nonadherent to the full multidrug therapy and 13% was non-adherent to any medication (complete non-adherence).  Sociodemographic factors (working age and lower income) were associated with non-adherence to any medication, while clinical factors (use of specialised care, use of multiple medications, and being a new user) with non-adherence to the full multidrug therapy. STEs were associated with non-adherence to any medication a month prior to a healthcare visit (OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.27-8.49), but not with long-term measures of non-adherence. Among survey respondents, 22% of the medications were oversupplied and 12% were undersupplied. Inadequate refill behaviour was not associated with reporting ADRs or STEs (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: A large proportion of ADRs occurring in hospital is caused by IUM, but more knowledge is needed in other settings. PIPs are common in the elderly general population and associated with ADRs. Therefore decreasing PIPs could contribute towards ADR prevention. Considering the use of multiple medications may help to better understand the factors associated with non-adherence to a multidrug therapy for tailoring the interventions to patient needs. Monitoring the adherence prior to a healthcare visit may facilitate interpreting STEs. Yet, the absence of an association between long-term measures of refill non-adherence with clinical and perceived DRMs suggest the need to enhance the knowledge of this association in clinical practice. In summary, this thesis shows a significant potential for improvements of medication use and outcomes.

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