Background: Developing a well-adept social competence in preschool years is considered important and seems to play a pivotal role in later social functioning like school readiness and academic competence. Due to the individual development in children, establishing potential early markers of early social problems has been difficult. Although parent, peer, and contextual factors may be important to children’s development of social competence, the present study addressed the range of individual differences in children that may facilitate or impede social skills development. Method: The paper is based on data from the comprehensive longitudinal Trondheim Early Secure Study (TESS) of a screen-stratified community sample of 2475 children who were assessed at 4 year of age (T1) and followed up at the age of 6 (T2) (n=797). General linear modeling weighting data back to yield true population estimates of the predictive value of Social Competence, Gender, Negative Affectivity, Surgency, Effortful Control, Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity, Peer Problems, Disorganized Attachment and Callous-Unemotional traits assessed at T1 in predicting Social Competence at T2, when adjusting for Social Competence at T1. Results: Analysis indicates that Social Competence, Surgency, Inattention, Peer Problems high levels of Callous-Unemotional traits and Disorganization were unique predictors of Social Competence when adjusting for all variables. Negative Affectivity failed to predict Social Competence. Conclusions: Beyond a sizable continuity in social competence a range of child characteristics may enhance social skills development in young children . The identification of such child factors, when controlling for other potential factors, may inform health promotion efforts towards increasing young children’s social competence.

Objetivo: Este estudo investigou se fatores ambientais familiares estão associados com o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, tipo predominantemente desatento (TDAH-D). Método: Estudo de caso-controle. A amostra foi composta de 100 crianças e adolescentes com TDAH-D e 100 controles sem o diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH). A amostra foi composta de pacientes da comunidade, e todos foram avaliados de maneira sistemática, incluindo o diagnóstico feito por entrevista semi-estruturada, e revisão por psiquiatra de infância e adolescência. Os fatores familiares avaliados foram: índice de adversidade psicossocial de Rutter (discórdia marital, baixa classe social, tamanho familiar grande, criminalidade paterna, transtorno psiquiátrico materno), Family Environment Scale – FES (escores de coesão, expressividade e conflito) e Family Relationship Index – FRI (baseado nos escores acima). Resultados: Após o ajuste dos fatores confundidores (fobia social e presença de TDAH materno), a razão de chances (RC) para TDAH-D aumentou com o aumento progressivo da presença dos indicadores de adversidades de Rutter. A RC para TDAH-D foi 3,9 vezes maior em pacientes tendo 1 indicador de Rutter, quando comparado a pacientes que não tinham nenhum indicador (p=0,035; intervalo de confiança [IC] = 1.1-14). A chance de ter TDAH-D foi 7,9 vezes (p=0,002; IC=2.1- 28.9) e 8,9 vezes (p=0,006; IC=1,9-43) maior em crianças e adolescentes que tinham 2 e 3 indicadores, respectivamente. Famílias de crianças com menores escores de coesão apresentaram maior RC para TDAH-D (RC 1,24; 95% IC 1,05- 1,45). Valores menores do FRI, um índice geral do relacionamento familiar, também estiveram relacionados com uma chance maior de TDAH-D (RC 1,11; 95% IC 1,03- 1,21). Conclusões: Nós concluímos que adversidade familiar (em geral), e baixa coesão familiar, além de um baixo índice de relacionamento familiar (em particular), são associados com um aumento do risco para TDAH-D. / Objective: This study investigated whether family-environment risk factors are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type (ADHD-I). Method: In a case-control study, we assessed a nonreferred sample of 100 children and adolescents with ADHD-I and 100 non-ADHD controls (6-18 years old). They were systematically evaluated through structured diagnostic interviews. The following family adversity measures were used: Rutter’s family adversity index (marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder), Family Environment Scale - FES (subscores of cohesion, expressiveness and conflict) and Family Relationship Index - FRI (based on the subscores above). Results: After adjusting for confounding factors (social phobia and maternal history of ADHD), the odds ratio (OD) for ADHD-I increased as the number of Rutter’s indicators increased. More specifically, the odds of having ADHD-I were 3.9 times greater in patients having one indicator compared with patients having none of Rutter’s indicators (p = .035; confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 – 14). The odds of having ADHD-I were 7.9 (p = .002; CI = 2.1 – 28.9) and 8.9 (p = .006; CI = 1.9 – 43) times greater in children and adolescents with 2 and 3 indicators, respectively. Families of children with lower FES cohesion subscores presented higher OR for ADHD-I (OR 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.45). Lower levels of FRI, a general index of family relationship, also were related to higher risk of ADHD-I (OR 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.21). Conclusions: We conclude that family adversity (in general), and low family cohesion and low family relationship index (in particular), are associated with an increase in the risk for ADHD-I.

This thesis focuses on specific work of primary school teachers that is related to children with the symptoms of ADHD. The theoretical part describes primary school system, young school age children from the perspective of development psychology, further it deals with ADHD in terms of terminology, occurrence, origins of this disorder and description of symptoms ADHD. The practical part of this thesis contains interviews with teachers which encountered children with ADHD during their working experience.It analyses ways of pedagogic work with this disorder in primary schools.

Objetivo: Este estudo investigou se fatores ambientais familiares estão associados com o transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade, tipo predominantemente desatento (TDAH-D). Método: Estudo de caso-controle. A amostra foi composta de 100 crianças e adolescentes com TDAH-D e 100 controles sem o diagnóstico de transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH). A amostra foi composta de pacientes da comunidade, e todos foram avaliados de maneira sistemática, incluindo o diagnóstico feito por entrevista semi-estruturada, e revisão por psiquiatra de infância e adolescência. Os fatores familiares avaliados foram: índice de adversidade psicossocial de Rutter (discórdia marital, baixa classe social, tamanho familiar grande, criminalidade paterna, transtorno psiquiátrico materno), Family Environment Scale – FES (escores de coesão, expressividade e conflito) e Family Relationship Index – FRI (baseado nos escores acima). Resultados: Após o ajuste dos fatores confundidores (fobia social e presença de TDAH materno), a razão de chances (RC) para TDAH-D aumentou com o aumento progressivo da presença dos indicadores de adversidades de Rutter. A RC para TDAH-D foi 3,9 vezes maior em pacientes tendo 1 indicador de Rutter, quando comparado a pacientes que não tinham nenhum indicador (p=0,035; intervalo de confiança [IC] = 1.1-14). A chance de ter TDAH-D foi 7,9 vezes (p=0,002; IC=2.1- 28.9) e 8,9 vezes (p=0,006; IC=1,9-43) maior em crianças e adolescentes que tinham 2 e 3 indicadores, respectivamente. Famílias de crianças com menores escores de coesão apresentaram maior RC para TDAH-D (RC 1,24; 95% IC 1,05- 1,45). Valores menores do FRI, um índice geral do relacionamento familiar, também estiveram relacionados com uma chance maior de TDAH-D (RC 1,11; 95% IC 1,03- 1,21). Conclusões: Nós concluímos que adversidade familiar (em geral), e baixa coesão familiar, além de um baixo índice de relacionamento familiar (em particular), são associados com um aumento do risco para TDAH-D. / Objective: This study investigated whether family-environment risk factors are associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type (ADHD-I). Method: In a case-control study, we assessed a nonreferred sample of 100 children and adolescents with ADHD-I and 100 non-ADHD controls (6-18 years old). They were systematically evaluated through structured diagnostic interviews. The following family adversity measures were used: Rutter’s family adversity index (marital discord, low social class, large family size, paternal criminality, maternal mental disorder), Family Environment Scale - FES (subscores of cohesion, expressiveness and conflict) and Family Relationship Index - FRI (based on the subscores above). Results: After adjusting for confounding factors (social phobia and maternal history of ADHD), the odds ratio (OD) for ADHD-I increased as the number of Rutter’s indicators increased. More specifically, the odds of having ADHD-I were 3.9 times greater in patients having one indicator compared with patients having none of Rutter’s indicators (p = .035; confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 – 14). The odds of having ADHD-I were 7.9 (p = .002; CI = 2.1 – 28.9) and 8.9 (p = .006; CI = 1.9 – 43) times greater in children and adolescents with 2 and 3 indicators, respectively. Families of children with lower FES cohesion subscores presented higher OR for ADHD-I (OR 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.45). Lower levels of FRI, a general index of family relationship, also were related to higher risk of ADHD-I (OR 1.11; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.21). Conclusions: We conclude that family adversity (in general), and low family cohesion and low family relationship index (in particular), are associated with an increase in the risk for ADHD-I.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dulcineia Bastos Duarte.pdf: 2403794 bytes, checksum: 97b88d9bb8b7e23d5dcee1fd24779e45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-07 / Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) is characterized by cognitive and behavioral alterations with various degrees of mental disorder. Its prevalence is of 1/7.500 newborns and it is caused by a microdeletion of the long arm of chromosome 7 at region 7q11.23, caused by the loss of approximately 20-23 genes which explains the broad spectrum in the presented phenotype. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) displays a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is characterized by motor agitation, difficulty or reluctance to perform tasks that require effort and concentration; despite the absence of intellectual disability, the disorder can lead to social inability, school failure and difficulties with family relations. According to literature there is a higher prevalence of problems related to mental health and inappropriate parenting style practices in parents of children with intellectual disability. Thus, this study has the objective of assessing indicators of mental health and parenting style practices in parents of children and adolescents with WBS and intellectual disability, and to compare them with a group of parents of children with ADHD (without intellectual disability). It was used a correlational descriptive method; the sample was composed of 30 parents of children with ADHD and 24 parents of children with WBS. Data collection instruments were: Parenting Style Inventory (PSI), Family Support Perception Inventory (FSPI), Adult Self-Report 18-59 (ASR), World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQL-bref). Results show that despite the positive rate of adequate parenting practices by the parents of both groups, the use of negative practices was observed, including negligence and physical abuse. The group of parents (ADHD) presents deficient perception of family support and quality of live in the area of social relations. Both groups presented clinical or borderline rates of anxiety, depression and somatic complaints, this rate was higher for parents (ADHD). Therefore it was verified the need for creation of support programs that focus the dynamics and functioning of these families in order to promote mental health, quality of life and adequate parenting practices. / A Síndrome de Williams-Beuren (SWB), é caracterizada por alterações cognitivas e comportamentais com grau variados de deficiência mental possui incidência de 1 a cada 7.500 nascidos vivos, devido a uma microdelação no braço longo do cromossomo 7 na região 7q11.23, ocasionando a perda aproximada de 20-23 genes, explicando o amplo espectro no fenótipo apresentado. O Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH) possui um padrão persistente de desatenção e/ou hiperatividade e impulsividade. É caracterizado por agitação motora, dificuldade e relutância ao desempenhar tarefas que exigem esforço e concentração, apesar da ausência de déficit intelectual, o transtorno poderá levar à inabilidade social, fracasso escolar e dificuldades familiares. Dados da literatura têm demonstrado maior incidência de problemas relacionados à saúde mental e práticas de estilos parentais inadequadas em pais de crianças com deficiência intelectual. Desse modo, este estudo possui como objetivo avaliar indicadores de saúde mental e prática de estilos parentais em pais de crianças e adolescentes com SWB (que possuem deficiência intelectual) e comparar com o grupo de pais de filhos com queixa de TDAH (que não possuem deficiência intelectual). O método usado foi o descritivo correlacional, a amostra foi composta por 30 pais de filhos com queixa de TDAH e 24 pais de filhos SWB. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram o Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP), Inventário de Percepção de Suporte familiar (IPSF) - Inventário de Auto- avaliação para Adultos de 18- 59 anos / Adult Self Report ASR - Instrumento abreviado de avaliação de qualidade de vida WHOQOL bref. Os resultados mostraram que apesar do índice positivo de práticas parentais adequadas desempenhadas pelos dois grupos, o uso de práticas negativas tem sido observado, incluindo a negligência e o abuso físico. O grupo de pais (TDAH) apresenta percepção deficitária em relação ao suporte familiar recebido e da qualidade de vida no domínio das relações sociais. Os dois grupos apresentaram índices de ansiedade, depressão e queixas somáticas com perfil classificatório clínico e limítrofe, sendo este índice superior no grupo de pais (TDAH). Conclui-se a necessidade da criação de programas de apoio que focalizem a dinâmica e o funcionamento dessas famílias, a fim de promover saúde mental, qualidade de vida e práticas parentais adequadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Thayna Davilla Savio2.pdf: 2651873 bytes, checksum: e70439a3e1b991557cbb5fce33204228 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-21 / This dissertation s main objective is to analyze street harassment as a violation of social rules, and also its negative effects in the life of harassed women. Despite changes in relationships between men and women and the conquest rights directed to women, street harassment remains a common practice. Street harassment is studied from women s perspective as an undesirable interaction in public spaces, that shows the different ways men and women occupy this space. The argument presented is the glamorization of street harassment, the reinforcement of masculinity and the relationships between harasser and the harassed female that coexist with incresing critics from the media and from women. Street harassment is, therefore, analyzed as a tension between the reputed juridical equality and gender performativity, which is experimented through ambiguities. Synthetizing, street harassment is, at the same time, a violation of civil inattention rules e and an intensification of gender performativity. The data for the research was obtained through bibliographic sources, questionnaires applied in 97 students from a superior education institution and other sources obtained in the internet and social networks like facebook. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o assédio de rua enquanto modalidade de violação das normas sociais, bem como seu efeito negativo na vida das mulheres assediadas. Em que se pese as mudanças nas relações entre homens e mulheres e a conquista de direitos específicos às mulheres, o assédio de rua permanece uma prática presente. O assédio de rua é estudado do ponto das mulheres como interação não desejada no espaço público, o que evidencia modos diferentes pelos quais homens e mulheres ocupam esse espaço. O argumento apresentado é a glamourização do assédio, o reforço da masculinidade e as relações entre o assediador e a mulher assediada na rua convivem com crescentes críticas da mídia e das mulheres. O assédio de rua é, então, analisado como uma tensão entre o suposto da igualdade jurídica e da performatividade de gênero, tensão experimentada por ambiguidades. Sintetizando, o assédio de rua é, ao mesmo tempo, uma violação das regras sociais da desatenção civil e uma intensificação da performatividade de gênero. Os dados para a pesquisa foram obtidos de fontes bibliográficas, questionários aplicados a 97 estudantes universitárias e outras fontes obtidas em sites da internet e redes sociais como o facebook.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reactions people experienced when engaged in extended eye contact with a stranger. Artist Marina Abramović and an organization entitled The Liberators International have demonstrated a spectrum of reactions, many emotionally-charged, that have occurred from the opportunity to sit across from and gaze into the eyes of a stranger. Current research on eye contact has been predominantly quantitative, with no available research that qualitatively investigates the scenario in focus. The design of this study involved interviewing 35 people who participated in "The World’s Biggest Eye Contact Experiment," where individuals paired with a partner and gazed into each other's eyes for one minute. The data revealed a significant overlap between negative and positive face, where individuals sought out the experience in order to exceed their comfort zones and to foster connections with other people. Participants reported feeling a sense of vulnerability, which was attributed to civil inattention and the simultaneous threat to and expansion of negative face.

Le trouble déficitaire de l'attention/hyperactivité (TDA/H) est une problématique qui touche un nombre important de jeunes Québécois. Un lien entre le TDA/H, plus particulièrement la composante inattention, et l’apparition de difficultés scolaires a été démontré à maintes reprises. Quelques études suggèrent que la pratique d'activités sportives pourrait influencer le lien entre l'inattention et les difficultés scolaires et augmenter ainsi la probabilité de perséverer dans les études et, conséquemment, d’obtenir un diplôme scolaire. La présente étude vise à examiner le lien entre l’inattention durant l’enfance et l’obtention du diplôme d’études secondaires, puis à vérifier si la pratique d'activités sportives durant l’adolescence influence ce lien. À cette fin, 1043 jeunes ont été suivis de 6 à 23 ans. Une analyse de régression logistique binaire de type hiérarchique a été utilisée pour tester les hypothèses proposées. D’une part, et tel que prévu, une forte association négative entre l’inattention et la diplomation est observée. Cette association demeure satistiquement significative après contrôle de différentes variables (hyperactivité, symptômes intériorisés, Q.I. et l’adversité familiale). La relation inattention-diplomation n’est toutefois pas modérée par la pratique d’activités sportives. Cette étude souligne l’importance de mettre en place des mesures efficaces pour permettre aux jeunes souffrant d’inattention d’avoir de meilleures chances de diplômer. / Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a mental health issue that many youths have to deal with. It is of great concern as many authors report a link between ADHD and academic problems. It has been shown that inattention levels contribute more to academic problems than hyperactivity levels per se. On the other hand, the results of few studies suggest that sport activities could influence the link between inattention and academic problems. The aims of this study was to investigate the link between inattention at the end of childhood and high school graduation and to examine the hypothesis that sport activities during adolescence could moderate that relation. To this end, 1043 youths were followed from 6 to 23 years old, as part of the Montreal longitudinal and experimental stud. Binary logistic regression analysis was conduct to test the proposed hypotheses. The results indicate a strong association between inattention and high school graduation. This relation remained statistically significant after controlling for associated problems (hyperactivity, internalized symptoms), I.Q., and familial adversity. The relation inattention-high school graduation was not moderated by sport activities, however. This study emphasizes the importance of implementing measures that could help youths with inattention problems achieving academic success.

This research investigated elementary classroom teachers' experiences in a collaborative learning community (CLC) on the topic of supporting the literacy learning of students with characteristics of ADHD. Five general education classroom teachers participated in biweekly CLC meetings over a 5-month period. Qualitative methods of data gathering were employed in the form of participant observations in the classroom and during 9 CLC meetings. Participants were also interviewed three times. The first interview was conducted before the CLC meetings began, the second interview was conducted immediately after formal CLC meetings had ceased, and the final interview was conducted 6 months after meetings had ended. Three main findings emerged from the research. First, participants' literacy teaching of their students with characteristics of ADHD was positively influenced as a result of their participation in the CLC. This positive influence came through an interaction of factors related to their knowledge, skills, attitudes, and beliefs. It also resulted from a reconceptualization of both their understanding of their students with characteristics of ADHD and of themselves as literacy teachers. Second, certain aspects of the CLC contributed to this positive outcome. These aspects were the opportunity to work with colleagues, participant control over the format and content of CLC, and repeated opportunities to reflect on and refine teaching practice. Third, personal and contextual factors shaped the participants' experiences within the CLC. Participants who had challenges during their own schooling were more driven and committed to understand and respond to their students’ diverse learning needs. Participants with the most number of years of teaching experience had a more fully realized skill set, higher levels of self-efficacy, and lower levels of stress related to teaching and meeting the needs of their students with characteristics of ADHD. Implications for school literacy teaching, preservice education, in-service education, and future avenues for research are discussed in light of the findings.

This paper investigates whether greater investor distraction on the Swedish stock market during the summer months of June, July and August leads to a more pronounced post earnings announcement drift (PEAD) effect, during the ten year period between 2000 and 2009. PEAD is an anomaly whereby the information contained in earnings announcements is not immediately or completely incorporated into stock prices, in the cases where the announcement contains an ‘earnings surprise’. The methodology involves using the standardised unexpected earnings (SUE) metric to measure the level of ‘earnings surprise’ and a buy and hold abnormal returns (BHAR) trading strategy to measure return. The study tests and confirms the existence of greater investor distraction during summer months on the Swedish market. For a holding period of 12 months, a BHAR trading strategy generates a greater abnormal return for summer months (11.3%) compared with the abnormal return for non-summer months (10.5%). These results are also interesting in a broader context, as they confirm the existence of the PEAD effect, one of the strongest counter-arguments to the efficient markets hypothesis (EMH); the foundation of many financial models used for stock market valuation. This is because, according to the EMH, in an efficient market it should not be possible to generate abnormal returns based on available information. However, it may be noted that these results do not take into account transaction costs. This means that while it can be demonstrated that there is greater investor distraction during the Swedish summer, in order to implement a successful trading strategy based on this finding, further testing would be required. Therefore, based on the findings of this paper, a number of areas for future research have been identified.