The problem in this study was to determine whether students enrolled in beginning typewriting who typed between fifteen and fifty-five words a minute would learn economic facts incidentally and intentionally through the typing of timed writings on the topic of economics.

Five elementary age students with moderate to severe intellectual disabilities were taught shape identification. A multiple probe design across behaviors, replicated across participants, was used to determine the effectiveness of constant time delay to determine the effectiveness of Constant Time Delay to teach shapes. Nontarget information was included in praise statements. All students met criterion on target information of shape identification. All students increased their ability to identify shape words, spell shape words, tell the number of sides of the shapes when presented and tell the number of angles of shapes presented. Generalization occurred during daily walks through the school and community as well as during the probe sessions.

abstract: Incidental learning of sequential information occurs in visual, auditory and tactile domains. It occurs throughout our lifetime and even in nonhuman species. It is likely to be one of the most important foundations for the development of normal learning. To date, there is no agreement as to how incidental learning occurs. The goal of the present set of experiments is to determine if visual sequential information is learned in terms of abstract rules or stimulus-specific details. Two experiments test the extent to which interaction with the stimuli can influence the information that is encoded by the learner. The results of both experiments support the claim that stimulus and domain specific details directly shape what is learned, through a process of tuning the neuromuscular systems involved in the interaction between the learner and the materials. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Psychology 2013

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-25T12:17:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marjoricorreamendes.pdf: 1303367 bytes, checksum: 86a178ed9fc84ca1ac5a1dfe38cd75ba (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-25T13:34:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marjoricorreamendes.pdf: 1303367 bytes, checksum: 86a178ed9fc84ca1ac5a1dfe38cd75ba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-25T13:34:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marjoricorreamendes.pdf: 1303367 bytes, checksum: 86a178ed9fc84ca1ac5a1dfe38cd75ba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-23 / Os atuais processos de globalização (KUMARAVADIVELU, 2006), caracterizados principalmente pela popularização da internet no mundo, têm influenciado diretamente na maneira como entendemos e vivenciamos as mais diversas formas de contato linguístico em nossa vida cotidiana. Paradoxalmente, embora seja preciso lançar mão de diferentes práticas discursivas durante as interações diárias das quais participamos, parece que a relação língua estrangeira/escola no Brasil ainda se mostra um tanto quanto controversa. Dessa forma, torna-se imperativo pensar em novas estratégias e abordagens para o tratamento da língua estrangeira enquanto disciplina na sala de aula, a fim de que ela se alinhe às demandas dessa nova realidade na qual estamos inseridos. Para isso, porém, faz-se necessário abandonar a ideia de que o aprendiz precisa ser “proficiente” em uma língua e concentrar esforços em torná-lo capaz de (inter)agir dentro dos contextos nos quais transita – exercendo, portanto, o que chamaríamos de bilingualidade (SALGADO, 2008). Acreditamos, neste trabalho, que tal desenvolvimento pode ser potencializado por uma educação bilíngue de orientação dinâmica (GARCÍA, 2009), desde as séries iniciais da escolarização, caracterizada pelo foco no aprendiz e pela potencialização de interações ditas incidentais dentro de sala de aula, i.e., interações cujo foco se distancia do foco da aula em determinado espaço de tempo e, dessa forma, proporciona ao aprendiz oportunidades de aprendizado não previstas pelo professor. Esta dissertação se baseia num processo de descrição de estratégias de desenvolvimento da bilingualidade de aprendizes inseridos em contextos escolares através do aprendizado incidental (KERKA, 2000; VAZQUEZ, 2014; GRIM-FEINBERG, 2015). De forma mais específica, procuramos discutir também: i) quais são os desdobramentos de se ter o aprendiz como centro do processo de aprendizagem; ii) como fomentar o aprendizado incidental dentro do contexto escolar; e iii) a importância de se desenvolver a agentividade dos aprendizes em seus processos de construção de conhecimento. Para tanto, foram analisados documentos (a saber, notas expandidas, vídeos e relatórios) produzidos a partir de dois contextos, nos quais crianças aprendizes de inglês começaram sua exposição à língua inglesa na faixa etária dos 03 aos 08 anos e tiveram suas aulas elaboradas e executadas a partir desta concepção de educação bilíngue. A fim de entender como se dava este processo, as interações documentadas foram mapeadas em três categorias: interações do tipo aprendiz-aprendiz, aprendiz-contexto e aprendizprofessor. A análise destes dados aponta para o fato de que: i) além da bilingualidade foi possível notar o desenvolvimento de outras habilidades nos aprendizes, como suas práticas de letramento na língua estrangeira em questão; ii) apesar das peculiaridades de cada contexto, os aprendizes se mostraram muito engajados e disponíveis às aulas, o que contribuiu significativamente para o seu desenvolvimento lingüístico; e iii) o aprendizado incidental se configura, de fato, como uma importante ferramenta no processo de desenvolvimento da bilingualidade dos aprendizes inseridos em contexto escolar, e recomenda-se, portanto, que seja fomentado através das abordagens metodológicas escolhidas por cada instituição. / The ongoing process of globalization (KUMARAVADIVELU, 2006), characterized mainly by the popularization of the internet around the world has been influencing directly the way we understand and live experiences involving language contact in our everyday life. Paradoxically, although we need to use different discursive practices while interacting with others, it seems that the relation between foreign language and schools in Brazil is still controversial. Thus, it is extremely important to think about new strategies and approaches to work with foreign language as a discipline inside the classroom in order to make it closer to our reality. It is necessary, though, to change the idea that the learner needs to be “proficient” in a language and focus on make them capable of (inter)act in the contexts they belong to – using what we would call bilinguality (SALGADO, 2008). This paper proposes that such development might be encouraged by a bilingual education setting with dynamic orientation (GARCIA, 2009) since the beginning schooling. The focus should be on the learner and the potentiation of interactions called incidental in the classroom - what means interactions in which the main goal is not the goal of the class and because of that it presents to the learner opportunities of learning that could not be predicted by the teacher when preparing the class. Thus, this work aims to describe and analyze strategies of development of bilinguality of learners in school settings through incidental learning (KERKA, 2000; VAZQUEZ et al., 2014; GRIM-FEINBERG, 2015). More specifically, it also discuss 1) the consequences of having the learner as the focus of the learning process; 2) how to foster incidental learning in the classroom and 3) the importance of developing the agency of the learners in their process of building their knowledge. For doing so, it was analyzed the documentation (for the records, expanded notes, videos and reports) produced from two different contexts in which children learning a foreign language had classes elaborated and applied in this model of bilingual education. To understand how the process worked, the interactions documented were divided in three categories: interactions learner-learner, interactions learner-context and interactions learner-teacher. The analysis of the data suggests that 1) besides the development of bilinguality in these learners, it was possible to notice the development of other skills, such as their literacy in the foreign language; 2) even considering the specificities of both contexts, the learners seemed to be engaged and available to the classes, what contributed significantly to their linguistic development and 3) the incidental learning seems to be an important tool in the process of developing the bilinguality of the learners inside school settings and it is advised to be fostered though the methodological approaches chosen by each institution.

In a world where we are increasingly connected to one another, the English language surrounds us here in Sweden. Children today grow up in an environment where they are exposed to the English language and the Swedish language simultaneously through various media and activities. The informal learning that children gain through their activities has received more and more attention in recent years. The English that pupils learn outside of school has become known as extramural English. Thus, it is of interest to investigate the perspectives of English teachers in Sweden regarding extramural English and to what extent they incorporate it into their teaching. This study briefly explains extramural English as a phenomenon, discuss relevant theories and delve into previous research on the subject. The methods that are used for this investigation is a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. The target group for the research methods are English teachers with varying backgrounds. The results suggest that the majority of the participants perceive extramural activities as a valuable asset. However, the results further indicate that the teachers have a greater reluctance to integrate it into their teaching, and rather recognise it as a complementary tool to education. The study draws attention to the strengths of pupils' extramural activities, how motivation is a key factor in second language learning, as well as the complications in implementing these activities into teaching. The discussion further highlights the syllabus' connection to the results of the study.

No description available.

La presente tesis se centra en el análisis de la efectividad del aprendizaje incidental a través de vídeos auténticos con especial atención a la variable de repetición. Además de la revisión bibliográfica y el estudio crítico de las obras anteriores, la novedad de esta tesis reside en los estudios que la componen: una encuesta y tres estudios experimentales. La encuesta proporciona información sobre las actitudes de los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera (LE) sobre el uso de vídeos auténticos para el aprendizaje de inglés, en general, y su vocabulario, en particular. El objetivo principal de la parte experimental de la tesis consiste en examinar el posible aprendizaje incidental de distintos aspectos de nuevo vocabulario (forma, significado, uso en frases y acento léxico) a través de vídeos auténticos. Se presta una atención especial al posible efecto del aumento de repeticiones de nuevas palabras en vídeos auténticos para el aprendizaje incidental de nuevo léxico. Mientras que los resultados de la encuesta revelan que los estudiantes de inglés asumen la utilidad de ver vídeos auténticos para el aprendizaje de distintas destrezas del inglés, la parte experimental no proporciona una evidencia clara sobre su efectividad. En relación a la variable de repetición, con el aumento de palabras nuevas en vídeos auténticos, los resultados de los estudios demuestran que solo se observa una correlación positiva entre el aprendizaje de la forma de nuevas palabras y el aumento de repeticiones. Sin embargo, para los aspectos de significado y acento léxico, no se constata una relación positiva.

In recent years, advances in computer technology have allowed increasingly rich multimedia content to be incorporated into educational materials in many fields, including the field of language teaching. Yet as visually appealing as such products may be, we must ask whether multimedia-enriched materials actually improve learning in a measurable way. If so, individual curriculum makers can then decide whether the benefits of the multimedia materials justify the cost of purchasing and implementing them. This study attempted to examine the effects of multimedia glossary aids on incidental vocabulary acquisition rates of L2 learners of Japanese. Subjects included 35 third- and fourth-year students of Japanese at a large private university in the United States, who read a Japanese short story using an online web application that included a multimedia-enriched glossary. A total of 27 keywords were selected from the text for inclusion in the glossary. A third were annotated with English text definitions only; another third had an English text definition plus a picture illustration; the final third had an English text definition plus a video illustration. An unannounced post-test measured vocabulary gains. A logistic mixed models regression was performed to test for differences in acquisition rate across the annotation types. Also, due to the unique dual nature of Japanese orthography, which includes both the phonemic kana and so-called ideographic kanji characters, the regression also examined interaction between orthographic representation of the keyword and annotation type on acquisition rate. A significant result (p<0.0001) was found for annotation type as a main effect, with video-annotated words showing the highest acquisition rates. Additionally, a significant interaction (p=0.0139) was observed between orthography and annotation type, indicating that multimedia glossary annotations may have affected the acquisition of phonemic kana representations of keywords differently than they affected ideographic kanji representations.

No description available.

No description available.