A presente dissertação de mestrado serve para refletir acerca das questões concernentes à crise financeira mundial, as modificações legislativas acerca da regulação do crédito ao consumidor e o os novos deveres das instituições financeiras diante de tal cenário. Considerando a necessidade urgente de uma regulação mundial, seja nacional ou em blocos econômicos, acerca do fenômeno do superendividamento, valemo-nos de exemplos de outros países para buscar uma conexão possível, considerando a cultura da sociedade de consumo, leis vigentes e necessidades específicas, entre os deveres dos consumidores e, principalmente, das instituições financeiras. Se o consumidor brasileiro paga atualmente as maiores taxas de juros no mundo, com a justificativa do mercado que tal prática é reflexo de sua inadimplência, deve-se atentar para a razão de tal inadimplência. A inadimplência do consumidor, muitas vezes o levando ao superendividamento, é um reflexo tanto da cultura do imediatismo, fomentada pela publicidade, quanto da ausência de limites e informações adequadas à este consumidor quando da concessão do crédito, o levando a subestimar os riscos da operação. O consumidor não tendo conhecimento necessário para gerir sua vida financeira, ao receber ofertas de crédito com informações deficientes, incompletas, obscuras e até mesmo com ilusões que rodeiam apenas seus benefícios e não seus riscos, é um forte candidato ao superendividamento. Muito embora existam muitas ações, tanto no Brasil quanto no mundo, para tratamento do superendividamento, buscando a ressocialização do consumidor na sociedade, devemos preocupar-nos igualmente com a prevenção deste superendividado, que deve ser realizada com a tomada da responsabilidade [neste sentido como um dever, uma postura a ser adotada pela instituição financeira previamente] no sentido de qualificar seus prepostos a igualmente terem condições de informar, clara e adequadamente, o consumidor dos riscos e benefícios do crédito. Para tanto, analisaremos alguns pressupostos que permeiam nossas hipóteses, passando no primeiro capítulo pelos benefícios e riscos do crédito e, no segundo capítulo, abordando os contratos por adesão, os princípios que norteiam tais pactos, especialmente a boa-fé, chegando ao dever geral de informação, o qual abrigaria o dever de informação formal como esclarecimento, o aconselhamento e advertência, passando igualmente pela necessidade de um prazo de reflexão ao consumidor como condutor de tais deveres. / The present dissertation serves to reflect on the issues that concerned the global financial crisis, the legislative changes regarding the regulation of consumer credit and the new duties of financial institutions faced with this scenario. Considering the urgent need of global regulation, whether national or in economic blocks, around the phenomenon of over-indebtedness, we may use examples from other countries to seek a possible connection, considering the culture of the consumer society, laws and specific needs between the consumers duties and especially, the financial institutions. If the Brazilian consumer currently pays the highest interest rates in the world, with the market justification that such practice is a reflection of its own default, we should look for the reason of such default. The consumer default, often leading him to over-indebtedness, is both a reflection from the culture of immediacy, fostered by advertising, and the absence of limits and suitableinformation for the consumer when granting credit, leading to underestimate the risks of this operation .When consumers do not have the knowledge to manage their financial lives, andreceives credit offers with disabilitiesinformation, incomplete, unclear and even illusions that surround only its benefits and not its risks, became a strong candidate for over- indebtedness. Although there are many actions, both in Brazil and around the world for over-indebtedness treatment, seeking the consumer rehabilitation in the consumer society, we must also concern ourselves about the over-indebtedness prevention, which should be performed with taking responsibility [in this sense as a duty, an attitude to be adopted by the financial institution previously] in order to qualify their agents and also having the conditions to inform clearly and properly, the risks and benefits of consumer credit. To do so, we are going to analyze some assumptions that permeate our chances, passing in the first chapter of the benefits and risks of credit and, in the second chapter, addressing the adhesion contracts, the principles guiding such pacts, especially the good faith, even to the general information duty , which would protect the duty as formal clarification of information, advice and warning, by also passing for theconsumer period for reflection as a driver of such duties.

O endividamento excessivo dos indivíduos e das famílias é um fenômeno recente que tem sua origem na necessidade da economia de mercado conferir poder aquisitivo imediato a seu principal agente econômico: o consumidor. Desde o final do século XX, o crédito se tornou o motor propulsor da sociedade de consumo, de maneira que o endividamento se tornou uma situação desejada, mas que, por outro lado, apresenta riscos aos consumidores, que ficaram sujeitos ao superendividamento. A democratização do crédito chegou ao Brasil apenas no século XXI, apresentando-se como a principal ameaça à integridade financeira do consumidor. O incentivo governamental para tornar o crédito mais acessível e a criação de novos instrumentos de crédito foram os principais fatores responsáveis pela guinada do crédito ao consumo. Contudo, a ausência de uma rede eficaz de proteção ao consumidor pode trazer graves problemas sociais e a violação de direitos fundamentais dos tomadores de crédito. Esse cenário já se verificou em muitos países que tiveram a sua revolução do crédito ao consumo, gerando uma multidão de superendividados passivos, que passou a viver à margem da sociedade, ocasionando um forte problema de exclusão social. Nesses países, que tem a França como exemplo, foi adotada uma lei específica para a prevenção e tratamento do sobreendividamento, reconhecendo-se que essa situação não é prejudicial apenas para o consumidor, mas também para todo o mercado de consumo, podendo dar origem a uma grave crise financeira generalizada. No Brasil não existe uma lei específica para o tratamento das situações de sobreendividamento, de forma a proporcionar a recuperação financeira global do consumidor; contudo, o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro contém diversas normas, por meio das quais incidem os direitos fundamentais da pessoa humana, que são capazes de tutelar os direitos dos consumidores de crédito, inclusive nas situações de superendividamento. Este trabalho pretende, num primeiro momento, demonstrar a necessidade de uma lei específica para o tratamento global da situação do consumidor superendividado, e, num segundo momento, desenvolver a tutela jurídica de lege lata para a proteção do consumidor de crédito em geral e para a solução dos casos de endividamento excessivo em que esteja ameaçado o núcleo dos direitos fundamentais decorrentes da dignidade da pessoa humana. / The over-indebtedness of households is a recent phenomenon which has its origins in the need of market economies to confer purchasing power to its main economic agent: the consumer. Since the end of the 20th Century, credit has become the main propeller of consumer societies, making indebtedness a desirable situation. Such a situation, though, presents risks to consumers, who became subjected to over-indebtedness. The credit democratization has reached Brazil only in the 21st Century, presenting itself as the main threat to the consumers financial integrity. The governmental incentive to make credit affordable and the creation of new instruments of credit were the main factors responsible for the growth of consumer credit. However, the lack of an effective consumer protection net may bring about serious social problems and the violation of borrowers fundamental rights. This context took place in many countries where the credit revolution has happened generating a multitude of passive over-indebted people, which are living on the margins of society, causing a serious problem of social exclusion. In these countries, as France for example, a specific law was adopted for the prevention and handling of over-indebtedness, in recognition that this situation is prejudicial not only to the consumer, but also to the whole market, being able to cause even a severe generalized financial crisis. Brazil doesnt have a specific bankruptcy law to provide financial rehabilitation for the over-indebted consumer. However, Brazilian law has many rules through which fundamental rights are applied providing consumers judicial protection, including situations of over-indebtedness. This essay intends, firstly, to demonstrate the necessity of a specific bankruptcy law for the global handling of over-indebtedness situations and, secondly, to develop the judicial treatment de lege lata for the protection of the consumer credit in general and for over-indebtedness situations where the core of fundamental rights is threatened.

Submitted by Fabielle Cheuczuk (fabielle.cheuczuk@unioeste.br) on 2018-05-07T18:53:53Z No. of bitstreams: 2 A INFLUÊNCIA DO SIGNIFICADO DO DINHEIRO NA ATITUDE AO ENDIVIDAMENTO DOS ACADÊMICOS DOS CURSOS DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO, DO SUDOES~1.pdf: 2047083 bytes, checksum: dfe801dda894a19a464fbbdc8b500802 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T18:53:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 A INFLUÊNCIA DO SIGNIFICADO DO DINHEIRO NA ATITUDE AO ENDIVIDAMENTO DOS ACADÊMICOS DOS CURSOS DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO, DO SUDOES~1.pdf: 2047083 bytes, checksum: dfe801dda894a19a464fbbdc8b500802 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research consists on verifying the defining factors in attitude to indebtedness in academics, of first and fourth years, of administration courses of southwest of Paraná, in the year 2017. In the theoretical background was covered the concepts of behavioral finance and indebtedness, which are essential to comprehension of meaning of money concept. It was utilized the technic of cluster analyses and descriptive statistics to identify the academics profiles, and was used factor analyses and multiple linear regression, to verify the meaning of money, and the attitude to indebtedness and its influence, respectively. Finally, it was utilized the Wilcoxon test to verify the differences in the attitude to indebtedness. The sample was composed by 561 academics, in which 341 are entering students and 220 are senior students. After the tests, it was possible to determine that the first year academics profile was formed by two clusters, the first cluster depicts older academics, which have debts and those were delayed, and the main debt was related to the credit card. The second cluster formation covered younger academics, which do not have debts and mostly don’t use credit card. The fourth year academics profile also was formed by two clusters. The first of them was composed by younger academics, which don’t have children, spend a large part of the income with personal spending and don’t have debts. The second cluster was formed by older academics, which have children and dependents, dedicate a large part of the budget to householding spending, more than half have some sort of debts, in which the main debt was the real state financing. In the Meaning of Money Scale (MMS) were obtained ten factors for the first year academics: power; conflict; happiness; culture; spirituality; neurosis; detachment; suffering; interest and stability. In relation to Attitude to Indebtedness Scale, were obtained two factors: payment preference and domain. The meaning of money influence on Payment Preference, for the first year academics, obtained the following significant factors: Suffering, Culture and Happiness, where Culture had negative influence. And for Domain, were found Conflict and Spirituality with positive influence. As for the fourth year academics, only one variable had influence on Payment Preference factor, which was Spirituality, with positive influence. The Domain factor was determined by Falsity, Conflict and Happiness variables, with positive influence. Were not identified difference between the first and fourth years academics in relation to the attitude to indebtedness, in other words, the first year academics attitudes will be the same when they reach the fourth year. It is highlighted the importance of financial education since the initial years of the formal education. In short, it is believed that money have meanings, which goes far beyond the exchange, having cultural and social values. / Esta pesquisa consiste em verificar os fatores determinantes na atitude ao endividamento dos acadêmicos, dos primeiros e quartos anos, dos cursos de administração no Sudoeste do Paraná, no ano de 2017. Foram abordados no referencial teórico os conceitos das finanças comportamentais e endividamento os quais são essenciais para compreensão do conceito de significado do dinheiro. Para identificar o perfil dos acadêmicos utilizou-se da técnica de análise de clusters e estatística descritiva, para verificar o significado do dinheiro, a atitude ao endividamento e sua influência, utilizou-se a análise fatorial e regressão linear múltipla, respectivamente. Por fim, o teste de Wilcoxon, foi utilizado para verificar as diferenças na atitude ao endividamento. A amostra foi composta por 561 acadêmicos, sendo 341 ingressantes e 220 concluintes. Após realizar os testes foi possível averiguar que o perfil dos acadêmicos dos primeiros anos foi formado por dois clusters, o primeiro cluster retrata que os acadêmicos são mais velhos, possuem dívidas e estas estão em atraso, a principal dívida está relacionada ao cartão de crédito. A formação do cluster dois engloba acadêmicos mais jovens, os quais não possuem dívidas e a maioria não utiliza cartão de crédito. O perfil dos acadêmicos dos quartos anos, também foi formado por dois clusters. O primeiro deles foi composto por acadêmicos mais novos, que não possuem filhos, gastam grande parte da sua renda consigo e não possuem dívidas. O segundo cluster é formado por acadêmicos mais velhos, os quais possuem filhos e dependentes, gastam a maioria da sua renda com a casa, mais da metade possuem algum tipo de dívida, sendo a principal financiamento de bens imóveis. Com relação ao significado do dinheiro para os acadêmicos dos primeiros anos foram obtidos dez fatores, na Escala do Significado do Dinheiro (ESD): poder; conflito; felicidade; cultura; espiritualidade; neurose; desapego; sofrimento; interesse e estabilidade, e para a Escala de Atitude ao Endividamento foram obtidos dois fatores: preferência de pagamento e domínio. Para os acadêmicos dos quartos anos, foram extraídos sete fatores para a ESD: conflito; poder; felicidade; falsidade; cultura; espiritualidade e desapego, e para a Escala da Atitude ao Endividamento foram obtidos dois fatores: preferência de pagamento e domínio. A influência do significado do dinheiro na Preferência de Pagamento obteve os seguintes fatores significativos, para os acadêmicos dos primeiros anos: Sofrimento, Cultura e Felicidade, sendo que Cultura influenciou negativamente. Para o fator Domínio foi verificado Conflito e Espiritualidade com influência positiva. Já para os acadêmicos dos quartos anos, houve apenas uma variável que influenciou o fator Preferência de Pagamento, que foi a Espiritualidade, com influência positiva. Para o fator Domínio, as variáveis que o influenciaram foram Falsidade, Conflito e Felicidade, com influência positiva. Com relação às diferenças na atitude ao endividamento entre os acadêmicos dos primeiros e dos quartos anos, identificou-se que não há diferença, ou seja, as atitudes dos acadêmicos dos primeiros anos tenderão a serem as mesmas quando estes estiverem no quarto ano. Ressalta-se assim, a importância da educação financeira desde os anos iniciais da educação formal dos indivíduos. Em suma, acredita-se que o dinheiro possui significados, que vão muito além da troca, possuindo valores culturais e sociais.

So far, research on the causes of over-indebtedness in Europe has predominantly focused on the characteristics of individuals or households. This article investigates to what extent country-level factors are associated with a European household's risk of being over-indebted. We examine variables that reflect policies aimed at combating over-indebtedness (the average level of economic literacy prevalent within a country and its classification into a specific debt-discharge regime) and variables that reflect other welfare-state policies (a country's affiliation to a specific employment regime and a summary measure referring to the net replacement rate in the case of long-term unemployment). The results, which are based on multilevel logistic regression analyses of European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data for 27 European countries, suggest that all four country-level factors matter. This particularly applies to the variables reflecting other welfare-state policies, thus underlining the relevance of the design of social policy in fighting over-indebtedness.

This study's main objective is to identify the existence of a relationship between the Amounts of Money and Propensity to Indebtedness in students. One of the advantages of this work is to check what the values are assigned to the money and the existence of a relationship between factors of Money Values and Propensity to Indebtedness of college students, as well as identifying factor levels and the Propensity to Indebtedness. The study will be conducted in line with the concepts of behavioral finance, covering topics such as values of cash, debt and related research and is characterized as a descriptive and quantitative research.The population consists of students from areas of knowledge pertaining to the study of social sciences at the Federal University of Maranhão, the courses that make up the Centre for Social Sciences (CCSO) Campus in the City of St. Louis for a total sample of 360 individuals online. As analysis technique for checking the meaning of the Securities Money Factor analysis was used. In verifying the Propensity to Indebtedness the variables that make up the Attitude Scale of the Indebtedness proposed in the work of Moura (2005), Disney and Ganthergood (2011) and Flowers (2012) was used. As a result 10 factors and their respective Cronbach Alphas were found: Conflict (0.900), Pleasure (0.864), Power (0.820), Culture (0.800), Detachment (0.765), inequality (0.733), Concern (0.693), Progress (0.740), stability (0.681) and self-realization (0.620). Regarding the levels of Propensity to Indebtedness was identified that 97.51% have an average score for Propensity to Indebtedness and 2.49% shows a high level of Propensity to Indebtedness. As the association was identified that all factors are associated with the average level of Propensity to Indebtedness and there was a predominance of medium and high levels for most of Values Money factors. / O presente estudo tem por objetivo principal identificar a existência de relação entre Valores do Dinheiro e a Propensão ao Endividamento em estudantes. Um dos diferenciais deste trabalho está em verificar quais são os valores atribuídos ao dinheiro e a existência de relação entre os fatores de Valores do Dinheiro e a Propensão ao Endividamento dos estudantes universitários, bem como identificar os níveis dos fatores e da Propensão ao Endividamento. O estudo será realizado em alinhamento com os conceitos das finanças comportamentais, abordando temas como valores do dinheiro, endividamento e pesquisas relacionadas ao tema e se caracteriza como uma pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa. A população é constituída por estudantes de áreas do conhecimento pertencentes à linha de estudo das ciências sociais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, dos cursos que compõem o Centro de Ciências Sociais (CCSO) no Campus na Cidade de São Luís totalizando uma amostra de 360 indivíduos. Como técnica de análise para verificação do significado dos Valores do Dinheiro foi utilizada a análise fatorial. Na verificação da Propensão ao Endividamento foram utilizadas as variáveis que compõem a Escala de Atitude ao Endividamento propostas nos trabalhos de Moura (2005), Disney e Ganthergood (2011) e Flores (2012). Como resultado foram encontrados 10 fatores e seus respectivos Alfas de Cronbach: Conflito (0,900), Prazer (0,864), Poder (0,820), Cultura (0,800), Desapego (0,765), Desigualdade (0,733), Preocupação (0,693), Progresso (0,740), Estabilidade (0,681) e Auto-realização (0,620). Quanto aos níveis da Propensão ao Endividamento foi identificado que 97,51% apresentam uma classificação média em relação a Propensão ao Endividamento e 2,49% apresenta um alto nível de Propensão ao Endividamento. Quanto à associação foi identificado que todos os fatores estão associados ao nível médio de Propensão ao Endividamento e houve predominância dos níveis alto e médio para a maioria dos fatores de Valores do Dinheiro.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse des potentialités et limites de la microfinance dans la création ou la consolidation d’emploi au Sénégal. Elle combine une analyse de la demande et de l’offre, en étudiant à la fois le fonctionnement de certaines filières d’activité et le rôle qu’y joue la microfinance, les stratégies d’implantation des IMFs puis la crise des impayés et de surendettement au Sénégal qui est actuellement en émergence. Dans cette thèse trois grandes questions essentielles sont abordées. S’inspirant d’une approche en termes de filières, une première question s’intéresse à la demande et analyse les potentialités et limites de la microfinance dans le financement de différents secteurs d’activité comme la pêche artisanale, le mareyage, la transformation de produits halieutiques, le commerce et l’artisanat. Nos analyses mettent en évidence d’une part l’existence de barrières multiples à la dynamisation de ces filières, qui vont bien au-delà de l’accès au crédit, et d’autre part la présence de diverses formes de financement informel, souvent peu couteux, facilement accessibles et plus adaptés à l’irrégularité et la saisonnalité des activités. Au final, dans le contexte actuel, la microfinance se révèle peu adaptée. S’inspirant des économies de proximité, une seconde question s’intéresse à l’offre et étudie les stratégies d’implantation des institutions de microfinance. Nos analyses mettent en évidence deux stratégies principales : celles qui privilégient l’agglomération dans des zones à fort potentiel humain et économique, créant ainsi une concentration de la microfinance et une forte concurrence ; et celles qui en revanche se spécialisent et s’ancrent sur un territoire spécifique. Une troisième question combine les deux points de vue – offre et demande – pour étudier la crise émergente des impayés. Nos analyses suggèrent que cette crise combine différents facteurs, les dérives de mission, le relâchement dans les règles de gestion et de gouvernance et des facteurs politiques. / The object of this thesis is to analyze the potential and limits of microfinance in the creation or preservation of employment in Senegal. It combines an analysis of supply and demand, by studying together some value chains and the role played by microfinance therein, MFIs’ establishment strategies, and issues related to unpaid-loan and over-indebtedness in Senegal that is now emerging. Three main questions are addressed in this thesis. Inspired by a value chain approach, the first question concerns the demand and analyses the potential and limits of microfinance in the financing of different sectors like artisanal fishing, fish trade, processing of marine products, trading and craftsmanship. The analysis reveals on one hand the existence of multiple barriers to the dynamism of these value chains which go far beyond access to credit and on the other hand the presence of diverse forms of informal financing, often less costly, easier to access and more adapted to the irregularity and seasonal nature of the activities. One conclusion is that, in the present context microfinance is not well suited. Using the model of local economy, the second question is related to supply and studies microfinance institutions establishment strategies. Findings evidence two main strategies: one that is centered on cities with a high human and economic potential, creating therefore a concentration of microfinance and strong competition; and the other that are more specialized and are territory-specific. The third question combines the two points of view – supply and demand – to study the emerging unpaid-loan issue. Our results show that several reasons preside to this issue, including a loss of cap in the mission, loose management and governance rules enforcement and political factors.

The thesis is focused on the analysis of the macroeconomic relationships of the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in 2000 - 2015. The aim of the diploma thesis is to find the main causes of household indebtedness growth and to identify the influence of this process on selected macroeconomic variables. The theoretical part of the diploma thesis deals with money creation, monetary and fiscal policy, the role of money in economic cycles and economic theories of household consumption. The practical part focuses more closely on debt development, its structure and sociodemographic structure of indebted households. The thesis describes the causes of household indebtedness growth, impacts on selected macroeconomic variables, ability of households to meet their financial obligations and, last but not least, international comparisons with selected EU countries. The diploma thesis brings a comprehensive view of the debt of Czech households in the period 2000 - 2015. At the end of the thesis, it explains the main causes and consequences of the growing indebtedness of households, together with the international comparison and the sociodemographic characteristic of indebted households.

The thesis will deal with reasons that lead to households becoming in debt on one hand, and on the other hand, the impacts that are caused by this process. Households are the biggest economic subject that create savings. They are also the second biggest debtor of the financial sector. From this point of view, there is an important role for the banks and financial institutions that offer households many kinds of credit products. The role of the central bank and its monetary policy and supervision are also important. In the theoretical part of the thesis some approaches of various economists will be described and monetary policy and defined economic subjects will be explained . In the second part of the thesis, ways that can run people into debt and the evolution of interest rates will be analysed. Focus will be also put on innovation that has arisen in financial markets, that have made credit expansion possible, mainly securitisation. After that an analysis of negative and positive macroeconomic impacts will follow, which are brought on by excessive financing of consumption and housing. The thesis will finish with a comparison of the households' debt in the Czech Republic and in other developed countries.

The thesis analyses the rapid growth of indebtedness of Czech households, which have created concerns both among economists and general public. The thesis is aimed not only on development of indebtedness but also on causes of recent developments and structure of indebtedness. The thesis also deals with household savings, which are opposite of debts and according to neoclassical theory are the bottom line of economic growth. Main part of the thesis closely examines impacts of indebtedness upon Czech economy. It tries to describe and assess these impacts using economic theories, which are described in theoretical part of the thesis. International comparisons are an integral part of analysis, without them the analysis would be incomplete. The thesis uses up-to-date statistical data and widely used measures of indebtedness.

This graduation thesis deal with the financial analysis of the Limited Liability Company. The financial analysis is elaborated for the needs of the company owner and it covers the period of time 2005-2009. To evaluate the company financial position I use standard methods, e.g. - horizontal and vertical analysis, calculations of profitability, activity, liquidity, productivity of labour and indebtedness. At the end of the thesis I give a complex evaluation of the company and suggest some measures for the financial innovation of the company.