En bostad kan ses som en investering och finansieras oftast med ett bostadsslån från en bank. Finansinspektionen som fungerar som ett tillsynsorgan till bankverksamheterna har agerat mot en osund kredithantering med hjälp av införandet av ett bolånetak. Tidigare finansiella kriser har visat på svårigheterna att i förväg föreställa sig effekterna av framtida osäkerheter. Vid ett bostadslån kommer kreditgivaren och kredittagaren behöva resonera kring framtida osäkerhet som medföljer skuldsättningen. En ökad skuldsättning i förhållande till disponibel inkomst för varje enskild låntagare skulle innebära en ökad risk för bankens stabilitet. En kris i en bank kan skapa stora ekonomiska konsekvenser för samhällsekonomin. Bankerna arbetar för att motverka de risker med deras verksamhet genom att kvalitetssäkra krediterna. Vad som utgör risk och osäkerhet är en uppskattning som görs av varje individ då det kan ses som något unikt. Det gör att man ofta agerar på ofullständig information och trots bristen på fullständig information ska parterna ingå ett avtal där framtiden kan vara osäker.Genom att fördjupa oss i kredithanteringsprocessen vill vi undersöka hur bankerna arbetar med risk och osäkerhet genom rådgivning till deras bostadslånskunder. Vi har även haft till syfte att undersöka privatrådgivarens uppfattning och förhållningssätt till kredittagarens skuldsättning. Vi har undersökt hur banken ser på kredithantering genom att granska deras årsredovisningar och fördjupat oss i denna arbetsprocess genom att intervjua en privatrådgivare från respektive utvald bank. Dialogen mellan kreditgivare och kredittagare ger en inblick hur aktörerna arbetar för att vara proaktiva i kredithanteringen inför den osäkerhet som är förknippad med ett bostadslån.Vi kan konstatera från vår empiri och teori att det är svårt att kalkylera och bedöma den risk som är förknippad med ett bostadslån. Den totala risken med skuldsättningen beror på marknadsmekanismer som kan vara svåra att förutse. De inblandade aktörerna gör enbart prognoser vilket betonar att det inte finns någon definitiv säkerhet i parternas relation. Riskhanteringen vid krediter handlar om att försöka skapa en förståelse för potentiella händelser. Rådgivarens förmåga att skapa en förståelse hos kunderna om innebörden med ett bostadslån är av stor vikt.Vi kan konstatera att rådgivarna möter risker och osäkerheter genom att försöka vara proaktiva. Rågivarna agerar proaktivt genom att kalkylera faktiska förhållanden och samtidigt föra ett resonemang för att vara trygga i att kunden uppfattar att omständigheter kan förändras. Rådgivarna vill således möta kunderna genom att försäkra att det finns en förståelse i deras beslut. Proaktiviteten i bemötandet yttrar sig i faktorer så som försäkringar, men också amortering och framför allt buffertsparande. Vi kan konstatera att amortering är en god ekonomisk syn och sunt ur ett risk- eller osäkerhetsperspektiv. Sparande kan användas för att hantera oförutsedda utgifter. Buffertsparandet ger kunden möjligheten att vara flexibel för att inte vara beroende av sin inkomst på kort sikt. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet

The aim of this diploma theses is to identify possible causes of rapidly rising household debt in the Czech republic at the beginning of the 21st Century and its impact on macroeconomic aggregate indicators. The theoretical part deals with the credit expansion in economic theory, money creation, effects of changes in money supply, monetary and fiscal policy. The analytical part of the thesis evaluates the growth of indebtedness of Czech households in terms of various indicators, debt structure, reasons of growing household debt and other macroeconomic context. The issue of households debt problems and the ability to repay their obligations is mentioned as well as the comparison with developed economies.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Reinaldo Brandao.pdf: 1429670 bytes, checksum: 839347b8bb1037993c2cb911c18f0af0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-13 / Brazilian football is going through a time of great transformation in search of better professional management, transparency and modernity. The study of the national debt of clubs, aim of this work is a subject little explored in the academic and undoubtedly will be very important for its proper management occurs without trauma this expected and necessary transformation, especially by the fact that in less than two years, Brazil will host the World Cup-2014. Bulky investments are much needed at this stage that the works are, and how to afford all this without a rigorous and systematic reorganization of debt clubs. We conducted tests on eight (8) independent variables looking up explanation for three (3) dependent variables, one at a time, through Gamma regression model with logarithmic link function. For the dependent variable, Total Debt, was detected through a good explanation of operating income of clubs, ie the better the EBITDA (earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization) less the degree of indebtedness. For the dependent variable, Bank Indebtedness, the explanation also fell in reverse investment in fixed assets, which would say that the higher this type of investment would lower the debt with banks, and finally to the bank debt added to the tax found explanation is estimated by least squares, with the correction of heteroscedasticity , the independent variables Fixed Assets, EBITDA, Independent Audits of international groups, and investment in training athletes. / O futebol brasileiro passa por um momento de grande transformação na busca de melhor gestão profissional, transparência e modernidade. O estudo do endividamento dos clubes nacionais, objetivo do presente trabalho, é um assunto pouco explorado nos meios acadêmicos e sem dúvida será muito importante que sua boa gestão ocorra sem traumas nesta esperada e necessária transformação, sobretudo pelo fato de que em menos de dois anos, o Brasil sediará a Copa do Mundo-2014. Investimentos volumosos são muito necessários no atual estágio que se encontram as obras, e como bancar tudo isto sem que haja um saneamento rigoroso e sistemático do endividamento dos clubes. Efetuou-se testes com oito (8) variáveis independentes buscando-se explanação para três (3) variáveis dependentes, uma de cada vez, através do modelo de regressão Gamma com função de ligação logarítmica. Para a variável dependente, Endividamento Total, detectou-se uma boa explicação através do resultado operacional dos clubes, ou seja, quanto melhor o EBITDA, menor o grau de endividamento. Para a variável dependente, Endividamento Bancário, a explicação recaiu também de forma inversa no investimento em Ativo Fixo, o que valeria afirmar que quanto maior este tipo de investimento menor seria a dívida com bancos, e finalmente para a dívida bancária adicionada à tributária, encontrou-se explicação através da estimativa de mínimos quadrados, com a correção da heteroscedasticidade, nas variáveis independentes Ativo Fixo, EBITDA, Auditorias Independentes de grupos internacionais, e investimentos na Formação de Atletas.

O superendividamento do consumidor é uma realidade preocupante da sociedade atual. A prevenção é um dos mais eficazes meios de se combater esse problema social. A informação, já consagrada como direito básico dos consumidores no artigo 6º, III, do CDC, torna-se ainda mais importante nesse contexto. Os contratos de crédito têm por característica sua complexidade, sendo extremamente difícil ao consumidor leigo entendê-los e compreendêlos. Prazos, taxas, juros, capitalização de juros, comissão de permanência, multas, contratos conexos, tudo isso se torna um emaranhado indecifrável ao consumidor. Dessa forma, acredita-se que o efetivo cumprimento do dever de informar das instituições financeiras nos contratos de crédito é um meio eficaz de prevenir o superendividamento do consumidor. A presente dissertação de mestrado analisa as fontes e a dimensão que alcança o dever de informar das instituições financeiras no contexto pré-contratual dos contratos de crédito, frente às causas do superendividamento do consumidor, pretendendo averiguar se é possível a prevenção do superendividamento através da informação e, se positivo, como será possível e quais os limites que comporta. Assim, analisar-se-á a legislação atual para examinar se é suficiente à adequada proteção do consumidor, procurando investigar como a doutrina e a jurisprudência brasileira estão tratando do assunto. Após, analisar-se-á o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº283/2012, que propõe a atualização do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, inserindo capítulo destinado à prevenção e tratamento do superendividamento do consumidor, procurando examinar se a proposta legislativa avança nas medidas de prevenção do superendividamento através da imposição de um dever de informar mais rigoroso às instituições financeiras. / The consumer’s over-indebtedness is a worrying reality of the today’s society. Preventing it is one of the most effective ways of combating this social issue. The information, already established as a basic right of consumers under article 6th, III, of Brazilian Consumer Defence Code, turns up to be even more important in this context. The credit agreements have as feature their complexity, being extremely hard to the lay consumer to understand and to comprehend it. Terms, rates, interests, interest capitalization, continuity commission, fines, related contracts, all this becomes an indecipherable tangle to the consumer. Thus, it is believed that the effective execution of the duty to inform of the financial institutions in the credit agreements is an efficient way to prevent the consumer’s over-indebtedness. The present master’s dissertation analyzes the sources and the dimension that the duty to inform of financial institutions reaches in the pre-contractual context of the credit agreements, facing the causes of consumer’s over-indebtedness, aiming to ascertain if it is possible to prevent the over-indebtedness through information and, if positive, how is it achievable and which are the limits. Thereby, the current legislation will be analyzed to examine if it is enough to the appropriate consumer’s protection, seeking to investigate how the Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence are handling the subject. Thereupon, the Senate proposed bill n. 283/2012 will be analyzed. This bill proposes the update of Brazilian Consumer Defence Code, inserting a chapter headed for prevention and treatment of consumer’s over-indebtedness. The proposed bill will be examined to verify if it makes progress in the measures to prevent overindebtedness through the imposition of a stricter duty to inform to financial institutions.

The Diploma thesis deals with the appraisal of the company’s financial situation for the 2010 - 2014 period. The first part of the thesis documents the theoretical solutions which are then applied in the practical part of the thesis. The second part includes the introduction of the analysed company, calculations of the financial indicators, their interpretation and comparison with the recommended values. The last part of the thesis focused on steps of the proposals. These steps should help the company to get better financial situation.

Nesta pesquisa buscamos compreender a produção social da escala metropolitana em um contexto atual de mundialização financeira. Neste sentido, reunimos dados referentes à abertura de capital nas incorporadoras do setor da construção civil brasileiras, abordando a penetração do capital financeiro em suas estruturas e a ampliação da escala de produção e de atuação geográfica destas empresas a partir de 2005. Estes dados foram iluminados com um estudo simultâneo sobre o endividamento imobiliário urbano, por meio da abordagem dos leilões de imóveis, trazendo os conteúdos do desemprego para a compreensão crítica do crédito imobiliário urbano. O mapeamento dos dados se concentrou na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Identificamos o desdobramento da noção de moderna propriedade da terra em posse e propriedade, liberando a propriedade abstrata para circular como mercadoria e concentrando na posse as lutas cotidianas pela habitação. Constatamos a introdução do endividamento imobiliário como forma significativa de acesso à habitação nas periferias metropolitanas. Este endividamento foi compreendido como elemento de ritmanálise, capaz de transmitir os ritmos de valorização do capital mundial financeiro, definidos pela presença do capital fictício, aos ritmos de trabalho, de exploração e de espoliação urbanos, redefinindo o modo de vida metropolitano, notadamente por meio do acesso à habitação e à cidade. / In this research, we have sought to understand the social production of the metropolitan scale in the contemporary context of financial globalization. Having this in mind, we have gathered data concerning Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) by Brazilian construction firms, bringing into focus the penetration of finance capital into the firms structures, as well as the firms larger scale of operation and geographical reach from 2005 onwards. These data are clarified by a parallel investigation on urban mortgage indebtedness through an analysis of real estate auctions in connection to unemployment levels in metropolitan areas. Data mapping has been limited to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo. We have recognized the development of modern landed property into (the opposing forms of) ownership and tenure as a process that makes it possible for abstract property to circulate as a commodity while everyday housing struggles focus on tenure rights. We have also noted that mortgage indebtedness has become a fundamental form of access to housing on the metropolitan peripheries. This mortgage indebtedness has been interpreted as an element of rhythmanalysis, in which the rhythms of the valorization of global finance capital characterized by the presence of fictitious capital are transmitted to the rhythms of labor, of urban exploitation and urban dispossession, reshaping the metropolitan way of life, especially with regard to the access to housing and to the city in a general sense.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of debt of people in the age category 18-26 years. The object of the diploma thesis is to map the reasons for the indebtedness persons in the age of 18 - 26. To accomplish main object were set two sub-objectives: 1. Identify the reasons that lead to indebtedness. 2. Identify competencies whose absence may lead to indebtedness. The thesis is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part includes description of the term dept problematic, definition of commitments, characteristics of indebtedness and overindebtedness, the reasons of debts, social counseling, the klient of social counseling and last but not least, debt counseling as a social counseling activity. In the empirical part is described the research itself, which includes objectives, research questions, methodics and results of research and last but not least discusion and result of whole research.The research was used qualitative strategies, method of questioning and semi-structured interview technique. The basic sample for this thesis were formed by clients of social counseling in Příbram. The research results into the fact that people in the chosen age group are most often indebted because of the lack of financial literacy, which leads them to falling into a debt trap, which then deepens, mainly because of their indiscretion. The main cause of debts in such young peoples is the separation from the family and the searching for adequate housing. The research also proved that this group of people is located on the brink of society and will find it difficult to deal with this situation, as they know the solutions but rarely know where they can find advice or help. The consequences of their actions then have a bad effect on their psyche and subsequently worsen their health. The results of thesis can be used as educative material for wide public. The thesis can be also publicated in the local peridiocals in terms of the actual topic in connection with the amendment of insolvency act. It can be also used in social work with the chosen age group. For social workers can served as insight into this problematic.

<p>The subject of sms-loans is examined by using primary and secondary sources’. This form of credit is formally independent from other obligations with a very short credit period and the amount of the loan is low. This form of credits is applied by mobile phones and on the internet by several companies, some of them are presented in this essay. These type of creditors do not come under any sanctions from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority as is customary for other creditors, they only need to register. Within the consumer credit legislation from 1992 there are some exceptions in the 5a, 6 and 9 §§ concerning credit rating, information and agreements in writing. These exceptions are the reasons that make sms-loans possible. The current legislation on this subject is identified and the exceptions are further explained in the essay. Within this type of credit the consumer protection differs from other types of loans with higher credit amounts. This is also due to the exceptions within the law. The current consumer credit legislation is based on a council directive from 1987, where it is optional for the member states to include these exceptions or not in their legislation. The legislator in Sweden adopted these exceptions, as they did not predict any risk of over indebtedness. In the law-making process documented in the government bill 1991/92:83, this risk was considered as non-existent, although this risk of over indebtedness was observed by the Swedish Consumer Agency and the Swedish Enforcement Authority. The statistics of the official non-payment notices confirms this observation. These authorities and the non-governmental organisation, The Swedish Consumers’ Association, have since 2006 and onwards been pushing for a change of the legislation according to the abrogation of the exceptions. Within several official publications the complexity of sms-loans are described, such as the lack of consumer protection and the risk of over indebtedness. The Swedish Consumer Agency is the supervising authority regarding this legislation field, and the companies providing sms-loans. When the Agency discharges one’s official duties, the Marketing Act is the legislation in use. The Swedish Market Court has convicted creditors, but none of the verdicts were related to the exceptions. The lack of consumer protection is also noticed in the EU, and a new council directive was adopted in 2008. This has now been implemented into a memorandum and the appurtenant draft bill. The intention with this bill is to enforce the consumer protection and to reduce the risk of over indebtedness, when consumers obtain credit. This bill is intended to become effective at 1 of January 2011.     </p>

The subject of sms-loans is examined by using primary and secondary sources’. This form of credit is formally independent from other obligations with a very short credit period and the amount of the loan is low. This form of credits is applied by mobile phones and on the internet by several companies, some of them are presented in this essay. These type of creditors do not come under any sanctions from the Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority as is customary for other creditors, they only need to register. Within the consumer credit legislation from 1992 there are some exceptions in the 5a, 6 and 9 §§ concerning credit rating, information and agreements in writing. These exceptions are the reasons that make sms-loans possible. The current legislation on this subject is identified and the exceptions are further explained in the essay. Within this type of credit the consumer protection differs from other types of loans with higher credit amounts. This is also due to the exceptions within the law. The current consumer credit legislation is based on a council directive from 1987, where it is optional for the member states to include these exceptions or not in their legislation. The legislator in Sweden adopted these exceptions, as they did not predict any risk of over indebtedness. In the law-making process documented in the government bill 1991/92:83, this risk was considered as non-existent, although this risk of over indebtedness was observed by the Swedish Consumer Agency and the Swedish Enforcement Authority. The statistics of the official non-payment notices confirms this observation. These authorities and the non-governmental organisation, The Swedish Consumers’ Association, have since 2006 and onwards been pushing for a change of the legislation according to the abrogation of the exceptions. Within several official publications the complexity of sms-loans are described, such as the lack of consumer protection and the risk of over indebtedness. The Swedish Consumer Agency is the supervising authority regarding this legislation field, and the companies providing sms-loans. When the Agency discharges one’s official duties, the Marketing Act is the legislation in use. The Swedish Market Court has convicted creditors, but none of the verdicts were related to the exceptions. The lack of consumer protection is also noticed in the EU, and a new council directive was adopted in 2008. This has now been implemented into a memorandum and the appurtenant draft bill. The intention with this bill is to enforce the consumer protection and to reduce the risk of over indebtedness, when consumers obtain credit. This bill is intended to become effective at 1 of January 2011.

O avanço da globalização e o surgimento de novas tecnologias romperam as fronteiras do tempo e do espaço, abrindo novos horizontes para a sociedade da informação e do consumo. Esta sociedade propaga a necessidade do consumo como forma de garantir ao indivíduo inclusão, status ou posição social. Desde o Plano Real o consumo tem sido estimulado, fazendo parte da política econômica, e a ampliação da oferta de crédito vem sendo utilizada como medida para incentivar a aquisição de bens e serviços e, assim, elevar a produção, aquecendo a economia. Desta forma, tem-se, por um lado, o crédito representando um fator de inclusão dos indivíduos no mercado, e por outro, o endividamento, causado pelo consumo desenfreado, que acaba por excluir o indivíduo e sua família da sociedade de consumo. Diante deste cenário, foi observado o crescente índice de endividamento financeiro dos servidores da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) nos últimos anos, e o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar tal situação e avaliar a necessidade de implantação de um programa de educação financeira no âmbito da Universidade. Para tanto, apresentam-se conceitos básicos e definições relacionadas ao tema do endividamento; identificam-se e apresentam-se dados que caracterizem situações de endividamento financeiro dos servidores técnico-administrativos da UFRGS, analisando e levantando suas possíveis causas; e apresentam-se medidas de prevenção e tratamento para as situações de endividamento. / The headway of globalization and outbreak of new technologies burst the frontiers of time and space, opening new horizons for the society of information and consumption. This society spreads the necessity of consumption as a form of guaranteeing inclusion, status or social position to the indivudual. Since the Plano Real, consumption has been stimulated, being a part of economical politics, and the ampliation of credit offer has been used as a way of incentivating the acquisition of assets and services and, therefore, elevating the production, heating the economy. That way, there is, on one side, credit representing a factor of inclusion of individuals in the market, and, on the other, indebtedness, caused by unrestrained consumption, that ends up excluding the individual and their family from the society of consumption. Before this scenario, it was observed the crescent financial indebtedness rat of the servers from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in the past years, and the objective of this paper was to analize such situation and evaluate the necessity of implanting a financial education program at the range of the University. For so, basic concepts and definitions related to the theme of indebtedness are presented; data that characterize situations of financial indebtedness of the technical-administrative servers are identified and presented, analizing and bringing up their possible causes; prevention and treatment procedures for indebtedness situations are presented.