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Předluženost domácností v ČR: analýza problému a možná řešení / Over-indebtedness in the Czech Republic: Problem Analysis and Policy AlternativesŘezáčová, Lucie January 2013 (has links)
The thesis "Over-Indebtedness in the Czech Republic: Problem Analysis and Policy Alternatives" deals with the issue of over-indebtedness of households with regards to consumer loans, specifically in the Czech Republic. Over-indebtedness is currently a very real and serious issue. The author attempts to tackle what is a relatively complex issue. The objective of the thesis is to demonstrate that over-indebtedness is a significant problem and analyse the myriad factors that contribute to it. Finally, possible solutions to the problem are explored. The author exhibits a variety of data to measure over-indebtedness in addition to determining the various causes, namely individual economic factors, such as sudden unemployment, and financial imprudence, which can be attributed to individual psychology or low financial literacy. Additionally, the unfair and even loan-sharking practices adopted by some loan providers and brokers along with the problematic process of debt enforcement, which contribute to over-indebtedness are described in detail. Based on the identified drivers, the thesis proposes specific tools to address the problem, with particular emphasis on regulating providers, and analyses their advantages and disadvantages. Further to the regulatory instruments, the thesis also stresses the need to...
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Financial crisis and household indebtedness in South Africa : an econometric analysis / Christelle MeniagoMeniago, Christelle January 2012 (has links)
The 2007-2008 US subprime mortgage crisis evolved into a financial crisis that
negatively affected many economies in the world and therefore it was widely referred to
as the global financial crisis. Since the beginning of this financial crisis of 2008-2009,
South Africa experienced a significant increase in its household debt to income ratio. In
the main, the aim of this dissertation is to investigate the prominent factors contributing
to the rise in the level of household debt in South Africa. Also, we study the response of
household debt to various shocks originating from the aforementioned crisis.
Additionally, in the context of our timeline (1985 Q1-2012 Q1) we will extrapolate
possible graphical trends in the rise and fall of household indebtedness in South Africa
associated with various crises. Working from past research papers and a theoretical
framework developed by Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman, seven
macroeconomic variables will be considered to examine the rise of household borrowing
to income namely; the real house price index, consumer price index. real income, real
prime rate, real household consumption expenditure, real gross domestic product and real
household savings. Both a long-run cointegration analysis and a short-run error
correction model will be used to evaluate the relationship between household debt and
the chosen variables by estimating a Vector Error Correction Model. Furthermore, the
Variance Decomposition and the Generalized Impulse Response Function will be
utilized to assess the impact of household debt to various shocks emanating from the
2008-2009 financial crisis. The different models and tests conducted in this research will
be executed using the statistical software package EVIEWS 7. Based on the results,
household debt was seen to have been fairly affected by the 2008-2009 financial crisis.
The cointegration analysis maintains that in the long run, household borrowing is
positively and significantly determined by consumer price index and real household
consumption. In addition, it confirms that household borrowing is negatively affected by
real household income and real GOP. The rest of the variables were found insignificant.
Nevertheless, the short run error correction model reveals that about 3.6% of the
disequilibrium will be corrected each quarter for the equilibrium state to be restored.
Also, the Variance Decomposition results confirmed that the South African household
debt is mostly affected by shocks from real house price index, real household income,
real household consumption and real household savings, respectively. Furthermore, the Generalized Impulse Response Function results established the significant positive
response of household debt to a shock from real house price index and real household
consumption. The response of debt to shocks from consumer price index, real household
savings and real income is negative and this outcome is confirmed by the theory.
However, the response of debt shows fluctuating behaviours to shocks from LRIN,
LRPR and LRGDP over the estimated period.
In conclusion, our econometric investigation highlighted the main causes of the high
levels of household debt in South Africa both in the short and long run. The Generalized
Impulse Response Functions confirm that shocks like the occurrence of the 2007-2008
financial crisis will have a significant impact on real house price index, consumer price
index, real household consumption and real household savings. The Engle granger
results show that there exist no significant relationship between household debt and
unemployment in South Africa over the period 1980 to 2010. However, we propose that
this result may have been significant if quarterly unemployment data was available and
included in the main data set. Finally, based on the stability, validity and reliability of
our model, we recommend its use to facilitate policy analysis and decision making
regarding household debt levels in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Com.( Economics) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2012
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Attention Style and Appreciation: The Differences between Gratitude and IndebtednessMathews, Maureen A. 01 January 2007 (has links)
Gratitude and indebtedness are construed as separate constructs in recent research.It is hypothesized by this thesis that self-focused attention affects feelings of gratitude and indebtedness. Focusing less attention on the self, thus turning attention resources outward, may allow for the experience of gratitude, whereas focusing inward may create feelings of indebtedness. Two studies examined how focusing one's attention inward may be related to indebtedness, whereas being focused outward may be related to gratitude. A correlational study showed that people who self-focus tend to feel more indebtedness and less gratitude. An experiment was designed to show that manipulating social anxiety, a specific type of self-focused attention, would increase feelings of indebtedness and decrease feelings of gratitude. However, no significant differences of indebtedness or gratitude were found between the experimental condition and control condition.
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Chudoba v současné české společnosti z pohledu studentů vybraných středních škol / Poverty in contemporary Czech society from the perspective of students in selected secondary schoolsMüllerová, Tamara January 2015 (has links)
The final thesis will tackle the issue of poverty inside the current czech society and how it is perceived by the students of several chosen high schools with an economic focus. The theoretical part of the thesis will describe the basic definitions and types of poverty, its causes, consequences and other indicators which are internationally comparable. It will focus on the Czech Republic and its current situation. Analyze the basic indicators that show how to describe poverty in the Czech Republic and what are the amounts set. How it defines help programmes for families and individuals paralized by poverty. The theoretical part will concern also non-profit organizations and their help in difficult life situations, international organizations and documents about poverty including the EU aswel as the iternational sphere. The practical part of the thesis will focus on students from economic schools (one is public, one is private; one in Prague one based in South Bohemia) where one can assume students have basic knowledge about financials and are able to evaluate the economical situation of the family. The aim of the thesis will be to determine the attitude of the students towards the points stated above and the output will be a understanding of the situation from the students' perspective, thei...
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Rozpočtový proces a rozbor hospodaření ve vybrané obci / Budgeting Process and Economy Analysis in a chosen MunicipalityStaněk, Miroslav January 2010 (has links)
The subject of the thesis, the course of the budgetary process and economic analysis of Pelhřimov indebtedness of the town and the effect of this moment of crisis to profit center. On the basis of theoretical facts and practical findings was analyzed past financial management of the city in 2006 - 2009. The thesis concentrates especially on the most significant budget item, which means they come from and derive income. In the end was analysed financing of municipal budget, debt and built the financial outlook.
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[en] THE FUTURE BELONGS TO GOD: INDEBTEDNESS AMONG EMERGING MIDDLE-CLASS CONSUMERS / [pt] O FUTURO A DEUS PERTENCE: ENDIVIDAMENTO ENTRE CONSUMIDORES EMERGENTESRENATA LUCIA CAVALCANTI CUNHA 29 October 2014 (has links)
[pt] A pesquisa procura identificar influências temporais nas tomadas de decisão de consumidores de baixa renda, relacionadas ao endividamento. Inseridos em uma sociedade cuja cultura exalta o consumo como forma de ser e pertencer, os indivíduos dessas classes vivem hoje a oportunidade de possuir bens antes inacessíveis. O incentivo dado pelo crédito facilitado e por um ambiente macroeconômico favorável, onde juros e taxa de desemprego corroboram para a sensação de estabilidade, pode se mostrar uma armadilha para esse grupo de indivíduos, que querem consumir, mas dependem do crédito como forma de ampliar seu poder de compra. A pesquisa é de natureza qualitativa, baseando-se em entrevistas em profundidade. Baseada em narrativas individuais, revelam-se sonhos e aspirações de um grupo de 16 indivíduos e a necessidade de decidir pelo consumo imediato ou poupar para atingir seus objetivos. Apesar de, racionalmente, concordarem com a importância de se pensar e planejar o futuro, a experiência de vida própria, ou de familiares e amigos, testemunha contra qualquer previsibilidade e reforça o pensamento de que o futuro, a Deus pertence. / [en] The research seeks to identify temporal influences in decision making of low-income consumers, relating to indebtedness. Living in a society whose culture glorifies consumption as a way of being and belonging, those individuals have today the opportunity to buy goods previously inaccessible. The encouragement given by easy credit and a favorable macroeconomic environment, where interest and unemployment rates corroborate the sense of stability, may prove a trap for this group of individuals who want to consume, but depend on the credit as a way to expand your purchasing power. The research is qualitative in nature, based on in-depth interviews. Based on individual narratives that reveal the dreams and aspirations of a group of 16 individuals and their need to decide between immediate consumption or saving for achieving your goals. Although rationally agree on the importance of thinking and planning for the future, the experience of life itself, or from family and friends, witness against any predictability and reinforces the thought that the future belongs to God.
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Escravidão por dívidas nas relações de trabalho rural no Brasil contemporâneo: forma aviltante de exploração do ser humano e violadora de sua dignidade / Debt slavery in rural relations in modern Brazil: a degrading means of human exploration and a violation of ones dignityAlves, Rejane de Barros Meireles 27 May 2009 (has links)
Nos últimos anos, houve um incremento no número de denúncias e constatações de trabalho escravo na zona rural brasileira, apesar da vigência de normas jurídicas destinadas a proteger o trabalhador contra esta forma de exploração. O endividamento e o uso da violência são os principais instrumentos utilizados para obstar a liberdade do trabalhador. A compreensão jurídica do tema, a partir das normas nacionais e internacionais, possibilita o desenvolvimento de ações institucionais mais eficientes destinadas à erradicação do trabalho escravo. A observância do paradigma do trabalho decente é que permitirá que o trabalhador rural desenvolva a sua atividade em condições dignas. / During the past few years, there has been an increase in the number of denunciations and evidence of slavery work in the Brazilian rural zone, despite the presence of juridical norms aiming to protect the worker against this form of exploration. Indebtedness and the use of violence are the main instruments used to hinder the workers liberty. The juridical understanding on the subject, based on national and international norms, makes it possible the development of more institutional and efficient actions aiming the eradication of slave labor. The observance of the paradigm of decent work will permit the rural worker to develop his/her activity under dignified conditions.
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Os componentes da variância do grau de endividamento de empresas industriais: evidências empíricas na América LatinaVelho, Cassiane Oliveira 31 October 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisou a composição da variabilidade do endividamento das empresas. O objetivo foi identificar grupos de fatores que influenciam nessa dispersão e a importância
relativa desta influência. Para tanto, o grau de endividamento foi mensurado utilizando-se 10 indicadores diferentes. Com base no banco de dados da empresa Economática®, o estudo foi feito sobre uma amostra internacional de 1.005 empresas localizadas em 7 países da América Latina e Estados Unidos, pertencentes a 21 setores de manufatura diferentes em um período de 1986 a 2006. O método de componentes de variância, normalmente utilizado em pesquisas na área agronômica, agropecuária e de genética, foi adotado para entender a composição dos graus de endividamento das empresas e para analisar a contribuição dos efeitos do País, do
Setor, do Ano e da Empresa sobre esses indicadores de estrutura de capital. Adicionalmente, foram empregados procedimentos de comparações múltiplas através do uso do teste da diferença honestamente significa / This dissertation has analyzed the indebtedness variability composition of companies. The purpose was to identify factors affecting this dispersion and the relative importance of this influence. For such, the indebtedness degree was measured using ten different indicators.
Based on the data base of the Economática® company, a study was conducted on a worldwide sample of 1,005 companies located in seven countries in Latin America and the
United States, belonging to 21 different manufacturing sectors in a period from 1986 to 2006. The variance component method, normally used in researches in the agronomy, cattle-raising and genetic fields, was adopted to understand the composition of the companies’ indebtedness
degrees and to analyze the contribution of the effects in the Country, Sector, Year and Firm on these capital structure indicators. Additionally, multiple comparison procedures were employed through the use of Tukey's honestly significant difference test for factors with fixed
Country and Sector effe
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Efeitos diferenciais dos determinantes da estrutura de capital nas empresas de capital aberto operando no Brasil, Argentina, México, Colômbia e ChilePadilha, Roberto Tavares de Laforet 27 February 2015 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Nenhuma / Diversos estudos têm pesquisado sobre estrutura de capital e os fatores determinantes que influenciam no nível de endividamento das empresas. Variáveis internas das empresas como tamanho, rentabilidade, tangibilidade, risco, crescimento, liquidez e market to book value, assim como fatores externos como PIB, taxa de juros, taxa de câmbio, renda per capita, inflação e carga fiscal, foram estudadas por diversos autores como possíveis fatores determinantes da estrutura de capital. Todavia, pouco esses estudos conseguiram resultar em consenso pelos autores. Durand (1952) e Modigliani e Miller (1958, 1963) foram os pioneiros nas pesquisas sobre estrutura de capital das empresas. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é investigar sobre a estrutura de capital e seus determinantes de empresas de cinco países latino-americanos, sendo eles Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia e México, assim como os analisar os impactos da crise Subprime de 2008 na forma como estas empresas captaram recursos, através de dívidas ou de capital próprio. Para isto, utiliza-se o modelo de regressão com dados em painel, onde foi incluído na equação dados de 231 empresas entre os anos de 2003 e 2013. No modelo estimou-se a equação utilizando estimativas com técnicas específicas de efeitos fixos e aleatórios para decisão do modelo de regressão, realizando testes de Hausman, Wald e do log verossimilhança para avaliar a consistência das variáveis incluídas no modelo. Os resultados encontrados neste estudo confirmam as relevâncias das variáveis tamanho, rentabilidade, tangibilidade, risco, liquidez, market to book value e impostos na determinação do grau de endividamento das empresas. / Several studies have investigated the capital structure and the determinants that influence the level of indebtedness of companies. Internal variables of companies such as size, profitability, leverage, risk, growth, liquidity and market to book, as well as external factors such as GDP, interest rate, exchange rate, per capita income, inflation and tax burden, have been studied by several authors as potential determinants of capital structure. These studies, however, have not resulted in consensus by the authors. Durand (1952) as well as Modigliani and Miller (1958, 1963) were pioneers doing research on companies' capital structure. The objective of this study is to investigate the capital structure and its determinants in companies located in five Latin American countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia and Mexico, as well as analyze the impact of the 2008 Subprime crisis in the way these companies raised funds, through debt or equity. For this purpose, it is used the regression model with panel data, which included in the equation data of 231 companies between the years 2003 and 2013. In the model estimated the equation using the estimates with specific techniques of fixed and random effects regression model decision, performing Hausman, Wald and log likelihood tests to evaluate the consistency of the variables included in the model. The results of this study confirm the relevance of variable size, profitability, leverage, risk, liquidity, market to book value and taxes in determining the degree of indebtedness of companies.
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O endividamento do servidor público no Brasil : o caso da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulAlves, Hélio Heron da Silveira January 2016 (has links)
O avanço da globalização e o surgimento de novas tecnologias romperam as fronteiras do tempo e do espaço, abrindo novos horizontes para a sociedade da informação e do consumo. Esta sociedade propaga a necessidade do consumo como forma de garantir ao indivíduo inclusão, status ou posição social. Desde o Plano Real o consumo tem sido estimulado, fazendo parte da política econômica, e a ampliação da oferta de crédito vem sendo utilizada como medida para incentivar a aquisição de bens e serviços e, assim, elevar a produção, aquecendo a economia. Desta forma, tem-se, por um lado, o crédito representando um fator de inclusão dos indivíduos no mercado, e por outro, o endividamento, causado pelo consumo desenfreado, que acaba por excluir o indivíduo e sua família da sociedade de consumo. Diante deste cenário, foi observado o crescente índice de endividamento financeiro dos servidores da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) nos últimos anos, e o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar tal situação e avaliar a necessidade de implantação de um programa de educação financeira no âmbito da Universidade. Para tanto, apresentam-se conceitos básicos e definições relacionadas ao tema do endividamento; identificam-se e apresentam-se dados que caracterizem situações de endividamento financeiro dos servidores técnico-administrativos da UFRGS, analisando e levantando suas possíveis causas; e apresentam-se medidas de prevenção e tratamento para as situações de endividamento. / The headway of globalization and outbreak of new technologies burst the frontiers of time and space, opening new horizons for the society of information and consumption. This society spreads the necessity of consumption as a form of guaranteeing inclusion, status or social position to the indivudual. Since the Plano Real, consumption has been stimulated, being a part of economical politics, and the ampliation of credit offer has been used as a way of incentivating the acquisition of assets and services and, therefore, elevating the production, heating the economy. That way, there is, on one side, credit representing a factor of inclusion of individuals in the market, and, on the other, indebtedness, caused by unrestrained consumption, that ends up excluding the individual and their family from the society of consumption. Before this scenario, it was observed the crescent financial indebtedness rat of the servers from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in the past years, and the objective of this paper was to analize such situation and evaluate the necessity of implanting a financial education program at the range of the University. For so, basic concepts and definitions related to the theme of indebtedness are presented; data that characterize situations of financial indebtedness of the technical-administrative servers are identified and presented, analizing and bringing up their possible causes; prevention and treatment procedures for indebtedness situations are presented.
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