Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1980. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 1052-1070).

In this thesis, I explore the use of copulas in non-copula constructions in the languages of South Asia to establish possible genetic and areal tendencies in the distribution. Using materials – language descriptions and data – from Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, I examine the phenomenon in 206 languages from four families (Munda, Dravidian, Indo-Aryan and Sino-Tibetan). It is found that the languages of South Asia appear to be more likely than the world-wide average to use the copula in non-copula constructions and that at least Munda, Dravidian and Indo-Aryan use it in the same way with regards to tense, namely in the past and present but not the future. Finally, I argue that there is some evidence supporting that the use of the copula in non-copula constructions is an areal feature, though more work is needed to make any definitive conclusions.

The languages belonging to the group commonly known as the “Dardic languages” are on some levels insufficiently researched and have barely been subject to any comparative research on their finer grammatical structures, such as their tense and aspect systems. This comparative study analyses three Dardic languages spoken in the central Dardic speaking area (Khowar, Gawri, Palula) in view of their tense and aspect system, to find out how similar the languages are in this respect. The comparison is based on Dahl‟s 1985 Tense and Aspect questionnaire, partly to have an equal, comparable data set, and partly to be able to tie the results to the greater field of language typology. The study shows that the languages studied have a common primary focus on IPFV:PFV distinction, where past tense often is a secondary implicature following perfective aspect. There are notable differences in how and if the languages mark future tense and habitual aspect. The subject merits further studies on an extended sample and with more languages from the Dardic group.

Author analyses three protracted conflicts of the 20th century (Cold War, Israeli-Arab Conflict and Indo-Pakistani Rivalry) in both qualitative and quantitative manner in order to find out an answer for the following research question: "Does a deterrence failure caused by a lack of credibility increase the likelihood of general deterrence failure in the next crisis?"

The recent development of the Indo-Pacific region is characterised by the changing balance of power and the emergences of new forms of security cooperation. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD) between Japan, the United States (U.S.), Australia and India came back into existence in 2017 after their failed attempt in 2007-2008. This thesis attempts to investigate what factors explain the re-emergence of the QSD by synthesising several alignment/alliance theories in International Relations (IR). Given the previous research on the QSD and theoretical discussions, this thesis points out the two key factors that contributed to the re-emergence of the QSD: the shared threat perception towards China and the shared objectives in the Indo-Pacific region. The content analysis of a number of official policy documents and press statements revealed that Japan, the U.S., Australia and India have increasingly perceived China as a threat and coordinated their policy objectives in the Indo-Pacific region under the concept of the Free and Open-Indo Pacific.

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With the Indo Pacific being one of the most economically and geopolitically significant regions in the world currently, the competition for influence between the two major powers of the region has picked up, alongside the discourse which takes place from each side through multilateral means. Literature has shown the vast amounts of previous research done on the topic, approaching the region with a realist or liberalist perspective, therefore leaving room for this research to partake in a relational constructivist research on the narratives and discourses driven by both sides multilaterally to counter each other as a means of competition. With the application of the concepts of identity, legitimation & rhetorical commonplaces, and social attribution, this research will partake in a discourse predicate analysis of official speeches and government documents within multilateral context from both the US and China regarding each other. The research examines the ways in which the US has constructed the region under a guise of securitisation and China as an opposition to the American-led world order. China approaches the region differently, constructing it as one that cooperates and integrates itself with China. Thus, through ongoing interactions, the discourse shapes the ways in which the powers view each other.

The question of horse domestication have long been debated and discussed amongst scholars. There have been serval theories about when and where horse domestication first took place and when horses became our loyal companions that we build a lot of our society around. The Eurasian steppes have long been subject of these discussions. Within recent years a lot of DNA- studies have been done on the subject to try to answer these questions. In 2018 a DNA-study showed that the prewalski horse, who have been thought to be the last wild horse on earth, is ancestors to the horses found at Botai. The Botai culture has long been thought to be the origin of domesticated horses. In 2021 even more shocking discoveries came to light. It was revealed that all modern day horses comes from the same genetic line called DOM2. The DOM2 linage originates from the lower Volga-Don region and started to spread across Eurasia around 2000 BC. These revelations made people reevaluate previous assumptions concerning early use of horses, like the Yamnaya culture expansion to Europe which was previously believed to have taken place on horseback. This study aims to address the impact of new DNA studies on our understanding of horse domestication and its spread, analysing various theories, DNA research, and archaeological findings. / Frågan om hästdomesticering har länge debatterats och diskuterats bland forskare. Det har funnits flera teorier om när och var hästdomesticering först ägde rum, och när hästarna blev våra trogna följeslagare som vi byggde mycket av vår samhällsstruktur kring. Den eurasiska stäppen har länge varit föremål för dessa diskussioner. Inom de senaste åren har många DNA- studier gjorts om ämnet för att försöka besvara dessa frågor. År 2018 visade en DNA-studie att przewalski hästen, som man tidigare trott var den sista vilda hästen i världen, är en ättling till hästarna som hittats vid Botai. Botaikulturen har länge förmodats vara ursprunget till domesticerade hästar. År 2021 fördes ännu mer chockerande upptäckter fram i ljuset. Det avslöjades att alla moderna hästar kommer från samma genetiska linje som kallas DOM2. DOM2-linjen har sitt ursprung i nedre Volga-Don-regionen och började sprida sig över Eurasien cirka 2000 f.Kr.. Denna upptäckt fick människor att omvärdera tidigare antaganden kring tidig användning av hästar, som yamnayakulturens expansion till Europa som tidigare trotts ha skett till häst. Denna studie syftar till att adressera de nya DNA-studiernas påverkan på vår förståelse av hästdomesticering och dess spridning, analysera olika teorier, DNA- forskning och arkeologiska fynd.