Orientador: Oseas Valente de Avilez Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T00:32:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bordon_MarioEduardo_D.pdf: 1470672 bytes, checksum: e05feebeca9a1ab481716d9a42b1a8f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um controlador digital simples e eficiente, utilizando conceitos de lógica nebulosa, aplicado no acionamento de um motor de indução trifásico. Trata-se de um trabalho de engenharia aplicada, que apresenta o projeto de um controlador nebuloso de arquitetura simplificada, que emprega uma estrutura padronizada para representação das funções de pertinência e permite efetuar a ponderação dos termos lingüísticos. Para avaliar o desempenho deste controlador, foi implementado um sistema para acionamento do motor de indução, com freqüência de operação controlada e limitação de corrente, capaz de gerar em tempo real, um perfil de freqüência adequado, sempre que um novo valor para freqüência de operação seja estabelecido. No projeto deste controlador, optou-se pela utilização de um sistema digital de baixo custo, baseado em microcontroladores de 8 bits, mesmo assim, os resultados obtidos superaram as expectativas, comprovando a viabilidade operacional deste controlador nebuloso de arquitetura simplificada, para acionamento do motor de indução, evitando que a corrente ultrapasse o limite estipulado e impedindo o desligamento desnecessário do sistema / Abstract: This work presents a new approach of a simple and efficient digital controller, which uses the fuzzy logic concepts to drive a three-phase induction motor in a practical engineering application. In order to represent the membership functions and carry out the weighting up of linguistic terms a custom structure was used in the fuzzy logic controller. The performance evaluation of the digital controller was verified using a new strategy of induction motor drive for speed control and input current restriction. This fuzzy logic controller with simplified architecture applied in a real time speed control assures the current restriction and the normal operation of the induction motor. The control strategy operates in closed loop and has a dynamic gain adjustment that provides the soft start requirements. The closed loop frequency control allows to adjust the desired value of the rotation frequency, while the closed loop current control assures that current doesn't cross the limit stipulated for motor drive. The versatility of this digital controller based on low cost 8 bits microcontrollers can be verified from the results presented. The accuracy and time response could be compared to the other conventional systems using scalar or vector techniques / Doutorado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Current-Controlled Pulse Width Modulated (CC-PWM) Voltage Source Inverters (VSIs) are extensively employed in high performance drives (HPD) because of the considerable advantages offered by them, such as, excellent dynamic response and inherent over-current protection, as compared to the voltage-controlled PWM (VC-PWM) VSIs. Amongst the different types of CC-PWM techniques, hysteresis current controllers offer significant simplicity in implementation. However, conventional type of hysteresis controllers (with independent comparators) suffers from some well-known drawbacks, such as, limit cycle oscillations (especially at lower speeds of operation of machine), overshoot in current error, generation of sub-harmonic components in the current, and random (non-optimum) switching of inverter voltage vectors. Common problems associated with the conventional, as well as current error space phasor based hysteresis controllers with fixed bands (boundary), are the wide variation of switching frequency in the fundamental output cycle and variation of switching frequency with the change in speed of the load motor. These problems cause increased switching losses in the inverter, non-optimum current ripple, excess harmonics in the load current and subsequent additional machine heating. A continuously varying parabolic boundary for the current error space phasor is proposed previously to get the switching frequency variation pattern of the output voltage of the hysteresis controller based PWM inverter similar to that of voltage controlled space vector PWM (VC SVPWM) based VSI. But the major problem associated with this technique is the requirement of two outer parabolas outside the current error space phasor boundary for the identification of sector change which gives rise to some switching frequency variations in one fundamental cycle and over the entire operating speed range. It also introduces 5th and 7th harmonic components in the voltage causing 5th and 7th harmonic currents in the induction motor. These harmonic currents causes 6th harmonic torque pulsations in the machine. This thesis proposes a new technique which replaces the outer parabolas and uses current errors along orthogonal axes for detecting the sector change, so that a fast and accurate detection of sector change is possible. This makes the voltage harmonic spectrum of the proposed hysteresis controller based inverter exactly matching with that of a constant switching frequency SVPWM based inverter. This technique uses the property that the current error along one of the orthogonal axis changes its direction during sector change. So the current error never goes outside the parabolic boundary as in the case of outer parabolas based sector change technique. So the proposed new technique for sector change eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonic components from the applied voltage and thus eliminates the 5th and 7th harmonic currents in the motor. So there will be no introduction of 6th harmonic torque pulsations in the motor. Using the proposed scheme for sector change and parabolic boundary for current error space phasor, simulation study was carried out using Matlab-Simulink. Simulation study showed that the switching frequency variations in a fundamental cycle and over the entire speed range of the machine upto six step mode operation is similar to that of a VC-SVPWM based VSI. The proposed hysteresis controller is experimentally verified on a 3.7 kW IM drive fed with a two-level VSI using vector control. The proposed current error space phasor based hysteresis controller providing constant switching frequency is completely implemented on the TI TMS320LF2812 DSP controller platform. The three-phase reference currents are generated depending on the frequency command and the controller is tested with drive for the entire operating speed range of the machine in forward and reverse directions. Steady state and transient results of the proposed drive are presented in this thesis. This thesis also proposes a new hysteresis controller which eliminates parabolic boundary and replaces it with a simple online computation of the boundary. In this proposed new hysteresis controller the boundary computed in the present sampling interval is used for identifying next vector to be switched. This thesis gives a detailed mathematical explanation of how the boundary is computed and how it is used for selecting vector to be switched in a sector. It also explains how the sector in which stator voltage vector is present is determined. The most important part of this proposed hysteresis controller is the estimation of stator voltages along alpha and beta axes during active and zero vector periods. Estimation of stator voltages are carried out using current errors along alpha and beta axes and steady state equivalent circuit of induction motor. Using this estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes, instantaneous phase voltages are computed and used for finding individual voltage vector switching times. These switching times are used for the computation of hysteresis boundary for individual vectors. So the hysteresis boundary for individual vectors are exactly calculated and used for vector change detection, making phase voltage harmonic spectrum exactly similar to that of constant switching frequency VC SVPWM inverter. Sector change detection is very simple, since we have the estimated stator voltages along alpha and beta axes to give exact position of stator voltage vector. Simulation study to verify the steady state as well as transient performance of the proposed controller based VSI fed IM drive is carried out using Simulink tool box of Matlab Simulation Software. The proposed hysteresis controller is experimentally verified on a 3.7 kW IM drive fed with a two-level VSI using vector control. The proposed current error space phasor based hysteresis controller providing constant switching frequency profile for phase voltage is implemented on the TI TMS320LF2812 DSP controller platform. The three-phase reference currents are generated depending on the frequency command and the proposed hysteresis controller is tested with drive for the entire operating speed range of the machine in forward and reverse directions. Steady state and transient results of the proposed drive are presented for different operating conditions.

Multilevel voltage source inverters have been receiving more and more attention from the industry and academia as a choice for high voltage and high power applications. The high voltage multilevel inverters can be constructed with existing low voltage semiconductor switches, which already have a mature technology for handling low voltages, thus improving the reliability of the overall inverter system. These multilevel inverters generate the output voltage in the form of multi-stepped waveform with smaller amplitude. This will result in less dv/dt at the motor inputs and electromagnetic interference (EMI) caused by switching is considerably less. Because of the multi-stepped waveform, the instantaneous error in the output voltage will be always less compared to the conventional two-level inverter output voltage. It will reduce the unwanted harmonic content in the output voltage, which will enable to switch the inverter at lower frequencies. Many interesting multi level inverter topologies are proposed by various research groups across the world from industry and academic institutions. But apart from the conventional 3-level NPC and H-bridge topology, others are not yet highly preferred for general high power drives applications. In this respect, two different five-level inverter topologies and one three-level inverter topology for high power induction motor drive applications are proposed in this work. Existing knowledge from published literature shows that, the three-level voltage space vector diagram can be generated for an open-end winding induction motor by feeding the motor phase windings with two two-level inverters from both sides. In such a configuration, each inverter is capable of assuming 8 switching states independent of the other. Therefore a total of 64 switching combinations are possible, whereas the conventional NPC inverter have 27 possible switching combinations. The main drawback for this configuration is that, it requires a harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to suppress the common mode currents through the motor phase winding. In general, the harmonic filters are not desirable because, it is expensive and bulky in nature. Some topologies have been presented, in the past, to suppress the common mode voltage on the motor phase windings when the both inverters are fed with a single voltage source. But these schemes under utilize the dc-link voltage or use the extra power circuit. The scheme presented in chapter-3 eliminates the requirement of harmonic filter or isolated voltage source to block the common mode current in the motor phase windings. Both the two-level inverters, in this scheme, are fed with the same voltage source with a magnitude of Vdc/2 where Vdc is the voltage magnitude requires for the NPC three-level inverter. In this scheme, the identical voltage profile winding coils (pole pair winding coils), in the four pole induction motor, are disconnected electrically and reconnected in two star groups. The isolated neutrals, provided by the two star groups, will not allow the triplen currents to flow in the motor phase windings. To apply identical fundamental voltage on disconnected pole pair winding, decoupled space vector PWM is used. This PWM technique eliminates the first center band harmonics thereby it will allow the inverters to operate at lower switching frequency. This scheme doesn’t require any additional power circuit to block the triplen currents and also it will not underutilize the dc-bus voltage. A five-level inverter topology for four pole induction motor is presented in chapter-3. In this topology, the disconnected pole pair winding coils are effectively utilized to generate a five-level voltage space vector diagram for a four pole induction motor. The disconnected pole pair winding coils are fed from both sides with conventional two-level inverters. Thereby the problems like capacitor voltage balancing issues are completely eliminated. Three isolated voltage sources, with a voltage magnitude of Vdc/4, are used to block the triplen current in the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating 61 space vector locations similar to conventional NPC five-level inverter. However, this scheme has 1000 switching combinations to realize 61 space vector locations whereas the NPC five-level inverter has 125 switching combinations. In case of any switch failure, using the switching state redundancy, the proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter in lower modulation index. But this topology requires six additional bi-directional switches with a maximum voltage blocking capacity of Vdc/8. However, it doesn’t require any complicated control algorithm to generate the gating pulses for bidirectional switches. The above presented two schemes don’t require any special design modification for the induction machine. Although the schemes are presented for four pole induction motor, this technique can be easily extend to the induction motor with more than four poles and thereby the number of voltage levels on the phase winding can be further increased. An alternate five-level inverter topology for an open-end winding induction motor is presented in chapter-4. This topology doesn’t require to disconnect the pole pair winding coils like in the previous propositions. The open-end winding induction motor is fed from one end with a two-level inverter in series with a capacitor fed H-bridge cell, while the other end is connected to a conventional two-level inverter to get a five voltage levels on the motor phase windings. This scheme is also capable of generating a voltage space vector diagram identical to that of a conventional five-level inverter. A total of 2744 switching combinations are possible to generate the 61 space vector locations. With such huge number switching state redundancies, it is possible to balance the H-bridge capacitor voltage for full modulation range. In addition to that, the proposed topology eliminates eighteen clamping diode having different voltage ratings compared to the NPC inverter. The proposed topology can be operated as a three-level inverter for full modulation range, in case of any switch failure in the capacitor fed H-bridge cell. All the proposed topologies are experimentally verified on a 5 h.p. four pole induction motor using V/f control. The PWM signals for the inverters are generated using the TMS320F2812 and GAL22V10B/SPARTAN XC3S200 FPGA platforms. Though the proposed inverter topologies are suggested for high-voltage and high-power industrial IM drive applications, due to laboratory constraints the experimental results are taken on the 5h.p prototypes. But all the proposed schemes are general in nature and can be easily implemented for high-voltage high-power drive applications with appropriate device ratings.

In this thesis first the behavior of induction generators under unbalanced voltage conditions is studied. In this context, first the existing schemes for characterizing the unbalance in simple ways have been studied. The two schemes IEC, NEMA which are in use to quantify the unbalance, as an unbalance factor require the use of complex algebra. A new scheme to characterize voltage unbalance, without using any complex algebra has been proposed and its effectiveness is compared with the NEMA scheme. The performance of the induction generators under unbalanced voltage conditions is first studied using the symmetrical component approach and a detailed simulation. The machine currents for the same unbalanced conditions are estimated using the proposed scheme and its effectiveness is highlighted. Existing approximate schemes based on unbalance factor do not consider the phase differences between positive and negative sequence voltages while estimating currents. A method of including this feature is proposed here. A simple way to find the maximum line current among the three phases as a function of the positive and negative voltages has been proposed. Knowing the positive, negative sequence voltages and the angle between them, a scheme to compute the generator currents under unbalanced conditions is proposed. Finally a few affecting the machine heating due to unbalanced currents have been studied. The nature of the induction generator fault currents is studied to understand their implication on the system performance. First the fault currents that have been recorded from experiments on relatively small induction motors(26kW and 122kW) are compared with those obtained through detailed dynamic simulation, in order to validate the usage of the detailed dynamic simulations to study the fault current behavior of the induction machines in the absence of experimental or field records. In order to assess the impact of error in the measured machine parameters on the estimated fault current values, the sensitivity of the estimated values of fault currents to machine parameter variations is investigated. The fault currents in large grid connected induction generators (3MW to 500kW) have been estimated through detailed simulation. The effect of the instant of fault (w.r.t voltage cycle), input load levels and shunt capacitors on the fault current values is investigated. An eigen value analysis of the generator model has been carried out to understand the reasons for the observed behavior using the linearized machine model. Fitting functions have been adopted to quantify the fault currents, in order to facilitate comparison of fault currents. A method of including induction generators into the system fault studies has been proposed. Methods of choosing proper sequence impedances for representing the induction generator have been developed and validated using simulated values of balanced and unbalanced fault currents. Simulations of self excited generators have been used for determining the unbalanced fault currents, so as to ensure that the induction generator fault currents correspond to only those contributed by the machine. The impact of the induction generators penetration on the short circuit levels is investigated considering a 14 bus test system by incorporating the proposed induction generator models in a system level fault study.

No description available.

The induction motors are used worldwide in various industries. Several maintenance techniques are applied to increase the operating time and the lifespan of these motors. Among these, the predictive maintenance techniques such as Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), Motor Square Current Signature Analysis (MSCSA), Park's Vector Approach (PVA) and Park's Vector Square Modulus (PVSM) are used to detect and diagnose faults in electric motors, characterized by patterns in the stator current frequency spectrum. In this work, these techniques are applied and compared on real motors, which have the faults of eccentricity in the air-gap, inter-turn short circuit and broken bars. It was used a theoretical model of an electric induction motor without fault and with the same voltage supply in order to assist comparison between the stator current frequency spectrum patterns with and without faults. Metrics were purposed and applied to evaluate the sensitivity of each technique fault detection. The results presented here show that the above techniques are suitable for the faults above mentioned. / Os motores elétricos de indução são utilizados em todo o mundo nos mais variados ramos industriais. Diversas técnicas de manutenção são aplicadas para aumentar o tempo de operação e a vida útil destes motores. No contexto da manutenção preditiva, técnicas como Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), Motor Square Current Signature Analysis (MSCSA), Park’s Vector Approach (PVA) e Park’s Vector Square Modulus (PVSM) são utilizadas para detectar e diagnosticar falhas em motores elétricos, caracterizadas por padrões no espectro de frequência da corrente estatórica. Neste trabalho, estas técnicas são aplicadas e comparadas em motores reais, os quais apresentam as falhas de excentricidade no entreferro, curto circuito entre espiras e barras quebradas. Utilizou-se um modelo teórico de um motor elétrico de indução sem falhas, com a mesma tensão de suprimento, com o objetivo de auxiliar a comparação entre os padrões do espectro de frequência de corrente estatórica com e sem falhas. Foram propostas e aplicadas métricas que avaliam a sensibilidade de cada técnica na detecção da falha. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho mostraram que as técnicas acima mencionadas foram adequadas para as falhas supracitadas, cuja comparação entre estas evidenciou a adequabilidade de cada uma.

Electric pumps are extensively used in many industrial and commercial applications worldwide and account for about twenty percent of the world’s electrical energy demand. The useful energy consumed by the pumps is less than what they demand due to inefficiency caused by a number of reasons including the mismatch between the rated operating conditions and their actual operating conditions. Some studies including those done by the US Department of Energy, show that as much as 30-50% of energy consumed by pumping systems could be saved through equipment and control changes in the pumping systems.   Zambia, like many countries, faces an electricity shortage. Improving energy efficiency in pumping related operations can help save electricity costs and thus promote sustainable development and ultimately reduce global warming. This document discusses various methods of reducing pumping related electricity costs which can be categorised under either mechanical or electrical methods.  Preliminary energy audits on some pumping infrastructure for three water utility companies in Zambia were carried out and results showed various opportunities for saving electricity costs. Detailed study on selected pumping infrastructure revealed that as much as fifty four (54%) electricity cost savings could result at one pump station by correcting the operating points of pumps such that the Best Efficiency Points (BEP) on the pump characteristic curves matched the pumping system head requirements. / <p>Interactive presentation was done via Skype</p>

This thesis presents a study of the effects of inter-bar currents on inductionmotor starting performance and stray-load losses. The work is focused on theperformance differences between aluminium and copper casted rotors.A method to predict the stator current when starting direct-on-line isdeveloped. This includes modelling of skin-effect, saturation of the leakageflux paths and additional iron losses. The results are verified by measurements.An analytical model accounting for inter-bar currents is derived, andthe dependency of the harmonic rotor currents on the inter-bar resistivity isinvestigated. It is found that the inter-bar currents can have considerableeffect on motor starting performance and stray-load losses, the amount beingstrongly dependent on the harmonic content of the primary MMF.Based on measurements of inter-bar resistivity, the starting performanceof an aluminium and a copper casted rotor is simulated. The results indicatea higher pull-out torque of the aluminium rotor than for the equivalent copperrotor. This is rather due to an increase of the fundamental starting torque ofthe aluminium rotor, than due to braking torques from the space harmonicsin the copper rotor. The results are verified by measurements. It is foundthat the difference between the pull-out torques is even larger than calculatedfrom the model. Thereby, it can be concluded that the inter-bar currents havea considerable effect on motor starting performance.At rated speed the braking torques are larger in the aluminium rotor thanin the copper rotor. This is seen as increased harmonic joule losses in the rotorcage. Simulations have shown, that these losses can be as large as 1% ofthe output power for the studied machine. / QC20100617

<div>The design of high-performance squirrel-cage induction motors (IMs) entails the capability to predict the motor efficiency map with high accuracy over an operating range. In particular, modeling high-frequency rotor bar currents becomes important for loss analysis in high-speed applications. In theory, it is possible to analyze an IM using time-stepping finite element analysis (TS-FEA); however, this is not viable due to computational limitations. To bridge this gap, we set forth a computationally efficient method to predict the rotor cage loss. This is achieved by coupling magnetostatic FEA with an extended qd-circuit model of the cage. The circuit model is derived in a synchronously rotating reference frame. The proposed IM model includes the effects of saturation, winding and slot harmonics, as well as nonuniform current distribution in the rotor bars. The proposed model is validated by comparing the estimated cage loss and computational effort against a 2-D nonlinear TS-FEA. </div><div>The proposed electromagnetic model is finally coupled to a linear thermal model to predict IM performance over an operating range and the results are validated using experiments. The proposed model is further extended to identify detailed flux density waveforms in the iron to estimate core loss. The flux density waveforms are obtained by conducting a set of magnetostatic FEA studies using the derived rotor bar currents.</div>

The electrification of the automotive industry and artificial intelligence are both growing rapidly and can be greatly beneficial for a more sustainable future when combined. Induction machines exhibit many complex relationships between physical and electromagnetic properties that must be calculated in order to produce the correct quantities of torque and speed commanded by the driver. This is why calculations that depend on sensory information are often cross-monitored and supervised to prevent unsafe conditions or damage to the equipment. Safe torque estimation has a substantial role in safety which requires the fulfillment of ASIL C defined by ISO 26262. The calculation of safe torque is based on rotor temperature among other safety parameters. Traditional methods of obtaining rotor temperature include thermal models, state observers, and active parameter estimation. These methods rely on complex mathematical equations that have the risk of being incorrect and can sometimes be unfeasible in a practical environment. Naturally, we investigate whether we can embed Artificial Neural Networks in the software since we know that they can solve complex non-linear problems exceptionally well when combined with supervised machine learning. To supervise and train the network, we must first acquire the rotor temperature in an experimental setting with a temperature sensor. Then we embed the model into the software of an electrical inverter produced by Inmotion using a microcontroller framework. This way, predictions of rotor temperature can be made in a live environment without the sensor. Using the mean squared error of the output and k-fold cross-validation we can apply a corrected t-test to make a comparison and statistical evaluation of the models. The results in this research prove that a machine learning model can in fact be used to replace the current traditional state observer model that is based on stator temperature. We find that when stator and rotor temperatures are uncorrelated and different, the machine learning model is able to generalize much more accurately passing the t-test with an alpha threshold of  α  = 0.05. Results also reveal that the obtained rotor temperature can be used as reliable input for estimating safe torque by evaluating the measurements from a live motor with a realistic safety requirement. / Elektrifieringen av fordonsindustrin och artificiell intelligens växer i snabb takt där de båda har stor potential att vara välgörande för en mer hållbar framtid när de kombineras. Induktionsmotorer grundar sig på många komplicerade förhållanden mellan fysiska och elektromagnetiska egenskaper som måste beräknas för att förse rätt vridmoment och hastighet som föraren begär. Därför är ofta beräkningar som beror på sensorisk information ofta korsövervakad för att förhindra osäkra tillstånd eller skada på utrustningen. Säker vridmoment estimering spelar en stor roll i säkerhet vilket kräver ett uppfyllande av ASIL C definerad av ISO 26262. Beräkningen av denna estimering baseras bland annat på rotor temperatur och andra säkra parametrar. Traditionella metoder för att ta fram rotor temperatur inkluderar termala metoder, tillståndsobserverare och aktiv parameter estimering. Dessa metoder grundar sig på komplexa matematiska ekvationer som har en risk att vara inkorrekta och är ibland ogenomförbara i en praktisk miljö. Naturligt sett så vill vi istället undersöka om vi kan bädda in artificiella neuronnät i mjukvaran eftersom vi vet att de är exceptionellt bra på att lösa komplexa icke-linjära problem i kombination med övervakad maskininlärning. För att övervaka och träna nätverket så måste vi först erhålla rotor temperaturen i en experimentiell miljö med en temperatur sensor. Sedan så kan vi bädda in modellen i mjukvaran för en elektrisk inverterare skapad av Inmotion med ett mikrokontroller ramverk. På så vis så kan vi göra förutsägelser av rotor temperaturen utan behovet av en sensor. Genom att använda medelkvadratfelet och en form av flerstegs validering så kan vi applicera ett korrigerat t-test för att jämföra och göra en statistisk evaluering av modellerna. Resultaten i denna studie visar på att en maskininlärning modell kan användas för att ersätta den nuvarande traditionella modellen som baserar sig på stator temperatur. Vi finner att när stator och rotor temperatur och okorrolerade och olika så generaliserar maskininlärningsmodellen mycket mer exakt och klarar t-testet med en alpha gräns på α = 0.05. Resultaten visar också på att den erhållna rotor temperaturen kan användas som en pålitlig inmatning för att estimera säkert vridmoment genom att evaluera mätningar från en riktig motor med ett realistiskt säkerhetskrav.