Na produção do etanol 2G, as celulases representam um componente importante do custo. Com base em informações da literatura e resultados obtidos no Laboratório de Engenharia Bioquímica da Escola Politécnica da USP, foi feito um estudo do custo de produção das celulases via fermentação em estado sólido (FES) em escala industrial. Foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis no processo de produção das celulases, denominadas cenários de produção: concentração das celulases no meio de cultura de 1 a 150 FPU/gms; produtividade em celulases em 0,11 e 0,45FPU/gms.h; atividade de celulase na hidrólise de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar entre 7 e 30 FPU/g de substrato seco; massa de bagaço de cana a ser hidrolisada entre 5 e 30% do bagaço gerado numa usina sucroalcooleira de referência (1.000.000 ton. de cana-de-açúcar /ano); custo dos substratos para a FES variando entre US$6,00 a US$12,00 por tonelada para o bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (80% da massa do meio) e US$80,00 a US$110,00 por tonelada para o farelo de trigo (20% da massa do meio); capacidade volumétrica dos reatores de FES variando entre 5 e 50 m3. Os impactos das variáveis consideradas foram: concentração de celulases no meio de cultura, acima de 45FPU/gms causam reduções menores que 5% no custo de produção; produtividades iguais em celulases (0,45FPU/gms.h), apresenta um processo 11% menos custoso para aquela com maior produção de enzimas, em relação ao tempo de fermentação; destinação de até 10% do bagaço gerado pela usina, reduz em 7% o custo de produção das celulases e a dosagem de celulase não causa redução significativa nos custos de produção, assim como o custo das matérias-primas; o aumento da capacidade dos reatores de FES causam redução de até 47% no custo de produção das celulases. A análise de regressão linear das variáveis apresentadas indica qual o impacto percentual dobre o custo de produção das celulases: quantidade de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar destinado à hidrólise (0,6%), atividade enzimática para a reação de hidrólise (0,3%), produção de celulase (73,4%), volume dos reatores de inóculo (0,5%), volume dos reatores de FES (2,7%), tempo de crescimento do inóculo (0,1%), tempo de fermentação (3,7%), custo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (0,9%), custo do farelo de trigo (0,6%) e outras variáveis não analisadas (17,2%). Conclui-se que, com os dados atuais sobre FES, a probabilidade de se obter um processo em escala industrial com custo de produção de celulase menor que US$0,50/100.000FPU é de 15%. Desenvolvimento de culturas microbianas mais produtivas em celulases e tecnologias mais avançadas de reatores de grande escala, são necessárias à viabilidade da produção das celulases via FES para aplicação na hidrólise de celulose. / In ethanol 2G production, cellulases are an important component of the cost. Based on information from literature and results obtained in the Labotatório de Engenharia Bioquímica da Escola Politécnica da USP, a study was made of the production cost of cellulases via solid state fermentation (SSF) on industrial scale. The following variables were considered in the production of cellulases, called \"production scenarios\": the concentration of cellulase in the culture medium from 1 to 150 FPU / gms; productivity cellulases in 0.11 and 0.45 FPU / gms.h; cellulase activity in the hydrolysis of bagasse from sugar cane between 7 and 30 FPU / g substrate dry mass; cane bagasse hydrolyzed to be between 5 and 30% of sugarcane bagasse generated in a reference plant (1,000,000 ton of cane sugar per year) and the cost of substrates for SSF ranging from $ 6.00 to $ 12.00 per ton for the sugarcane bagasse (80% by weight of medium) and $ 80, 00 to $ 110.00 per ton for wheat bran (20% of the mass medium); volumetric capacity of the reactors of FES ranged between 5 and 50 m3. The impacts of the variables considered were: concentration of cellulase in the culture medium above 45FPU/gms cause reductions of less than 5% of the cost of production; for equal productivities of cellulose (0.45 FPU / gms.h) shows a process 11% less costly when the production of enzymes is higher in relation to fermentation time; using up to 10% of sugarcane bagasse generated by the reference plant, reduces by 7% the cost of production of cellulases and cellulase dosage does not cause significant reduction in production costs as well as the cost of raw materials; increasing the capacity of the reactors of FES cause a reduction of up to 47% on cost of production of cellulases. The linear regression analysis of the variables presented indicates what percentage impact the production cost of cellulases: The amount of bagasse cane sugar for the hydrolysis (0.6%), enzymatic activity for the hydrolysis reaction (0, 3%), production of cellulase (73.4%), the reactor volume of inoculum (0.5%), volume of the reactors of FES (2.7%), time of growth of the inoculum (0.1%) fermentation time (3.7%), cost of sugarcane bagasse (0.9%), cost of wheat bran (0.6%) and other variables not analyzed (17.2%). It was concluded that with current data on FES, the probability of obtaining a process on an industrial scale with production cost of cellulase less than $ 0.50/100.000FPU is 15%. Development of microbial cultures more productive in cellulases and more advanced technologies for large-scale reactors are necessary for the viability of the production of cellulases for FES for application in the hydrolysis of cellulose.

The timeliness with which economic agents make their decisions encourages the development of tools in order to anticipate changes in economic aggregates. Following this, the study analyses and develops models to forecast the industrial production from Cearà energy consumption measured by COELCE. Vector Autoregressive models (VAR) are estimated and scenarios are constructed for the period 2011-2012. The estimates were robust and the simulations indicated an increase of 3.9% in industrial production Cearà until 2012, comparing with the values observed in 2010, without seasonal effects. / A tempestividade com a qual os agentes econÃmicos tomam suas decisÃes estimula o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que permitam antecipar as mudanÃas nos agregados econÃmicos. Deste modo, o estudo realiza uma anÃlise e previsÃo da produÃÃo industrial cearense a partir do consumo de energia elÃtrica mensurado pela COELCE. Modelos Vetoriais Auto-regressivos (VAR) sÃo estimados e cenÃrios sÃo construÃdos para o perÃodo 2011-2012. As estimativas se mostraram robustas com um elevado poder de explicaÃÃo do modelo e as simulaÃÃes indicaram um crescimento de 3,9% da produÃÃo industrial cearense atà 2012 com base no valor verificado em 2010, jà desconsiderando as influÃncias sazonais.

L’objectif des travaux de thèse est l’amélioration du coût de revient industriel du décortidiène, intermédiaire clé dans la préparation de plusieurs principes actifs produits au sein de l’usine de production de SANOFI Vertolaye. Après une revue de l’état de l’art sur la synthèse du décortidiène et en fonction du cahier des charges défini, deux voies ont été explorées. La première voie de synthèse étudiée a permis de préparer le décortidiène en deux étapes, alors que la synthèse industrielle est effectuée en quatre étapes. Cependant, le rendement encourageant obtenu est inférieur à l’objectif fixé. Une étude de modélisation moléculaire a permis de proposer un mécanisme réactionnel concernant cette voie. Nous avons pu mettre en évidence lors de cette synthèse la formation d’un nouveau coricostéroïde, présentant une activité anti inflammatoire comparable à celle de la prénidsolone. La deuxième voie de synthèse permet de réduire le nombre d’étapes de la synthèse du décortidiène de 25% et conduit à un rendement acceptable par rapport à celui défini dans le cahier des charges. Le procédé a fait l’objet de plusieurs séries par une approche « plan d’expériences » pour atteindre les objectifs. / The aim of this doctoral works is the reduction of the production costs of decortidiene made by SANOFI Vertolaye. Decortidiene is a key intermediate for the synthesis of several active principles. After checking the iterature, two ways were explored. The first one reduces by half the synthetic steps buthe yield is lower than the target. A molecular modeling allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism. Several optimizations and experimental design of experiments enabled the second studied pathway to reduce by 25% the industrial process and to reach the targeted yield.

Masters of Science / In 1976 Rozeff and Kinney found that seasonality exists in the monthly rates of return on the New York Stock Exchange with peak periods in January. By making use of this information and the fact that the rates of return lag real activity by one month, Chang en Pinegar (1986) indicated that rates of return unidirectionally predict future growth rates in industrial production for large companies. They also found that the seasonal growth rates in industrial production partially reflect the January seasonals in the rates of return for small companies. This is inconsistent with the efficient market hypothesis. Altough numerous studies in South Africa have been conducted on the efficiency of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, no one has departed from the viewpoint of seasonality. The aim of this study is to investigate the efficiency of the Johannesburg stock Exchange with respect to seasonality in industrial production. It will be shown that there is no relationship between rates of return and real activity in the majority of sectors. The clothing sector is inefficient in the sense that real activity unidirectionally predicts rates of return three months in advance. At a six months lag period there are strong relationships, in both ways, between rates of return and real activity for this sector, that also implies inefficiency. Lastly it will be indicated that the November peaks on the Johannesburg stock Exchange do not coincide with the January peaks found overseas and that they do not lag real activity by one month. In the international research the attention was mainly focussed on the size of companies and stock price sensitivity to changes in industrial production while in this paper it focusses on different sectors.

Los modelos de planeamiento y control de la producción han sido implementados con gran éxito en muchas empresas a nivel mundial, tanto en el ámbito manufacturero como el de los servicios. Actualmente, expertos e investigadores en el tema han encontrado manifestaciones que demuestran carencias en el desarrollo e implementación de este tipo de enfoques en grandes medianas empresas. Por esta razón, el presente artículo propone una metodología de mejora continua (PHVA) que incluye los modelos de planeamiento y control de producción con la finalidad de permitir un desarrollo sostenible y exitoso en el tiempo. La metodología está compuesta por 4 fases que son: a) planificar: en donde se proyecta todo lo que sucede y lo que se tiene que resolver, b) hacer: donde se ejecuta el plan de acción mediante herramientas ingenieriles, c) verificación: donde se valida si es factible el proyecto y, por último, d) actuar: donde se utilizan mecanismos de control. La metodología fue validada en una empresa dedicada a la fabricación de hornos industriales en el Perú, donde la ejecución generó la eliminación de ventas rechazadas por entrega fuera de tiempo en su primer trimestre después de aplicarlo y redujo también los problemas con calidad de insumo en 15% y planificación de compras en 9%. / The production planning and control models have been implemented with great success in many companies worldwide, both in manufacturing and services. Currently, experts and researchers in the field have found demonstrations that show shortcomings in the development and implementation of this type of approaches in large medium-sized enterprises. For this reason, this article proposes a methodology for continuous improvement (PDCA) which includes the models of production planning and control in order to allow for a successful and sustainable development at the time. The methodology is composed of 4 phases that are: a) planning: where everything that happens and what has to be resolved is projected, b) do: where the action plan is executed through engineering tools, c) verification: where it is validated if the project is feasible and finally, d) act: where control mechanisms are used. The methodology was validated in a company dedicated to the manufacture of industrial furnaces in Peru, where the execution generated the elimination of sales rejected by delivery out of time in its first quarter after applying it and reduced the problems with input quality in 15 % and purchase planning at 9%. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

This paper studies a Virtual Reality (VR) training program for novice industrial robot operators. The VR training program is constructed using Unity and HTC Vive. The paper presents the result of comparative experiments allowing novices to learn and operate virtual and physical robots to complete simple industrial production tasks. The results include their time to complete the task, the pass rate of the task, and the results of the questionnaire survey as evidence of their learning efficiency and user satisfaction. Finally, through data analysis, we compare the impact the two methods have on novices. The two approaches are the VR training program and the conventional physical robot training method. The experiment results show that novices who use the VR training program at first show a high degree of user satisfaction, and they can more quickly and efficiently master the knowledge of manipulating industrial robots and apply it to practice. The findings of this article also show that the use of VR technology in industrial production improves y and is a feasible and reliable method which still has room‌‌‌ or improvement. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker ett Virtual Reality-träningsprogram för industriella robot operatörer som är nybörjare. VR-träningsprogrammet är skapat i Unity för HTC Vive. Uppsatsen presenterar resultaten av en jämförande studie där nybörjare fick lära sig att använda en VR och en fysisk robot för att slutföra enkla industriella produktionsuppgifter. Resultatet inkluderar deltagarnas tid att slutföra uppgifterna, andel lyckade försök samt resultaten av ett frågeformulär som bevis på deltagarnas inlärnings effektivitet samt användartillfredsställelse. Genom en dataanalys jämfördes de effekter ett VR- träningsprogram och en konventionell metod på fysiska robotar hade på nybörjare. Studiens resultat visar att nybörjare som använder VR-träningsprogrammet visar en högre grad av användartillfredsställelse och att dem är snabbare och effektivare när dem bemästrar kunskapen som behövs för att manipulera industrirobotar, samt att tillämpa detta i verkligheten. Resultaten visar också att användningen av VR i industriell produktion förbättrar effektiviteten och är en rimlig och trovärdig metod, men som fortfarande har rum för förbättringar.

I denna studie studerades det hur ett 14 våningar högt bostadshus med en kärna av korslaminerat trä (KL-trä) och färdiga lägenhetsmoduler med regelstomme kan byggas på ett industrialiserat och enkelt sätt. Våningsantalet och produktionstypen fastslogs tidigt, i samråd med RISE, för att effektivt kunna granska ett sannolikt sätt att bygga hus i en nära framtid. Dynamiska modalanalyser utfördes för byggnadens olika modeller i FEM-programmet Robot Structural Analysis (kommer fortsättningsvis även beskrivas som Robot) för att ta fram egenfrekvenser. Sedan följdes en beräkningsgång från Eurokod och EKS för att ta fram den toppacceleration som vind orsakar på byggnadens högsta plan. Detta värde jämfördes sedan med det rekommenderade komfortkravet från ISO 10137. Byggnaden som studerades är ett punkthus med en central kärna och 14 moduler, av storlek 4 x 8 meter, per våning. Dessa placeras runt den 8 x 8 meter stora kärnan, vilket gav ett totalt fotavtryck på 24 x 24 meter. Över 20 olika datormodeller studerades där bland annat variationer av placering och mängd av KL-trä i fasad, placering och andel betong i huset och påverkan från gipsskivor i inner- och ytterväggar. Även infästning mellan moduler tillhör några av de ändringar som studerades. Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att bygga den modell som benämns 1400KL i vindlastzon 24 och terrängtyp tre, förutsatt att den mekaniska dämpningen är satt till 2 procent.  Det framgår även att modulernas egna lägenhetsavskiljande väggar har signifikant betydelse för stommens totala stabilitet och att en ökning av styvheten i dessa är ett effektivt sätt att förbättra de dynamiska egenskaperna. Betydelsen av mycket massa högt upp i byggnaden är också tydlig utifrån detta arbete. Det framkommer även att stabila betongvåningar nederst i stommen bidrar mycket till att förhindra att översta våningen i huset rör sig obehagligt mycket vid stor vindbelastning på byggnaden. Detta är en beprövad teknik i basen av flertalet hus som byggs idag. Rotation har visat sig vilja förekomma i de tidigare modeller som använts i denna rapport. Detta är något som måste testas specifikt för alla varianter av basmodellen då rotation är ofördelaktigt ur dynamisk aspekt, då det saknas beräkningssätt för dynamiskrotation i teorin från Eurokod. Generellt kan tillägas att ett 14 våningar högt trähus i vindlastzon 26 och terrängtyp 0 har väldigt svårt att klara av de dynamiska förutsättningar som krävs utan att husets stabiliserande element till största del består av betong. Däremot finns flera trä-modeller i denna rapport som klarar vindlastzon 25 och terrängtyp tre, en mycket mer vanlig situation. Enklare statisk analys antyder att limträpelares dimensioner möjliggör montage mellan moduler utan större produktionsanpassning. Även korslaminerat trä inkluderas fördelaktigt i kärna och fasad, innanför och utanför modulerna, utan att det påverkar de traditionella konstruktionsmetoderna för vare sig moduler eller KL-stomme väsentligt. / In this study, it was examined how a 14-story tall residential building with a core of cross laminated timber (CLT) and prefabricated apartment modules can be built in an industrialized manner. The number of floors and production type were determined early, in consultation with RISE, in order to effectively examine a likely way of building houses in the near future. Dynamic modal analyses were performed for the building's various models in the FEM program Robot Structural Analysis to generate eigen frequencies. Then the method provided in Eurocode and EKS were followed to calculate the top acceleration that the wind causes at the buildings highest floor. This value was then compared with the recommended comfort requirement from ISO 10137. The studied building is a high-rise tower block house with a central core and 14 modules of size 4 x 8 meters per floor. These were placed around the 8 x 8-meter-wide core, giving a total footprint of 24 x 24 meters. Over 20 different computer models were studied with variations in placement and amount of CLT in facade, placement and number of concrete floors and walls. The impact of gypsum inner and outer walls is also being tested. Connections between modules also belongs to some of the changes that were being made between models. The result shows that it is possible to build the model named 1400KL in wind zone 24 and terrain type III, with the mechanical dampening set at two percent. It is also apparent that the walls of modules separating apartments have considerable significance for the overall stability of the frame and that increasing their stiffness is an effective way of improving dynamic properties. It can be concluded from this study that placing a substantial mass at the top of the building is of high importance. It also appears that rigid concrete stories at the bottom of the core contribute greatly to prevent the top floor of the house from exceeding the comfort criteria under high wind loads. This is a widely used technique in the base of houses being built today. Rotation has been shown to appear in the models used in this work. This is something that must be tested specifically for all variants of the base model since rotation is disadvantageous from a dynamic aspect. This is due to the fact that the codes do not consider dynamic rotation. In general, a 14-storey high-rise wooden house in wind zone 26 and terrain type 0 does not fulfil the comfort requirements without most of the stabilizing elements of the house being concrete. On the other hand, there were several wooden models in this study that can endure wind zone 25 and terrain type III, a much more common situation. A simplified static analysis suggests that glulam columns can have dimensions that allow them be placed between modules without major adaptation in production. Also, cross-laminated timber is advantageously included in the core and facade, inside and outside the modules, without significantly affecting the traditional design methods for modules or the cross-laminated frame.

Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete där optiska fibrer av plast integrerades i varpled i en väv. Syftet med examensarbetet var att undersöka om det är möjligt att industriellt producera ljusemitterande vävar med optiska fibrer. Arbetet delades upp i olika delar, både teoretiska och praktiska. Den teoretiska delen innebar informationssökning inom olika medier, såsom vetenskapliga artiklar och intervjuer med insatta människor inom de berörda områdena. Den praktiska delen i examensarbetet bestod av flera olika moment. Först utfördes en provvävning i en handvävstol, för att finna en lämplig bindning och lära känna materialen. Därefter konstruerades en metod för att testa olika slipmaterial att slipa den optiska fibern med, och utifrån resultaten valdes två slipmaterial ut. Sedan sattes en väv med optiska fibrer upp i en vävmaskin och ett flertal provvävar vävdes. I ett optiklaboratorium skedde sedan mätningar på provvävarnas ljusemittering.Resultatet av mätningarna visade att de optiska fibrerna inte klarade av krökningarna i väven. För mycket ljus läckte ut i krökningarna så väven lyste inte mer än 50 cm. Slutsatsen är att det är fullt möjligt att väva med optisk fiber i varpled, men en bindning där de optiska fibrerna ligger rakt i väven måste konstrueras. In this bachelor thesis has plastic optical fibres been integrated in the warp of a weave. The purpose of the thesis was to make a research if it is possible to produce light emitting weaves with optical fibres in an industrial production. The thesis was divided into several parts, both theoretical and practical. The theoretical part involved taking part of different types of information, such as scientific articles and interviews with knowledgeable people within the related areas.The practical part in this thesis was composed of several different phases. A test weave in a handloom was first performed to find out which weave to use and to understand the materials behaviour. Then a method for testing different materials to grind the optical fibre with was constructed, and out of the results two materials were chosen. After that, a warp with optical fibres was placed into a loom and several prototypes were woven. In an optic laboratory were measurements made on the prototypes’ light emitting ability. The results of the measurements showed that the optical fibres did not cope with the bends in the weave. Too much light emitted out of the bends so the weave only emitted light for 50 cm. The conclusion is that it is possible to weave with optical fibres in the warp, but a new weave where the optical fibres lie straight in the fabric must be constructed. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

Analisar a formação do parque industrial paulista, desde suas primeiras fabriquetas aos grandes aglomerados industriais de 2008 constitui foco primordial deste trabalho. Soma-se a isto o interesse por testar as informações provenientes dos Censos Econômicos e das Pesquisas Industriais Anuais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística enquanto instrumental útil para se estudar a industrialização paulista. As variáveis quantidade de estabelecimentos industriais, valor da produção, pessoas ocupadas e gastos com matérias primas permitem construir dois indicadores para facilitar a visualização de certos fenômenos: densidade industrial (relação entre pessoas ocupadas e número de estabelecimentos das maiores indústrias paulistas em cada município) e diversidade industrial (quantidade de diferentes produtos e serviços gerados pelas maiores indústrias paulistas em cada município). Constata-se que a concentração geográfica industrial é um movimento que se mostra de diversas formas e intensidades ao longo do processo histórico. Quando se acompanha a distribuição dos estabelecimentos pelo estado, destaca-se a diversidade geográfica industrial caminhando em paralelo à especialização de algumas áreas. Para cada atividade, as particularidades e determinantes da localização industrial oscilam no tempo, determinam e são determinados por uma série de circunstâncias políticas e econômicas, nacionais e internacionais. Cabe destacar que os estabelecimentos industriais localizados mais distantes da capital têm papel crescente no número de pessoas ocupadas por estabelecimento. De fato, grande parte das variáveis analisadas em 2008 evidencia um movimento de dispersão, ao mesmo tempo em que permanecem mais concentradas geograficamente as atividades intensivas em capital e conhecimento tecnológico. Uma situação ainda em curso, passível de mudanças, tanto aprimoramento quanto reversão. / The main goal of this work is the analysis of São Paulos industrial park formation, starting from the early small factories until the current major industrial agglomerates. Additionally, this work also evaluates the quality of the Economic Censuses and of the Annual Industrial Survey data as useful tools for analyzing São Paulo´s industrialization. A set of variables including the number of industrial establishments, the output value, the number of employees and the expenses with raw materials allow the elaboration of two indicators that help in visualizing the industrialization phenomenon: industrial density (the ratio of employees by the number of local units of São Paulo major companies, by municipality) and industrial diversity (the number of different products and services offered by São Paulo major companies in each municipality). The industrial geographic concentration has several forms and varying intensity along the historical process. The local unit distribution across the state reveals the industrial geographic diversity together with the specialization in some regions. For each industry, the location determinants vary across time and are subject to or imply national and international political and economic conditions. The local units further located from the State capital are increasingly important in the number of employees by the number of local units. Indeed, most of the variables evaluated in 2008 indicate the establishments dispersion, while the industries intensive in capital and technology remain geographically concentrated. Such panorama reveals a period of greater industrial geographic concentration, which may evolve to a greater concentration or may experience a trend reversion.

This thesis aims to produce short-term forecasts for the economic activity in Turkey. As a proxy for the economic activity, industrial production index is used. Univariate autoregressive distributed lag (ADL) models, vector autoregressive (VAR) models and combination forecasts method are utilized in a pseudo out-of-sample forecasting framework to obtain one-month ahead forecasts. To evaluate the models&rsquo / forecasting performances, the relative root mean square forecast error (RRMSFE) is calculated. Overall, results indicate that combining the VAR models with four endogenous variables yields the most substantial improvement in forecasting performance, relative to benchmark autoregressive (AR) model.