This thesis examines the relationship between work and identity amongst letterpress printers in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Britain. It probes the sources of work-based identity and considers efforts to maintain, and even manipulate, a distinctive sense of trade belonging. The effect of work on other interrelated personal and social identities is also examined. In contrast to other histories of work, particularly class-based studies, all levels of the trade are scrutinized, from apprentices through journeymen to masters and proprietors. Differences in the experience of work between these varying members of the trade are analysed, together with their effect on working relationships. The first part of this thesis follows the hierarchy of the trade with chapters on apprentices, journeymen and masters. Apprentice printers endured increasingly exploitative conditions and came from more diverse social backgrounds than was commonly assumed. Journeymen took pride in the history of their trade, and had a strong tradition of fraternity, but their sense of identity was increasingly threatened by rising unemployment levels. Meanwhile, masters were less likely to have been brought up to the trade, and had few formal or informal trade associations. The second part of the thesis looks at how work-based identities intersected with familial, political, and socio-economic identities. Family relationships were crucial to the success of many printing businesses with intergenerational transfer being unusually prevalent compared with other trades. Political discussion played an important role in the formation of printers’ collective identity, particularly where campaigns for freedom of the press were concerned. Finally, social mobility became increasingly divergent among printers in the early industrial period. The changes highlighted in this thesis had a profound effect on working relationships. A new generation of master printers was distant from the physical process of work and at times dismissive of the culture and customs of the workplace. This led to tension and conflict with journeymen over issues such as apprentice numbers. But there were also many stabilizing influences, such as the strength of journeymen’s fraternity, or a shared belief in the history and social significance of the press. By uncovering these complexities, even within a single trade, this thesis argues that occupation is a poor basis on which to base socio-economic classifications. Furthermore, the specific characteristics of occupational communities were in themselves strong contributors to personal and social identity, influencing working relationships, as well as the way in which people interacted with wider society.

This thesis examines the impact of the technological change on the income inequality in the United States of America. This is done by integrating theoretical and analytical findings about the channels through which technological change affects income inequality.The research is based on century-long income inequality data sets. However, it prioritizes the study of the income inequality in the years between 1970s and 2010s, as this period marks the kick off of the IT technologies and the globalization in the USA. Furthermore it includes an analysis of the role of globalization on the income inequality in the USA. It also accounts for the rest of the inequality triggers that are resulting from the political and economic structure of the country. Lastly it gives a prediction about the future state of the U.S. labor market and wages given the impact of the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

This thesis examines the ministry of John Fletcher (1729-85), vicar of Madeley, Shropshire (vic. 1760-85) as a case study on the Church of England and Methodism in the eighteenth century. Studies of Fletcher have tended to focus either on his contribution to Methodist theology or on his designation as Wesley's successor as the leader of the Methodists. The parish of Madeley has been, for the most part, peripheral to Fletcher studies. The present thesis, however, has aimed to examine Fletcher in his parochial context; to study both what the parish tells us about Fletcher, but also what Fletcher tells us about the parish, and more specifically, about the church in the eighteenth century in a local context. The main argument of this thesis is that Fletcher's ministry at Madeley was representative of a variation of a pro-Anglican Methodism--localized, centred upon the parish church, and rooted in the Doctrines and Liturgy of the Church of England. Three recent publications have provided a triad for understanding Fletcher: (1) in his industrial context; (2) in his theological context; and (3), in his relationship with leaders in the Evangelical Revival. This thesis has sought to examine a fourth component: Fletcher's work as an ordained clergyman of the Church of England, that is, in his ecclesial and ministerial context. The main body of the thesis focuses on two primary aspects of Fletcher's parish ministry: his stated duties and his diligence in carrying out other responsibilities and meeting other needs which arose, including addressing the various tensions which developed during his incumbency. Fletcher's background and his call to parochial ministry as well as the religious history of Madeley are outlined first (Chapter 1). There are three chapters which examine his performance of stated duties: worship services and preaching (Chapter 2); pastoral care andeducation (Chapter 5); and confrontation of erroneous doctrine (Chapter 6). Fletcher's ministry also included a scheme of church extension, represented primarily by his development of religious societies on which other aspects of his parochial duty built (Chapter 3). His evangelicalism and commitment to his parish simultaneously raised tensions between Fletcher and his parishioners (provoked by his 'enthusiasm' or zeal), and between Fletcher and John Wesley, whose variations of Methodism had similar aims, but different models of practice. A chapter is devoted specifically to these issues (Chapter 4).Fletcher's chapel meetings formed an auxiliary arm of the church, operating as outposts throughout his parish. His parishioners considered his ministerial model a 'Methodist' one even though it was not technically part of Wesley's Connexion (other than the fact that his itinerants were guests in the parish). In all, it is the conclusion of this thesis that Fletcher's pastoral ministry represents some of the best work of Anglicanism in the eighteenth century, demonstrating that despite the manifest challenges of industrializing society, residual dissent, and competition from the church's rivals, the Establishment was not incapable of competing in the religious marketplace.

Industry 4.0 is a new generation of manufacturing based on robotics, automation and new trends in ICT. It was for the first time introduced at the Hannover Fair in 2011 and has been part of the European, German and Czech discourse since then. This Master thesis deals with the topic of Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic and assesses to what extent the concept is coming to the Czech Republic as a result of a top-down (EU) or horizontal (Germany) Europeanization. The thesis came to the conclusion that there are two perceptions of Industry 4.0. One is narrow and deals with the industrial policy and the other is broad and deals with society wide implications of the fourth industrial revolution. The debate about Industry 4.0 in the Czech Republic is mainly a result of a horizontal Europeanization based on bilateral agreements and close cooperation between Germany and the Czech Republic in the area of R&D, innovations and business. However, the top-down Europeanization cannot be neglected as the EU provides much broader context where Industry 4.0 is taking place. Moreover, Industry 4.0 gave a new impetus to the digital economy and society in the Czech Republic. It turned into agenda 4.0 and moved forward the debate about digital skills.

This dissertation is a phenomenological study on the origin of expressive arts as an innate human need rooted deeply in the psyche in order to grasp and relate to the human condition. Carl Gustav Jung said, “Life has no rules and that is its mystery.” Art compensates for the chaos that originates and often rules life. The history of art and its evolution in society was explored to paint a picture of the experiences that dominate and leave permanent etchings of the complexities, attachments, and traumas on the psyche. I explored the history of art and its ability to stimulate curiosities, discoveries, and learning. Additionally, I followed the birth of art education and its crossroads within the discovery of the unconscious mind and Jungian psychology. I followed the effects of the unconscious mind and psychology on art and art education, the ecological agents of the Industrial Revolution, the birth of the middle class, and the new accessibility of art. I also discussed the Industrial Revolution and its impact on pushing the artist to new interior boundaries of altered states and the birth of abstract art. Moreover, I looked at expressive art, painting, poetry, and sculpture as the foreground to discover the psychic energy and complexes that stimulate and inspire the artist. I presented eight artist interviews randomly chosen from different backgrounds, specialties, and age. The data analysis process allowed me to gain insights into the artists’ perceptions of how art has enriched the development of their psyches and their lives.

Eine Rebellion gegen das ‚machine age‘ – als solche verstand sich das Arts and Crafts Movement, das sich in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts in England herausbildete. Was können wir heute, in Zeiten der Klimakrise, Ressourcenknappheit und einem ökologisch sowie sozial nicht-nachhaltigen Wirtschaftssystem vom Arts and Crafts Movement lernen? In diesem Vortrag werden die Transformationserfahrungen der viktorianischen Reformer:innen unter dem Aspekt ihrer Zukunftsfähigkeit betrachtet und versucht, die Ansätze des Arts and Crafts Movement mit dem gegenwärtigen Diskurs um nachhaltiges Design in Beziehung zu setzen.

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Thesis (LLM. (Development and Management Law)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / We live in a Fourth Industrial Revolution(4IR) era where people exchange goods and services through the internet. Such transactions and communications are regulated by the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (ECTA) 25 of 2002. The ECTA however amongst others, excludes the execution of testamentary wills from its application thus leaving no room for electronic wills. The execution of a valid will in South Africa is governed by the Wills Act 7 of 1953. Against this background, the study investigates whether the presence of enhanced 4IR innovations and methods have the potential to render the Wills Act obsolete and how the exclusion in the ECTA will contribute towards the formation of legal gaps in the law of succession. In confronting these questions, the study seeks to create a synergy between the two abovementioned statutes. The formalities of a valid will are contained in section 2(1) of the Wills Act, it can be deduced from them that a will should be in writing and signed by the testator and two witnesses. Any will not complying with the formalities is dependent upon the discretion of the High Court for validity as per section 2(3) of the Wills Act. The cases of MacDonald v The Master 2002 5 SA 64 (N) and Van der Merwe v The Master 2010 6 SA 546 (SCA) have confronted issues that relate to wills executed in electronic formats. The study interrogates the meaning of ‘writing’ and ‘signature’ and their significance and probes whether they can be fulfilled using electronic means. A comparative approach is adopted to establish the status of electronic wills in the USA and UK. The USA has promulgated legislation to deal with electronic wills and the UK has initiated the process of adopting their own electronic wills legislation in response to the 4IR. With the lessons learned from these jurisdictions the study makes recommendations on how synergy can be created between the Wills Act and the ECTA.

[pt] A quarta revolução industrial já está bem próxima do seu ponto de inflexão. As novas tecnologias que, em breve, farão parte das nossas vidas irão impactar a forma como os indivíduos e sociedades se relacionam. A Governança da Saúde Global também precisará se adaptar para absorver essas inovações e o poder que elas terão sobre a agenda de saúde. Avaliar os possíveis impactos sobre os atuais desafios, aumenta a capacidade de se antecipar e incorporar as mudanças. Isso será fundamental para acelerar os processos de fortalecimento e convergência, necessários, em direção à Cobertura Universal da Saúde, até 2030. / [en] The fourth industrial revolution is already very close to its inflection point. The new technologies that will be soon part of our lives, will impact how individuals and societies relate. The Global Health Governance also need to adapt and absorb these innovations and the power it will have on health s agenda. Assess potential impacts on current challenges, increases the ability to anticipate and incorporate these changes. This will be valuable to accelerate processes of strengthening and convergence necessary towards Universal Health Coverage by 2030.

Thesis (M.Ed. (Curriculum Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study intended to investigate the effects of language transition and the educational conduit of language acquisition to learner performance in the academic space, especially in learning Natural sciences and technology. Moreover, refraining from the ideologies of globalization innovation and growth using English as a patriarchal language of choice for transformation. The study followed the qualitative approach with Interpretivism humanistic paradigmatic assessment of human behavior to achieve the aim. A purposive sampling strategy was used in selecting only schools in rural settings of Mankweng Circuit, where the ideologies of the fourth industrial revolution, are marginally advocated by cultural and curriculum perspective. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews and conducting field observation notes. The results analysed with thematic Tech`s coding method indicated the existence of language transition problems for both teachers and grade four learners from a practical perspective of classroom interaction. Also, learners were unable to receive instruction, for the subject natural sciences and technology solely in English. Therefore, teachers had to device new strategies to curb the problem. The presence of trans-languaging problems in Grade 4 supports the need to review the period and method in which these learners are expected to transit from mother tongue learning to learning solely in English. Moreover, there is a need to review the Natural Sciences and Technology Curriculum Assessment Policy Statement document. Furthermore, prescribed textbook need to be reviewed to ensure inclusivity, eliminating language barriers, because language, forms the core part of learning, communicating and generating new ideas for the fourth industrial revolution.