The Architecture, Engineering & Construction industry (AEC) is considered one of the largest sectors worldwide and complexed due to the complexity and uniqueness of construction projects. In contradiction to other industries, AEC illustrates high fragmentation, resistance to change, and significantly lower adoption rate of new technology solutions than other industries. The highly disruptive nature of the upcoming technological revolution of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) in the AEC sector and the need for effective implementation of technological innovations is reified in the concept of Construction 4.0. The technological wave that is expected to arise with the 4IR may subsequently entail both opportunities and threats in technological, organizational, individual, societal and sustainability perspectives. This thesis focuses on two major steps. The first step is the assessment of the AEC industry towards the successful implementation of 4IR in the industry. The second step is dedicated to a horizontal and vertical integration of Construction 4.0 contemplating the social perspective of technology. Qualitative research methods such as literature review and interviews using the PESTELE framework have been applied to gather data that will be analyzed with TOE and Social Construction of Technology Theory (SCOT). This study has realized the necessity to develop a comprehensive approach of the AEC industry based on the societal structure and identified the need for horizontal and vertical assessment of the involved social and professional groups. / Arkitektur, teknik, och byggindustrin (AEC) anses vara en av de största sektorerna världen över och komplexa på grund av byggprojektens komplexitet och unikhet. I motsats till andra industrier illustrerar AEC hög fragmentering, motståndskraft mot förändringar och betydligt lägre antagande av nya teknologilösningar än andra industrier. Den mycket störande karaktären hos den kommande tekniska revolutionen i den fjärde industriella revolutionen (4IR) i AEC sektorn och behovet av ett effektivt genomförande av tekniska innovationer förnyas i begreppet Construction 4.0. Den tekniska vågen som förväntas uppstå med 4IR kan därefter innebära både möjligheter och hot i tekniska, organisatoriska, individuella, samhälleliga och hållbarhetsperspektiv. Denna avhandling fokuserar på två huvudsteg. Det första steget är bedömningen av AEC-industrin mot ett framgångsrikt genomförande av 4IR i branschen. Det andra steget är tillägnad en horisontell och vertikal integration av Construction 4.0 som överväger teknikens sociala perspektiv. Kvalitativa forskningsmetoder som litteraturgranskning och intervjuer med PESTELE ramverket har tillämpats för att samla in data som kommer att analyseras med TOE och Social Construction of Technology Theory (SCOT). Denna studie har insett behovet av att utveckla ett omfattande tillvägagångssätt för AEC-industrin baserat på samhällsstrukturen och identifierat behovet av horisontell och vertikal bedömning av de involverade sociala och yrkesgrupperna.

The South African concept of freedom of testation is one of the most absolute concepts of freedom of testation in westernised legal systems. It is suggested that the South African concept of freedom of testation is a memento of capitalist patriarchy. As the South African legal system practices a nearly absolute concept of freedom of testation, capitalist patriarchy has maintained masculine control of property in South Africa and perpetuated the systems of male dominance prevalent in South Africa. Freedom of testation allows for wealth to pass from one male to another. It also allows entrenched gender roles to continue by excluding women from inheriting. Thus the South African law of testate succession and its central concept of freedom of testation allows for discrimination on the ground of gender. / Jurisprudence / LL.M

Change within organizations is something that happens every day. Lately, more and more continuous digital changes are occurring that all need good management. If an organization implement too many digital changes without the right management during the implementation and following the implementation, it may cause more problems than what is gained. The question is, do you manage a digital change as you manage an “ordinary” change? To find out how managers are leading digital change, a study of how one of the current digital changes, the digital workplace, has been completed to see how the implementation was/is managed and how the completed change is continuously managed. The findings show that some steps in the change process differ from earlier studies and needs to be considered, mostly policies of how digital work should be implemented and completed. And the overall wellness of the workforce is the most important factor of the continuous management. This study will add to the wide area of management, mostly to the digital management and especially to them, yet not studied, the area of the digital workplace. It will serve as an addition, focused on the digital workplace, to great and accepted management studies such as the 8-step model of leading change. The study will also give some valuable tips for the continuous management of a digital workplace.

Este trabalho visou analisar as transformações relativas ao setor de bem-estar social dos Estados nacionais, responsável pelos direitos sociais e econômicos, inseridos na Era da Informação. Para tanto, fez-se um apanhado histórico das razões político-filosóficas que deram causa à construção do Estado Social, desde seus primórdios até sua consolidação como fundamento da cidadania inerente à um Estado Democrático de Direito, momento em que se analisou o conteúdo desse modelo estatal para a formulação de um conceito que propiciasse melhor entendimento do objeto. Posteriormente, tendo Manuel Castells por marco teórico, os esforços se focaram em uma análise ampla das transformações política, econômica e culturais ocorridas a partir da Terceira Revolução Industrial com o advento das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação, e que criaram a sociedade em rede. Nesse contexto, verificou-se que os Estados-Nação contemporâneos passam por uma crise, em que parte de sua soberania é abalada (sobretudo sua autonomia econômica) pelo poder dos fluxos das redes - é o processo de disfonia estatal - levando-os à condição de Estado Virtual, um estágio em que o Estado deverá optar por um caminho a ser seguido (atualização), o que implicará em grandes modificações para seu setor de bem-estar. Ao final, fez-se uma análise das consequências de uma atualização voltada para a desconstrução do Estado do Bem-Estar Social, a partir dos estudos de Loïc Wacquant sobre os Estados Unidos da América, local considerado, ao mesmo tempo, berço da revolução informacional e das políticas de retração do Estado Social, cujos deslindes terminaram na construção de um outro paradigma: o Estado Penal, caracterizado pela punição dos pobres, abandonados pelo recuo do Estado Social e abraçados pela malha punitiva, em que as novas tecnologias típicas da Era da Informação assumem um novo propósito - as funções de vigiar e punir. / This work aimed to analyze the transformations related to the welfare sector of national states, responsible for social and economic rights, inserted in the Information Age. In order to do so, it was made a historical survey of the political-philosophical reasons that gave rise to the construction of the Social State, from its beginnings until its consolidation as a foundation of citizenship inherent to the Democratic Rule of Law, at which point the content of this state model was analyzed for the formulation of a concept that provided a better understanding of the object. Later, with Manuel Castells as a theoretical framework, the efforts focused on a broad analysis of the political, economic and cultural transformations that occurred since the Third Industrial Revolution started with the advent of new information and communication technologies, and which created the networked society. In this context, it was found that the contemporary nation-states go through a crisis, in which part of their sovereignty is shaken (mainly their economic autonomy) by the power of the networks flows - it\'s the state dysphonia process - leading them to the condition of a Virtual State, a stage in which the State must choose a path to be followed (update), which will result in major changes to its welfare sector. At the end, it was analyzed the consequences of an update turned to the dismantlement of the welfare state, up from the studies from Loïc Wacquant about the United States of America, a place considered at the same time as the cradle of the informational revolution and of the retraction policies of the Welfare State, whose delineations ended in the construction of another paradigm: the Penal State, characterized by the punishment of the poor, abandoned by the retreat of the Welfare State and embraced by the punitive network, in which the typical technologies of the information age take on a new purpose - the functions of discipline and punish.

The ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution fundamentally changes the world of work. Recent technological innovations have a significant impact on global economy, all areas of the national economy and on our everyday life. This diploma thesis deals with these impacts on the labour market in connection with the advancing trend of automation and digitization of work. Discussion on the future development of the revolution is in the sphere of expertise highly polarized. Versions that represent a negative view of the issue include image of massive job replacement, lack of talent and the rise of socio-economic and other inequalities. On the other hand, there are concepts that emphasize the positive impact on the labour market. The aim of this diploma thesis is to classify the trends in the working relations through the comparison of these two opinion streams and the systematic arrangement of the arguments presented by them. The final part addresses the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Czech Republic. KEY WORDS the Fourth Industrial Revolution, automation, digitization, future of work, labour market, flexibility at work, new trends in employment

The Enlightenment did not end with the French Revolution but extended into the nineteenth century, effecting a transformation to modernity. By 1850, science became increasingly institutionalized and technology hastened transmission of cultural exchange. Restricting Enlightenment to solitary movements, philosophic text, or national contexts ultimately creates insular interpretations. The Enlightenment was instead a transnational phenomenon, of interconnected communities, from diverse geographical and cultural spaces. A revealing example is the Delessert family. Their British-Franco-Swiss network demonstrates the uniqueness, extent, and duration of the Enlightenment. This network’s origins lie in the 1680s. French and British desires for stability resulted in contrasting policies. Toleration, through partial rights, let British Dissenters become leading educators, manufacturers, and natural philosophers by 1760. Conversely, Huguenots were stripped of rights. Thousands fled persecution, and France’s rivals profited by welcoming waves of industrious Huguenots. French refugee communities became vital printing centres, specializing in Enlightenment attacks on the Ancien régime, and facilitated the expansion of the Delessert network. The Delessert banking family made a generational progression from Geneva to Lyon to Paris, linking them to Jean-Jacques Rousseau. His friendship fostered passions for botany and education. The Delesserts parlayed this into participation in Enlightenment science and industry, connecting them to the Lunar Society, Genevan radicals, and British reformers. By 1780, a transition toward modernity began. Grand Tours shifted from places of erudition to practical sites of production. Lunar men sent sons to the Continent for practical education, as Franco-Swiss visited English manufactories and Scottish universities to expand knowledge. Moderates greeted the French Revolution with enthusiasm. In the early 1790s this changed significantly. Royalist mobs threatened Lunar men, destroying property, in Birmingham. In France, moderates tried to defend the monarchy from republican mobs. Even so, the network, fragmented both by revolution and war, continued espousing reform and assisting members who were jailed, endangered, or escaping to America. The Delessert network reconnected in 1801. Franco-Swiss toured Britain as Britons visited Paris, gathering at the hôtel Delessert, a crossroads of the Enlightenment. New societies encouraged science, industry, and philanthropy. Enlightenment exchange continued, despite warfare, into the nineteenth century. Industrial partnerships and scientific collaborations, formed during the peace, circumvented trade barriers. Over three generations (1760-1850) cosmopolitanism helped usher in a transition to modernity. Ultimately, the Delessert network’s endurance challenges traditional interpretations of the Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution.

This thesis explores how a typical area of rural Wales participated in and was shaped by social and economic change during the period of the Industrial Revolution. It investigates how increasing numbers of people made a livelihood in the Caernarvonshire hundred of Nantconwy over the period 1750-1860, including the role of women in the local economy. A wide range of record types are used to explore inter-relationships between population growth, agriculture, proto-industry, the organisation of farming households, and the livelihoods of the poor. The thesis covers a key gap in the historical literature, as most studies of agrarian change at this period concentrate on England, and there has been little investigation of the experience in rural Wales. Unlike many parts of England where economic modernization was accompanied by growing inequality involving a transition from a household economy to a capitalist tripartite society of landowners, tenant farmers and landless wage labourers, Nantconwy experienced a growth of subsistence smallholding, as more people faced with a shortage of waged employment sought to make a livelihood from the land. Family by-employment and proto-industry also played a crucial role in the local economy. Bringing the commons and wastes into private ownership had relatively little impact on the poor, but smallholders' livelihoods were adversely affected after 1815 by the mechanization of spinning and declining earnings from stocking knitting. Living standards began to improve after 1830 with the expansion of male employment in slate quarrying, while the role of women on family farms was enhanced. Parishes evolved a low-cost system of poor relief which supported mainly older residents who were no longer able to quite make ends meet from the traditional cottager economy, while encouraging the young to leave the land or migrate to local towns or quarrying areas with better employment prospects.

The ongoing Fourth Industrial Revolution fundamentally changes the world of work. Recent technological innovations have a significant impact on all areas of the national economy and on our everyday life. This diploma thesis deals with these impacts on the labour market in connection with the advancing trend of automation and digitization of work. Discussion on the future development of the revolution is in the sphere of expertise highly polarized. Versions that represent a negative view of the issue include image of massive job replacement, lack of talent and the rise of social inequality. On the other hand, there are concepts that emphasize the positive impact on the labour market. The aim of this diploma thesis is to classify the trends in the working relations through the comparison of these two opinion streams and the systematic arrangement of the arguments presented by them. The final part addresses the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Czech Republic. KEY WORDS the Fourth Industrial Revolution, automation, digitization, future of work, labour market, flexibility at work, new trends in employment

The South African concept of freedom of testation is one of the most absolute concepts of freedom of testation in westernised legal systems. It is suggested that the South African concept of freedom of testation is a memento of capitalist patriarchy. As the South African legal system practices a nearly absolute concept of freedom of testation, capitalist patriarchy has maintained masculine control of property in South Africa and perpetuated the systems of male dominance prevalent in South Africa. Freedom of testation allows for wealth to pass from one male to another. It also allows entrenched gender roles to continue by excluding women from inheriting. Thus the South African law of testate succession and its central concept of freedom of testation allows for discrimination on the ground of gender. / Jurisprudence / LL.M

À Montréal, subventions et investissements privés à la clé, l’Intelligence artificielle est sur toutes les lèvres. Un écosystème propice au développement des technologies intelligentes dans la métropole québécoise émerge, faisant naître de nouveaux types d’entreprises. Ce mémoire a pour objectif de retracer le rapport spécifique au travail que développent les jeunes travailleurs choisissant d’œuvrer dans ce secteur prometteur, après avoir illustré qui ils sont d’un point de vue sociodémographique. Par l’entremise d’une étude qualitative, l’auteur s’interroge sur les conditions d’emploi en vigueur dans ces nouvelles entreprises technologiques et les couleurs données au travail en leur sein. L’enquête expose ainsi les plus récentes mutations relatives au travail et à l’emploi qui font en sorte que plus que jamais, le travail est une façon de s’exprimer en tant qu’individu. Elle saisit en acte la construction du sens que ces jeunes travailleurs hautement qualifiés attribuent à leur sphère professionnelle afin de pouvoir se soustraire de la flexibilité et de la précarité responsables de l’effritement de la société dite salariale. / In Montreal, with an abundance of public subsidies and private investment, Artificial intelligence is on everyone's lips. Emerging in Quebec's metropolis is an ecosystem conducive to the development of smart technologies, giving birth to new types of businesses. After illustrating the socio-demographic qualities of the professionals drawn towards this field, this dissertation aims to trace the work-specific relationship developed by young workers who choose to work in this promising sector. Through a qualitative study, the author examines what employment conditions look like in this emerging sector of the tech industry. The findings in this paper highlight the changing culture of work and how it has increasingly become a way of expressing oneself as an individual. It captures in action the construction of meaning that these young and highly qualified workers attribute to their professional sphere in order to escape the flexibility and precariousness responsible for the erosion of the so-called wage society.