The principle of modern production is to combine modern production techniques, new knowledge, combined with increasingly sophisticated computerized development processes to increase production and processing continuous model itself. The Third Industrial Revolution, characterized by extreme specialization of intellectual labor and tendency to erase the borders between manual and rights, must be analyzed from the perspective of automation based microelectronics, its historical implications and consequences over production process. This paper aims to contribute to this discussion studying the codification of intellectual work from the creation of computing artifacts, or more specifically, the establishment of languages and computational methods that allow the broad process codification of knowledge, fruit of development and production of software for this purpose. The text makes the analysis of two separated types of intellectual work s subsumption. The first type, connected the emergence of the programming language, is characterized by the programmer framework to software tools aimed at the programming process. This activity is strongly linked to language programming methodologies and software development, is required to design the computer program in a process of creating software by software. In this type of production, the software assumes the role of design tool and develops a product that is also a software. In other words, the CAD / CAM systems are built from software tools within a development process marked by similar stages as the automated industrial production: design and implementation. The second type of subsumption is due to the product originated from the first type. Software developed for industry, such as CAD / CAM, allow both the planned design of industrial products and the objectified execution operated by automated machines controlled by software. The industrial software designed to run on machines automated are capable of reprogramming on factory floor through simplified interface in Computer Numerical Control - CNC, thereby expanding the activities of machine s operators and thus extending the boundaries of work in subsumption capital. / O princípio da produção moderna é combinar novas técnicas de conhecimento, aliadas a processos de desenvolvimento computadorizados cada vez mais sofisticados para aumento da produção e aperfeiçoamento contínuo do próprio modelo. A Terceira Revolução Industrial, caracterizada pela extrema especialização do trabalho intelectual e a tendência de apagamento das fronteiras entre trabalho manual e intelectual, deve ser analisada sob o prisma da automação com base microeletrônica, suas implicações históricas e conseqüências ao longo do processo produtivo. O objetivo deste texto é contribuir para essa discussão ao estudar a codificação do trabalho intelectual a partir da criação de artefatos computacionais, ou mais especificamente, do estabelecimento das linguagens e métodos computacionais que permitem o amplo processo de codificação do conhecimento, fruto do desenvolvimento e produção de software com esta finalidade. O texto efetua a análise de dois tipos distintos de subsunção do trabalho intelectual. O primeiro tipo, ligado ao surgimento da linguagem de programação, é caracterizado pelo enquadramento do programador às ferramentas de software voltadas à programação. Essa atividade, fortemente atrelada às linguagens de programação e metodologias de desenvolvimento de software, é requerida para a concepção do programa de computador em um processo de criação de softwares por meio de softwares. Nesse tipo de produção, um software assume o papel de ferramenta de concepção e desenvolvimento de um produto que é também um software. Em outros termos, os sistemas CAD/CAM são construídos a partir de ferramentas de software cujo processo de desenvolvimento é marcado por fases similares às da produção industrial automatizada: concepção e execução. O segundo tipo de subsunção é decorrente do produto originado do primeiro tipo. Os softwares desenvolvidos para a indústria, tal como o CAD/CAM, permitem tanto a concepção planejada dos produtos industriais quanto a execução objetivada operada pelas máquinas automatizadas controladas por softwares. Os softwares industriais desenvolvidos para serem executados nas máquinas automatizadas são passíveis de reprogramação no chão de fábrica através de interfaces simplificadas nos Controles Numéricos Computadorizados CNC, expandindo dessa forma as atividades dos operadores das máquinas e consequentemente ampliando os limites de subsunção de trabalho no capital.

Le présent travail a pour but d’étudier le village ouvrier textile de New Lanark (Écosse), fondé en 1785, aujourd’hui classé au patrimoine mondial de l’humanité et célèbre pour sa réputation d’usine « modèle » en vertu de son association avec Robert Owen (1771- 1858), lui-même considéré comme le « père du socialisme britannique ». Il soulève l’hypothèse que cette mythification doit être réhistoricisée afin d’en éclairer le sens et la portée, tant pour être déconstruite que reconstruite. Tout d’abord, l’histoire du village ouvrier doit être replacée dans celle de la Révolution industrielle, afin d’éclairer les spécificités de cette forme de peuplement, dont l’identification à des modes de gestion dits « paternalistes » n’est pas des moindres. L’examen de ce creuset paternaliste éclaire également les fondements et la formation de la pensée d’Owen, qui prend appui sur le terrain de New Lanark afin de se livrer à une expérience en matière de réforme sociale. Deuxièmement, le village ouvrier doit être étudié en lui-même, afin de confronter ses dynamiques internes à la mise en pratique des politiques patronales. Troisièmement, nous envisagerons New Lanark à l’aune des réceptions dont il a fait l’objet, alors qu’Owen lance une campagne de promotion de sa doctrine aboutissant à la fin des années 1820 à la formation du premier socialisme britannique. Le statut de précurseur conféré à New Lanark et à son dirigeant sera également analysé au regard de l’affiliation de ce dernier au champ du « socialisme utopique ». Il est dès lors possible d’envisager une mise en tradition faite de processus stratégiques où, en dépit de ses excentricités supposées, et en vertu de sa politique patronale éclairée à New Lanark, Owen a été intégré au canon socialiste comme fondateur d’un courant national distinct du marxisme. / This thesis examines the textile industrial village of New Lanark (Scotland). Founded in 1785 and now a World Heritage site, it is mostly renowned for its reputation as a « model » factory, thanks to its association with Robert Owen (1771-1858), himself considered the « Father of British socialism ». It argues that such myth-making must be studied in context in order to grasp both its scope and significance, submitting it to a deconstruction and reconstruction process. Firstly, the history of the industrial village will be studied in the context of the Industrial Revolution in order to understand the specificities of this type of settlement, namely its close links with so-called « paternalistic » management methods. Examining paternalist discourses also sheds light on the foundations and formation of Owen’s thought, as he used New Lanark as a testbed for an experiment in social reform. Secondly, the industrial village will be studied per se in order to confront its internal dynamics with the application of Owen’s policies. Thirdly, we will analyse how New Lanark was received in its day, as Owen launched a campaign for the promotion of his doctrine, which amounted to the birth of the first British socialist movement in the late 1820s. The pioneering status which both New Lanark and Owen have been awarded also need to be analysed in relation to the latter’s labelling as a « utopian socialist ». The making of this tradition can therefore be understood as a series of strategic processes whereby Owen has been integrated into the socialist canon despite his supposed eccentricities and thanks primarily to his enlightened management policies at New Lanark, thus establishing him as the founder of a distinctively British socialism owing nothing to Marxism.

Digitalization is taking place at a high rate and is being implemented to a large extent in society, however, the construction industry is showing a digital degree of development that cannot be compared with other technically dependent industries. The construction industry generates large amounts of money and produces a long construction process that also produces high costs and has an impact on the environment. Therefore, there is a need to analyze and investigate how the digital aids that come with an increased degree of digitalization can make the construction industry more efficient. The efficiency improvements are specified in, among other things, the advent of AI and its potential in the construction industry, as well as the opportunities and challenges that the construction industry faces when implementing a digital development. The study is based on a comparison between a literature study and an interview study that covers issues that deal with the digital implementation carried out by the various organizations and companies as well as the future potential that comes with their initiatives. It has emerged that there is a general benefit in conducting digitalization at an organizational level. Whether the newly developed digital funds can be implemented is questioned, considering that there is a complex relationship between the subcontractors and the clients. The services and the way of execution offered by the subcontractors require investments to implement digital means and thus increase the degree of digitalization. The larger parties have the power and economic potential to increase the degree of digitization within the organization or company where the smaller parties must relate to this development. The uneven digitalization degree is made visible today as the power for pricing the procurement lies with the subcontractors in the regionally priced services that have not undergone further digital development. To turn more money into the construction industry, the industry needs to achieve a global competitive procurement as well as the manufacturing industry. For the smaller parties to be able to distinguish their way of working, a unique implementation of digital means is needed and thus be able to relate to the larger parties. What is needed to be able to offer digital services that will be desired in the future. / Digitaliseringen pågår i hög takt och implementeras i samhället i stor grad, dock påvisar byggbranschen en digital utvecklingsgrad som inte kan jämställas med andra tekniskt beroende branscher. Byggbranschen omsätter stora mängder pengar och producerar en lång byggprocess som likaså producerar stora kostnader och har en inverkan på miljön. Det finns därför ett behov av att analysera och utreda hur de digitala hjälpmedlen som tillkommer vid en ökad digitaliseringsgrad kan effektivisera byggbranschen. Effektiviseringen preciseras i bland annat AI:s tillkomst och dess potential inom byggbranschen samt vilka möjligheter och utmaningar som byggbranschen ställs inför vid utförandet av en digital utveckling. Studien grundas i en jämförelse mellan en litteraturstudie och en intervjustudie som omfattar frågor som behandlar den digitala implementering som de olika organisationerna och företagen har bedrivit samt den framtida potential som tillkommer med deras initiativ. Det har framkommit att det finns en allmän nytta i att bedriva en digitalisering på en organisationsnivå. Huruvida de nyligen framtagna digitala medlen kan implementeras ifrågasätts, menat att det finns en komplex relation mellan de upphandlande underentreprenörerna och beställarna. De erbjudna tjänsterna och utförandesättet som underentreprenörerna erbjuder kräver investeringar för att implementera digitala medel och därmed öka digitaliseringsgraden. De större aktörerna har makten och den ekonomiska potentialen för att öka digitaliseringsgraden inom organisationen eller företaget där de mindre aktörerna måste förhålla sig till denna utveckling. Den ojämna digitaliseringsgraden synliggörs idag då makten för prissättningen av upphandlingen ligger hos underentreprenörerna i de regionalt prissatta tjänsterna som inte undergått en vidare digital utveckling. För att omsätta mer pengar i byggbranschen behöver branschen uppnå en globalt konkurrensmässig upphandling liksom tillverkningsindustrin, vilket anses tillkomma med en mer produktbaserad upphandling. För att de mindre aktörerna ska kunna särskilja sitt arbetssätt krävs en unik implementering av digitala medel och på sätt kunna förhålla sig till de större aktörerna, vilket behövs för att kunna erbjuda digitala tjänster som kommer vara eftertraktade i framtiden.

'The Industrial Revolution' is simultaneously one of the most under-examined and overly-simplified concepts in all of social science. One of the ways it is highly under-examined is in the arena of the ecological, particularly through the lens of critical world-history. This paper attempts to analyze the phenomenon through the lens of the world-ecology synthesis, in three distinct phases: First, the history of the conceptualization of the Industrial Revolution is examined at length, paying special attention to the knowledge foundations that determine these conceptualizations. Secondly, I sift out what I believe is the dominant model throughout most of modern and now postmodern history, which I identify as the techno-economic narrative. I then present the main critical world-historical challenge to that argument (that the Industrial Revolution was a unified, linear, two-century phenomenon) by outlining the critical interpretations of Fernand Braudel, Immanuel Wallerstein, Giovanni Arrighi, among others, leading a view of industrialization that is over the very long term, or what Braudel referred to as the longue durée. This long-view form of critical historical analysis is unabashedly Marxist, so there is some foray into various pieces of the Marxian canon, pieces that are often left untouched or at the least under-utilized in many politico-economic analyses of environmental history and politico-ecological narratives as well. Thirdly, I attempt to bring this new long-form view of industrialization more firmly into the ecological, but filtering the basic presuppositions of the 'techno-economic' narratives and the Marxist 'critical world-historical' narratives through the presuppositions of Jason W. Moore's world-ecology synthesis. What we arrive at through this filtering process is a very different view of the Industrial Revolution than we are used to hearing about. This is Part I of a much larger research process, one that I intend to bring into the present and future by looking at the development process of the BRICS as the next extension of the Industrial Revolution. What this paper is most concerned with is re-igniting what I think is a valuable debate among theorists, economic historians, and Marxist ecological thinkers, the debate about what exactly this phenomenon was, is, and will be. My small contribution is to re-define it in relationship to its really-existing history, including its antecedents and possible future expansions.

Thesis (M.A. (Information Studies)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / The digitalisation of library services is concerned with ensuring that almost all systems used to render services are ICT incorporated. This is of utmost importance since we are moving towards the 4th industrial revolution. Public libraries need to upgrade their systems to ensure that the service rendered is digitalised. Failure to digitalise libraries may lead to public libraries being obsolete and library staff may lose their users. The purpose of this study is to examine the digitalisation of library services as a magnifying factor towards improving public library services in Limpopo public libraries. The quantitative research approach was used to conduct this study. The questionnaire was used to collect data from Limpopo public library staff population. Convenience sampling techniques were used to select libraries in all five districts in Limpopo Province, which are Capricorn, Mopani, Vhembe, Waterberg and Sekhukhune. The instrument used to collect data from all library staff was a self-administered questionnaire. Eighty-seven questionnaires were distributed, filled, interpreted and analysed. Findings revealed that the library staff have a positive attitude towards digitalisation. The study also found that library staff do have the necessary Information and Communication Technology skills. Most libraries lack ICT systems and operate under financial constraints. The study recommends that training should be implemented more than once a year in public libraries and that it should be relevant towards the library staff needs. The government should also finance libraries for promotional and maintenance of ICT systems to ensure that a positive attitude is held up high by the library staff.

Textile manufacture in England had always employed a high proportion of women and this continued to be the case during the period 1760-1850. However, these industries underwent dramatic changes in both the nature and location of production, and women’s employment opportunities altered. Whilst in some cases technological advances reduced the strength required to perform a given process, making women more attractive to employers, this was not always the case. Urbanisation and factory production increased trade union influence, which often acted to the detriment of women’s access to well-paid occupations. The long standardised hours worked away from the home typically required of factory workers made it harder for women to combine textile work with the mothering and domestic responsibilities expected of them. As well as making it harder for women to work throughout their life, this discouraged investment in human capital of females by both themselves and their parents. Ideological resistance to women’s work outside of the home increased as the Industrial Revolution progressed. The more formalised work hierarchy created by factory production meant that resistance to female authority became increasingly important for denying women access to the best paid occupations. Ideology was not merely a response to material factors, but helped determine decisions made by economic actors. This thesis draws on a number of parliamentary reports over the period 1802-67. Not only do these reports provide a wealth of qualitative information, they also contain quantitative information which enables me to track male and female factory earnings over the life-cycle, by region and industry. The information in the parliamentary reports is used in conjunction with business records of various firms, covering both domestic and factory workers, as well as the writings of numerous contemporary observers.

Em meados do século XIX, o Império do Brasil buscou acompanhar avanços tecnológicos na construção e operação de navios de guerra, trazidos pela propulsão a vapor e pelos avanços na artilharia, que em breve culminaram no desenvolvimento do encouraçado na Europa e de seu primeiro emprego operacional, na Guerra Civil dos Estados Unidos (1861-1865). Combinadas essas necessidades militares e tecnológicas com uma política mais ativa do Império nas questões dos estados platinos, ao início da Guerra da Tríplice Aliança (1864-1870) deu-se um primeiro surto de construção naval militar, para atender às demandas de guerra, que incluíam a construção de encouraçados para operações fluviais, empregando os meios tecnológicos e conhecimentos acumulados desde as iniciativas da década anterior. Cerca de dez anos após o final da guerra, iniciou-se outro surto de construção naval militar, embora sem uma urgência bélica estabelecida, e sim uma perceptível defasagem tecnológica em relação aos navios que se construíam em países de industrialização avançada. Os últimos navios construídos desse segundo surto foram incorporados após a Proclamação da República (1889). O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as razões que desencadearam esses dois surtos de construção naval militar e que os levaram ao fim, analisando a questão sob o ponto de vista de três fatores interligados: as relações internacionais, as necessidades militares e as necessidades de absorver tecnologia / In the mid-nineteenth century, the Empire of Brazil sought to follow technological advancements in the construction and operation of warships, brought about by steam propulsion and advances in artillery, which soon culminated in the development of the ironclads in Europe and its first operational deployment in the U.S. Civil War (1861-1865). These military and technological needs were combined with a more active policy of the Empire in affairs with the states of the River Plate Basin, and, with the beginning of the War of the Triple Alliance (1864-1870), began a first outbreak of military shipbuilding to meet the war demands, which included the construction of ironclads for riverine operations, employing the technology and knowledge accumulated since the initiatives of the previous decade. About ten years after the end of the war, another outbreak of military shipbuilding began, though without a war urgency established, but a noticeable technological gap in relation to warships built in advanced industrialized countries. The last ships built in this second outbreak wee commissioned after the Proclamation of the Republic (1889). The objective of this work is to understand the reasons that led these two outbreaks of military shipbuilding and finished both, analyzing this problem from the point of view of three interrelated factors: international relations, military needs and the needs of absorbing technology

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-06-15T12:33:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Augusto Vieira Graglia.pdf: 15497008 bytes, checksum: f1fda85b7db5f6d79503250da9c5f3b3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T12:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Augusto Vieira Graglia.pdf: 15497008 bytes, checksum: f1fda85b7db5f6d79503250da9c5f3b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / This study analyzes the relationships between new technologies and disruptive innovations that stimulate the new wave of economic transformation and affect society as a whole. The goal is to investigate the mechanisms by which the jobs can be destroyed and understand the potential impacts on work, employment, and people / Este estudo analisa as relações entre novas tecnologias e inovações disruptivas que estimulam a nova onda de transformação econômica e afetam a sociedade como um todo. O objetivo é investigar os mecanismos pelos quais os empregos podem ser destruídos e compreender os impactos potenciais no trabalho, no emprego e nas pessoas

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-16T12:14:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Célio Pereira Oliveira Neto.pdf: 1972237 bytes, checksum: 6b1b44dbd5812a6b4a068c6627f3426a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-16T12:14:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Célio Pereira Oliveira Neto.pdf: 1972237 bytes, checksum: 6b1b44dbd5812a6b4a068c6627f3426a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-26 / The first industrial revolutions shifted the pace of life. Men were taken out of their homes and brought inside factory. Likewise, society revolved around opening hours, as everything was schedule by it. From class hours in working schools to the exact duration of every repetitive task, just as the Fordist model dictates. However, the third industrial revolution introduced technology, automation and robotics, giving rise to the information society. This new configuration requires a different industrial model – the Toyota production system, which is founded on a more collaborative labor structure. In addition to communication technology and informatics, workers are now allowed to a decentralized less hierarchical model. Consequently, whilst traditional contractual molds required the physical presence of workers inside the factory, it is now possible to admit remote working. The incipient fourth industrial revolution combines digital, physical and biological technology, increasing the stride of our livelihood. As a result, our society has become a full time connected network, from which is difficult to unplug. As well, the exposition on social network and other forms of virtual communication has generated conflicts on work relations, mostly when there is abuse of rights of one the parts. It is right that should serve humankind. Observing this premise, this work has scope to take advantage of the best of innovations for the benefit of man, aiming the setting of fundamental rights and extension of very personal rights, as the approach with the family nucleus, conforming rights when these are in collision / As primeiras revoluções industriais tiraram o homem de suas casas, e o levaram para dentro da fábrica, que passou a ditar o ritmo de vida. A sociedade girava em conformidade com o relógio da fábrica, e tudo funcionava de forma demarcada, desde os horários da escola que preparava mão de obra para a fábrica, até o tempo certo para realização de cada enfadonho e repetitivo movimento na produção sob a ótica Fordista. Ocorre que a Terceira Revolução Industrial introduziu a informática, a automação e a robótica dando origem à construção da sociedade da informação. Junto com ela, o fordismo perde espaço para o Toyotismo, tornando o trabalhador mais participativo. Ao final da Terceira Revolução Industrial, com as novas tecnologias, aperfeiçoa-se um novo modelo de trabalhador onde a hierarquia é mitigada, gerando maior autonomia na execução da atividade. Tal fato combinado com as tecnologias da comunicação e informática permitem a realização do trabalho descentralizado. Com efeito, enquanto os moldes contratuais tradicionais exigiam a presença física do empregado à sede da empresa, a tecnologia permite que o trabalho seja realizado à distância, trazendo benefícios aos empregados, empregadores e à sociedade. A incipente Quarta Revolução Industrial combina tecnologias digital, física e biológica, acelerando ainda mais a sociedade da informação, mudando o modo de viver, trabalhar e se relacionar. A sociedade funciona em rede, conectada full time, o que já impede o pleno desligamento do trabalho, prejudicando o direito ao lazer e descanso. Também as exposições nas redes sociais e outras formas de comunicação virtual têm gerado conflitos nas relações de trabalho, mormente quando há abuso de direito de uma das partes. É certo que a tecnologia deve servir ao homem. Observada tal premissa, este trabalho tem por escopo aproveitar o melhor das inovações em prol do homem, visando a concretização de direitos fundamentais e ampliação de direitos personalíssimos, como a aproximação com o núcleo familiar, conformando direitos quando em colisão

O Ensino de Física em um mundo democrático requer mais práticas curriculares que abordem as implicações sociais da Ciência e da Tecnologia (C&T). Buscando articular uma visão marxista com pressupostos do movimento CTS, o presente trabalho de conclusão reporta uma experiência de ensino de máquinas térmicas que apresenta dois diferenciais: (1) situa a máquina térmica no contexto histórico da revolução industrial inglesa; (2) promove um jogo de interpretação de papéis (Roleplaying Game – RPG). A fundamentação teórica está baseada em três fontes principais: o referencial curricular CTS, a teoria do desenvolvimento de Lev Vygotsky1 e a reconstrução histórica de Eric Hobsbawm para a Revolução Industrial. O trabalho foi aplicado em duas turmas da 2ª série do Ensino Médio. Foi elaborado um produto educacional em hipermídia, voltado para professores. Nossos resultados sugerem que a proposta favoreceu que os alunos: (1) percebessem que a máquina térmica, situada em um palco de conflitos sociais, não pode ser compreendida somente como um aparato tecnológico; (2) vivenciassem os conflitos de uma posição social diferente da sua própria (a posição do operário de uma fábrica, por exemplo). / Physics teaching in a democratic world requires more curricular practices addressing social implications of Science and Technology (S&T). Intending to interweave a Marxian stance along with STS ideas, this text reports an experience of teaching thermal machines with two main distinctions: (1) it situates thermal machines in the context of British industrial revolution; (2) it involves a Roleplaying Game (RPG). The theoretical framework is based on three sources: STS curriculum design, Lev Vygotsky’s developmental psychology and Eric Hobsbawm’s account for Industrial Revolution. This experience was enacted twice with high school students. The emerging educational product (directed to other science teachers) was elaborated on hypermedia. The results suggest that this experience favored students’: (1) acknowledging that thermal machine, located in a stage of social conflicts, is not only a technological apparatus; (2) lived the conflicts of a different social position (eg., the role of an industry employee).