INTRODUÇÃO: Baixos níveis séricos de fator de crescimento insulin-like I (IGF- 1) ao nascimento têm sido considerados um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento da retinopatia da prematuridade em recém-nascidos prematuros de extremo baixo peso. Isto se deve ao seu papel como fator permissivo para o fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) exercer sua função no desenvolvimento normal e patológico dos vasos da retina. OBJETIVO: Testar a hipótese de que a administração do JB-1 (um análogo do IGF-1 que inibe de forma potente a auto-fosforilação do receptor do IGF-1 pelo IGF-1) durante a hiperóxia previne a retinopatia induzida por oxigênio em nosso modelo experimental em ratos. MATERIAL E METODOS: Ratos recém-nascidos foram expostos a 50% de oxigênio com três episódios consecutivos de hipóxia (12% de oxigênio) do nascimento ao 14º dia de vida. Os ratos foram tratados com injeções subcutâneas de 1) JB-1 (1g/d) nos três primeiros dias de vida (JB-1 x3); 2) JB- 1(1g/d) por dias alternados do 1º ao 13º dias de vida (JB-1x7) 3) ou volume equivalente de solução salina. Grupos controles foram criados em ar ambiente nas mesmas condições, exceto pelo ciclo de hiperóxia/ hipóxia. Os grupos foram analisados após a exposição ao oxigênio no 14º dia de vida ou deixados em ar ambiente por mais sete dias até o sacrifício, no 21º dia de vida. Determinou-se as dosagens sistêmicas e oculares de fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF), receptor tipo1 solúvel do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (sVEGFR-1) e fator de crescimento insulin-like I (IGF-1), associados a análise da vascularização retiniana e do perfil dos genes relacionados à angiogênese retiniana. RESULTADOS: O tratamento com JB-1x3 resultou em supressão efetiva da retinopatia induzida por oxigênio, sem efeitos adversos no crescimento somático e foi associado a um aumento do sVEGFR-1 quando comparado com o JB-1x7. Ao contrário, o tratamento com JB-1x7 durante a exposição ao oxigênio levou à diminuição do peso corpóreo e níveis mais altos de IGF-1 e VEGF relacionados à presença de tortuosidades vasculares e neovascularização retiniana, quando comparado com as retinas que receberam apenas solução salina. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento curto e sistêmico com JB-1 durante a hiperóxia resultou em prevenção da retinopatia induzida por oxigênio sem restrição do crescimento somático. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para determinar se o JB-1 pode ser usado em recém-nascidos de extremo baixo peso na prevenção da retinopatia da prematuridade / INTRODUCTION: Low serum insulin growth factor (IGF-1) levels at birth is a risk factor for the development of retinopathy of prematurity in extremely low birth weight infants. This may be due to its role as a permissive factor for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) function in normal and pathologic vascular development. OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that JB-1 (an IGF-1 analog that potently inhibits the autophosphorylation of the IGF-1 receptor by IGF-1) administration during hyperoxia prevents oxygen induced retinopathy in our rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Neonatal rats were exposed to 50% oxygen with brief, clustered, hypoxic (12% oxygen) episodes from birth to day 14. The pups were treated with subcutaneus injections of 1) JB-1 (1g/d) on the first, second, and third day (JB-1x3) 2) JB1 (1g/d) on alternate days from first to day 13 (JB- 1x7); or equivalent volume of saline. Control littermates were raised in room air with all conditions identical except for inspired oxygen. Groups were analyzed after hyperoxia/hypoxia cycling on day 14 or allowed to recover in room air until the 21st day. Systemic and ocular VEGF, soluble VEGFR-1, and IGF-1; retinal vasculature and gene profile of retinal angiogenesis were assessed. RESULTS: JB-1x3 treatment resulted in successful suppression of oxygeninduced retinopathy with no adverse effect on anthropometric growth, which was associated with increased sVEGFR-1 compared to JB-1x7. In contrast, intermittent and long exposure to JB-1 (JB-1x7) during the hyperoxia/hypoxia cycling period resulted in decreased body weight and higher ocular IGF-1 and VEGF levels as well as vascular tortuosity and retinal neovascularization compared with saline treated retinas. CONCLUSION: Systemic treatment with JB-1 during hyperoxia results in successful prevention of oxygen-induced retinopathy with little adverse effects on anthropometric growth. Further confirmatory studies are needed to determine whether systemic JB-1 should be used in extremely low birth weight infants to prevent retinopathy of prematurity

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-19T14:26:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaaugustaarantesportugal.pdf: 1953218 bytes, checksum: 21832a0d6d787466713d004af42f38fe (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-19T14:49:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaaugustaarantesportugal.pdf: 1953218 bytes, checksum: 21832a0d6d787466713d004af42f38fe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T14:49:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaaugustaarantesportugal.pdf: 1953218 bytes, checksum: 21832a0d6d787466713d004af42f38fe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / O recém-nascido (RN) constitui uma faixa etária singular, inclusive do ponto de vista hematológico. A baixa eritropoiese e as perdas devido às constantes coletas de exames na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (UTIN) fazem com que os RN, principalmente os de muito baixo peso, recebam mais transfusões do que qualquer outro grupo nas unidades de cuidados terciários. Durante os anos, várias diretrizes foram discutidas e desenvolvidas, na tentativa de se limitar as transfusões sanguíneas, principalmente em prematuros, devido aos riscos inerentes a este procedimento. Contudo, não se sabe ao certo qual o nível de hemoglobina e hematócrito mais adequados para se indicar uma transfusão. Estudos têm associado algumas variáveis em RN como fatores de risco, levando esses pacientes a receberem mais transfusões sanguíneas. Diante dessa realidade, este estudo teve, como objetivo principal, avaliar as características demográficas e clínicas da população de recém-nascidos transfundidos nas UTIN do município de Juiz de Fora, verificando as práticas transfusionais nessas UTIN e, como objetivos secundários, analisar fatores associados a transfusões na população neonatal, tentando demonstrar quais desses fatores tiveram impacto na morbimortalidade, além de correlacionar os dados encontrados com aqueles existentes na literatura. Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico observacional retrospectivo, relativo a um período de um ano, através de revisão de prontuário médico nas UTIN da cidade de Juiz de Fora. Foram incluídos todos os RN internados nas cinco UTIN que receberam transfusão de concentrado de hemácias. A partir do protocolo de pesquisa, gerou-se um banco de dados, incluído no software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 15.0. Através de estatística descritiva, foram avaliadas características clínicas e demográficas dessa população, representada por médias e desvio-padrão e frequências relativas e absolutas. Uma variável para avaliar as transfusões que foram realizadas sob critérios liberais foi incluída. A análise univariada desses dados foi realizada em relação aos seguintes desfechos: ventilação mecânica, broncodisplasia pulmonar, enterocolite necrosante, retinopatia da prematuridade, hemorragia peri-intraventricular e óbito. As variáveis associadas a esses desfechos foram analisadas pelo método de backward logistic regression. Dos 949 RN internados, 133 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A frequência de RN transfundidos foi de 21,07% e a média de transfusões por RN foi de 2,7 ± 2,16. A maior parte das transfusões ocorreu nas primeiras duas semanas de vida do RN, seguidas pelas transfusões ocorridas após a quarta semana de vida. A regressão logística demonstrou que as condições clínicas associadas aos desfechos de morbimortalidade nos RN transfundidos foram: o peso de nascimento do RN, sua idade gestacional, a presença de ventilação mecânica, o tempo de oxigenioterapia, a sepse neonatal tardia, as condições do RN na sala de parto, a hipertensão arterial materna, as condições do hospital de origem e a persistência do Canal Arterial. Concluiu-se, a partir desse estudo, que a população de RN transfundidos nas UTIN de nosso munícipio não parecem divergir muito da literatura atual, assim como as práticas transfusionais vigentes. A variabilidade encontrada em tais práticas também reflete as dificuldades das decisões clínicas durante a prática médica, no dia-a-dia do neonatologista. / The newborn infant constitutes a unique age group, even on a hematologic point-of-view. The low erythropoiesis and the iatrogenic losses inside the Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) help explain why these newborns, especially the very-low-birth-weight ones are the most heavily transfused population inside the Intensive Care Units. Over the years, many guidelines tried to reduce the number of erythrocyte transfusions, especially among the premature infants, due to the inherent risks of the procedure. However, the adequate level of haemoglobin and haematocrit that indicates the need to transfuse is not well established. Recent studies have associated some variables as risk factors for submitting these newborn infants to more blood transfusions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and demographic profiles of this population of transfused newborns in the city of Juiz de Fora, as well as analysing the transfusional practices of these NICUs and trying to establish risk factors that lead to transfusion in this population. This is an epidemiologic observational study that took place within a 12 month-period, through the analysis of the newborn infants‟ health records. It included all neonates that received erythrocyte transfusions and that were admitted to all 5 NICUs of Juiz de Fora. A research protocol was designed and a database was created from it, which was included in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 15.0. Statistical analysis was performed through descriptive statistics that included the demographic and clinical variables from the study, represented as mean and standard deviation or numbers and percentages. In order to evaluate transfusions under liberal criteria, a special variable was created for that purpose. Univariate analysis identified neonatal clinical conditions associated with the following outcomes: mechanical ventilation, pulmonary bronchodysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, intra-ventricular haemorrhage and death. Then, a logistic regression model was applied to the significant variables and non-significant ones were removed from the model in a backward stepwise way. From the 949 patients admitted to the NICUs, 133 met the inclusion criteria. The median of transfusions per infant was 2,7 ± 2,16 and 21,07% received at least one transfusion. Most transfusions occurred during the infants‟ first two weeks of life, followed by after its fourth week. The logistic regression model showed the following significant variables correlated to the main studied outcomes: birth weight, gestational age, mechanical ventilation, days of oxygen therapy, late-onset sepsis, delivery room conditions, arterial hypertension on the mother, the differences between multiple birth centres and persistency of Ductus Arteriosus. This study shows that the demographics and clinical characteristics of the transfused newborns admitted in the NICUs of Juiz de Fora are similar to recent literature. The variability on erythrocytes transfusion practices also reflects the difficulty on the decision of when to transfuse, especially on a daily basis.

Orientador: Heloisa Gagheggi Ravanini Gardon Gagliardo / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T03:43:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_JacquelineRossiAlvares_M.pdf: 537774 bytes, checksum: 8346c97aabe361faeadc84b7f2520858 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Recém-nascidos com risco de morbimortalidade são alvo de cuidados neonatais intensivos e de programas de monitoramento do desenvolvimento infantil. No Sistema Único de Saúde, o fisioterapeuta é um dos membros da equipe de atenção a esta população, contribuindo para a promoção da saúde, para a prevenção de alterações do desempenho motor e intervenção reabilitacional. No Programa Recém-nascido de Risco da Prefeitura Municipal de Sorocaba/ SP, o fisioterapeuta realiza o atendimento preventivo para essa população, localizado em uma unidade de saúde pública de atenção secundária. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: investigar a viabilidade de utilização e instrumento padronizado de avaliação do desempenho motor e suas contribuições para ações preventivas e de promoção do desenvolvimento infantil realizadas pelo fisioterapeuta em serviço público, caracterizar a população de recém-nascidos do Programa encaminhados para fisioterapia no que se refere a suas características ao nascimento, diagnóstico e desempenho motor, verificar a existência de associação entre as condições do nascimento e atraso do desempenho motor e analisar o tempo de aplicação do instrumento de escolha. Os lactentes foram selecionados no próprio serviço, no período de setembro de 2009 a fevereiro de 2010, considerando para a inclusão os critérios definidas no Programa RN de Risco, idade corrigida de até 4 meses e que tiveram anuência dos pais mediante termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Foram excluídos os lactentes que apresentaram desconforto como choro excessivo, estado de vigília alterado e dispnéia que comprometeram a conclusão da avaliação. A amostra foi constituída de 24 lactentes. Para levantamento dos dados clínicos realizou-se consulta aos encaminhamentos médicos, prontuários, resumos de alta e caderneta de saúde da criança. Para avaliação do desempenho motor utilizou-se o Test of Infant Motor Performance - TIMP (versão 5.1 em português). Os resultados obtidos revelaram que a amostra do estudo representou 77,42% da demanda do serviço no período. Detectou-se que 79,16% (19 lactentes) apresentaram diagnóstico de prematuridade, com média de idade gestacional de 34 semanas e peso ao nascimento de 1.909 gramas. A média de idade corrigida foi de 6 semanas no dia da avaliação. O desempenho motor da amostra estava abaixo da média (com atraso) para 17 lactentes (70,83% da amostra). Ao Teste Exato de Fisher, não foi possível encontrar associação entre o atraso do desempenho e prematuridade (p = 0,605), demais diagnóstico de lactentes a termo (p= 0,608) ou baixo peso entre os prematuros (p = 0,737), para um nível de significância considerado p ? 0, 05. O tempo médio utilizado para realização do TIMP foi de aproximadamente 28 minutos. Mediante os achados conclui-se que a maioria dos lactentes tinha importantes indicadores de risco para o neurodesenvolvimento, que são a prematuridade e o baixo peso, mas para a amostra da pesquisa nenhum indicador foi determinante para a presença de atraso do desempenho motor. O uso do TIMP foi considerado viável, pois a idade de indicação para seu uso atingiu a maioria dos lactentes atendidos no período do estudo, o tempo de sua aplicação foi de acordo com as instruções do teste e atende as necessidades da rotina de um serviço público. O uso do TIMP permitiu ainda a detecção de atraso do desempenho motor da maioria dos lactentes avaliados. A pesquisa forneceu as informações necessárias para conhecer a demanda do serviço, propiciando subsídio para planejamento de ações futuras para crianças com alterações do desenvolvimento motor atendidas pela fisioterapia preventiva no município pelo Sistema Único de Saúde / Abstract: Newborns at risk of morbidity and mortality are subject to intensive neonatal care and monitoring programs of child development. In the Brazilian's National Health System, the physiotherapist is a member of a staff attention to this population contributing to health promotion, prevention of alterations in motor performance and intervention rehabilitational. In Newborn at Risk Program of the Sorocaba / São Paulo, the therapist does preventive intervention of this population, located in a public health unit for secondary care. The objectives of this study were to investigate the viability of use and standardized instrument for assessing motor performance and their contributions to preventive measures and promotion of child development conducted by physiotherapists in public service, to characterize the population of newborns referred for physical therapy program with regard to their birth characteristics, diagnosis, and motor performance, verify the existence of an association between the conditions of birth and delayed motor performance and analyze the application time of the instrument of choice. The infants were selected in the service during the period September 2009 to February 2010, considering the inclusion criteria defined by the Newborn at Risk Program, 4 months corrected age and who had parental consent. Infants were excluded who had discomfort as excessive crying, waking and dyspnea changes that compromised the assessment is complete. The sample consisted of 24 infants. The clinical diagnostics data were collected at medical referrals, medical records, discharge summaries and the child's health record. To evaluate the motor performance, we used the Test of Infant Motor Performance - TIMP (version 5.1 in Portuguese). The results revealed that the study sample represented 77.42% of the demand in the period. We found that 79.16% (19 infants) were diagnosed with preterm birth, with an average of 34 weeks gestational age and birth weight of 1,909 grams. Mean corrected age was 6 weeks on the day of assessment. The motor performance of the sample was below average (with delay) to 17 infants (70.83% of the sample). By Fisher's exact test, could not find an association between the delay performance and prematurity (p = 0.605), other diagnosis of full-term infants (p = 0.608) or low birth weight among infants (p = 0.737), to a level of significance p ? 0,05. The average time used to perform the TIMP was approximately 28 minutes. Through the findings we concluded that the majority of infants had majopr risk factors for neurodevelçpment, wich are prematurity and low weight at birth, but for this research sample was no indicator for determining the presence of delayed motor performance. The use of TIMP was considered viable because of the age indication for its use has reached the majority of infants treated during the study period, the time of its application was in accordance with the instructions of the test and showed the needs of a routine public service. The use of TIMP also allowed the detection of delayed motor performance of the majority of infants evaluated. The research provide the information necessary to know the demand of the service, providing subsidy for planning future actions for children with delayed motor development attended by preventive physical therapy in the municipality by the Brazilian's National Health System / Mestrado / Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação / Mestre em Saúde, Interdisciplinaridade e Reabilitação

Toy sharing and sibling interaction are major contexts for young children's developing social skills. This study examined the effects of parenting on sharing between siblings, and the effectiveness of a 5-session parenting programme in promoting sharing. Forty-eight mothers with two preschoolers participated. Each family was assessed before and after the parenting programme and at a 6-week follow-up. The mother completed measures of her parenting approach and reported on her children's behavior. The children were interviewed to obtain cognitive measures. Interactions of the mother and two children were observed in a laboratory playroom. Fathers and preschool teachers also reported on the children's behavior. Two parts of the study used data collected at the first assessment. First, multivariate analyses showed significant correlations between mother behaviors and those of the children, and between the two children. Second, the immediate effects of parenting on children's sharing were explored by manipulating the mother's activities. Children exhibited more appropriate sharing when the mother was free to interact with them than when she was busy with paperwork. The third part of the study examined the effects of two formats of a parent-training programme on sibling sharing. Families were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: individual programme, group programme, or waiting-list control. The programme provided parents with information about the development of sharing and sibling relationships and taught behavioral parenting techniques to use in promoting the development of child sharing skills. Positive effects of the sharing programme on siblings' sharing-related behavior were clearly demonstrated. These effects were seen to generalize across informants and across behaviors, but not across informants and behaviors combined. Treatment effects were maintained over a follow-up period. Although mothers demonstrated increased knowledge of the content covered by the programme and rated it highly, they did not demonstrate or report significant changes in their own parenting approach on the original measures. Mixed results were obtained concerning the two treatment formats. For observations of child behavior, only the individual format showed superiority over the control condition. The two formats did not differ in treatment effects found on most questionnaire measures. Mothers' reports of decreased behavior problems among younger children and a few tentative findings from child interview measures suggested superiority of the group format. Overall, this study demonstrated both strong relationships between the sharing-related behavior of children, and correlational and causal relationships between mother behavior and sibling sharing. A parent-training intervention was demonstrated to have positive effects on children's sharing behaviors, and these effects generalized over situations, behaviors and time. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Accurate assessment is the foundation on which effective nursing interventions rest. However, it is not known how accurately nurses identify and prioritize the needs of parents whose children have chronic conditions. When nurses proceed with interventions based on inaccurate assessments, the results can be unsuccessful interventions that neither meet parental needs nor provide optimal health care for this population of children. This descriptive comparative study was conducted to 1) examine parental needs identified and prioritized by parents of children with chronic conditions and their respective nurse care-givers, and 2) identify similarities and differences between the two groups. Patterns that evolved from these similarities and differences provide us with information related to where nurses have expertise or difficulty identifying and prioritizing the needs of parents. Kleinman's (1978) health care systems theory, which supports the premise that health care professionals and clients perceive health care episodes differently, provided the conceptual framework for this study. Study participants included 38 parents and 13 nurses who were affiliated with ten ambulatory programs in a Western Canadian pediatric hospital. Both groups completed the modified Family Needs Survey (Bailey & Simeonsson, 1988b) and socio-demographic tool developed by this investigator. Responses to the 35-item scale of the Family Needs Survey were described and ranked, in addition to being analyzed using inferential parametric statistics to determine differences between parents' and nurses' identification of parental needs. Responses to the open-ended question on the Survey were described and ranked. Research findings revealed some similarities and a number of striking differences between the responses of parents and nurses. On the 35-item scale, parents and nurses agreed that five parental needs were 1) information about current research, future services and treatments, 2) help locating competent regular or respite care providers, 3) reading material about other parents with a similar child, 4) opportunity to meet and talk with other parents, with a similar child, and 5) more time for self, spouse and other children. Both groups were consistent in their ranking of the first two needs as the most important needs in the information and community services subscales, respectively. However, nurses had generally higher responses on all subscales and identified eight more parental needs than did parents which were related to information, support, and family functioning. Parents and nurses repeated most of the above needs on the open-ended question, although nurses indicated that parents also had a number of needs related to psychosocial issues and family functioning. Nurses ranked counselling (child's condition, treatment, stress management) as the primary support need. Further, both groups differed in their prioritization of parental needs on the open-ended question. Where parents ranked information, community services, and support needs as the most important, nurses ranked support, information, and community services. The implications of these research findings for nursing practice and education are discussed and recommendations for future research are presented. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Nursing, School of / Graduate

This research examines whether a seven-year-old nonverbal boy's comprehension of syntax develops at an accelerated rate following the introduction of speech output through a portable speech synthesizer (VOIS 135). The study was motivated by (1) a general lack of agreement about the relationship of comprehension and production in language acquisition, (2) some child language investigators' claims that--at certain points during the development of language--production precedes and influences comprehension, and (3) the natural experimental condition provided by a nonverbal child who is suddenly given the ability to 'speak' with the help of a portable speech synthesizer. At the beginning of the research period, the child's sentence comprehension was thoroughly assessed with standard and special purpose tests. His production was assessed through analysis of videotaped interactions. The child was then trained to use the synthetic speech device (VOIS 135) over an eight month period. At the end of this period testing of both comprehension and production was repeated to provide a measurement of language growth in each performance mode. The child demonstrated comprehension of concatenated structures and clefts at the end of the research period; this represented a developmental leap from the beginning of the research period when he understood only much simpler structures. During the eight month study, development of comprehension on the lexical level came to an apparent halt. Production results indicated that the child experienced a definite expansion in productive vocabulary and length of utterance during the research period. Observations indicated that the child's pragmatic and discourse skills improved markedly with his use of the speech output device. Factors which might account for developments (or lack of development as in the case of lexical comprehension) are discussed. Clinical implications of improvements in pragmatic and discourse skills through the use of the device are considered along with methodological suggestions for using this study as a pilot for larger research. Conclusions are that: (1) use of the speech synthesizer led the child to listen to utterances as structural wholes; (2) the child became a more active and independent partner in the communication exchange; (3) synthetic speech garnered the child more attention and more opportunities for interaction; (4) synthetic speech gave the subject access to a greater range of communication partners. While the comprehension-production results are interesting, i.e. the child was able to understand structures at a level of unanticipated complexity after being trained to use the speech device, these results do not elucidate the nature of the comprehension-production relationship. Difficulties in interpreting the results of this study underline the need for a coherent theory relating comprehension and production in language development. / Medicine, Faculty of / Audiology and Speech Sciences, School of / Graduate

The ability to classify complex visual forms was studied in three, four, and five year old children. Each subject performed two tasks based on two classes of computer-generated stimuli. The oddity task required the identification of the odd form in a set of three eight-sided polygons. The sequential task required the assignment of each sequentially presented single polygon to one of two classes. No feedback was given. The results revealed a marked developmental change in classification ability occurring between about 4 1/2 and 5 1/2 years of age. The oddity task appeared to be a more sensitive test of class concept formation. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: O conhecimento de valores de normalidade do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria mesentérica superior (AMS) em recém-nascidos prematuros (RNPT) saudáveis pode prevenir quadros de intolerância alimentar e a ocorrência da enterocolite necrosante. MÉTODOS: Com o objetivo de descrever a evolução dos índices de avaliação da dopplerfluxometria da AMS em RNPT saudáveis de idade gestacional entre 27 e 34 semanas completas, no primeiro, no terceiro, no sétimo e semanalmente (14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias de vida), foi realizado este estudo coorte prospectivo em RNPT de idade gestacional ao nascimento entre 27 e 34 semanas completas. O exame dopplerfluxométrico foi realizado, após o consentimento livre e esclarecido dos responsáveis pelos RNPT, através do aparelho Logic Book 8C-RS (General Eletric EUA); obtendo-se as seguintes medidas: pico de velocidade sistólica (PVS), pico de velocidade diastólica final (PVDF) e média de velocidade de fluxo; sendo, após, calculadas o Índice de Pourcelot, sendo: [pico de velocidade sistólico pico diastólico final] / pico de velocidade sistólico, que representa um índice de resistência (IR); e índice de pulsatilidade (IP). Foram excluídos: recém-nascidos com instabilidade hemodinâmica; em ventilação assistida com altos parâmetros; síndromes mal-formativas; intolerância alimentar ou enterocolite necrosante; fototerapia; presença de cateteres umbilicais, persistência de canal arterial e pequenos para a idade gestacional. O exame pré-prandial foi realizado antes da alimentação (até 30 minutos) e pós-prandial entre 15 e 60 minutos após a alimentação. Foram realizados no primeiro dia (entre 6 a 24 horas de vida), no terceiro, no sétimo, e após, semanalmente até 42 dias de vida. Os resultados foram expressos em médias e desvios-padrão e descritos de maneira evolutiva. RESULTADOS: Ao total, foram estudados 77 RNPT e realizados 125 exames. Os valores em média±desvio-padrão são descritos na seqüência do primeiro, terceiro, sétimo e, consecutivamente a cada semana, até 42 dias de vida; sendo: IR pré-prandial de 0,69±0,09; 0,67±0,15; 0,75±0,07; 0,74±0,07; 0,75±0,07; 0,76±0,07; 0,79±0,03; 0,78±0,05 e IR pós-prandial de 0,66±0,10; 0,70±0,21; 0,74±0,07; 0,73±0,08; 0,75±0,06; 0,76±0,06; 0,77±0,04; 0,77±0,03. Os resultados de IP pré-prandial foram: 1,45±0,30; 1,35±0,28; 1,68±0,29; 1,50±0,23; 1,47±0,22; 1,52±0,20; 1,62±0,09; 1,68±0,06 e IP pós-prandial: 1,38±0,39; 1,40±0,29; 1,58±0,26; 1,46±0,26; 1,45±0,24; 1,50±0,27; 1,58±0,10; 1,64±0,04. Obtivemos PVS pré-prandial: 60,51±22,24; 55,24±26,04; 90,61±12,74; 95,33±18,11; 92,89±15,40; 96,96±12,18; 63,18±14,08; 58,12±9,78 e pós-prandial: 59,60±24,14; 110,82±32,45; 118,10±20,15; 121,95±24,18; 124,15±25,16; 126,07±18,17; 96,68±11,12; 96,12±8,98. Quanto a PVDF pré-prandial, obtivemos: 18,85±6,09; 18,66±10,01; 20,99±8,12; 22,02±8,50; 23,04±7,89; 22,24±8,02; 11,99±6,15; 12,05±5,12 e PVDF pós-prandial: 20,63±6,89; 30,15±12,78; 27,98±9,72; 29,02±10,05; 34,56±9,00; 32,02±8,45; 19,02±4,95; 21,15±3,43. A partir dos resultados acima, demonstra-se que o fluxo sanguíneo da AMS em RNPT saudáveis apresenta uma evolução peculiar a partir do nascimento tanto dos valores basais quanto após a estimulação com a dieta, representados por uma evolução característica dos índices de resistência, melhora dos picos de velocidades sistólica e diastólica e melhora da resposta vasodilatadora após a alimentação enteral. CONCLUSÕES: RNPT saudáveis de idade gestacional ao nascimento de 27 a 34 semanas completas apresentam uma evolução do fluxo sanguíneo da artéria mesentérica superior de maneira peculiar, do nascimento até 42 dias de vida, tanto dos valores basais quanto em resposta à alimentação. O conhecimento destes valores pode indicar a dopplerfluxometria como um método preventivo de avaliação específico de cada RNPT para a introdução e progressão mais segura da alimentação, reduzindo a ocorrência de quadros gastrintestinais, melhorando os índices de morbi-mortalidade neonatal. / INTRODUCTION: The knowledge of the normal values of indices of Doppler velocimetry of the superior mesenteric artery in healthy premature neonates may help to prevent feeding intolerance situations and necrotizing enterocolitis. METHODS: In order to describe the indices for evaluation of Doppler velocimetry of the superior mesenteric artery in healthy premature neonates with gestational age between 27 and 34 weeks, on the first, third, seventh days, and then weekly, until six weeks of life; this is a prospective cohort study. The Doppler velocimetric examination was done by means of the Logic Book 8C-RS (General Electric USA), using a 8 MHz imaging transducer, with the pulsed color Doppler readings being obtained by sonographic waves at 4 MHz. The neonate was kept in a supine position, with the transducer positioned in the epigastric region, immediately below the xyphoid appendix, obtaining two-dimensional images of the celiac trunk and of the superior mesenteric artery, a few millimeters after its emergence from the aorta in the sagittal plane. The flux measurements were obtained in the longitudinal direction of the vessel and at an angle of insonation between 0 and 20 degrees. The blood flow curves were recorded after a sequence of five stable measurements, with respect to the quality of the waves, and with respect to their audible characteristics; thus obtaining the following measurements: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and average flow velocity; with the Pourcelot Index being calculated subsequently, that is: [peak of systolic velocity end diastolic velocity / peak of systolic velocity, which represents a resitance index (RI); and pulsatility index (PI). The values obtained were expressed as averages and standard deviations. The results were stored in an Excel database, with blind analysis after the conclusion of data gathering. Uncomplicated and appropriate for gestational age premature neonates with gestational age between 27 and 34 weeks at birth were included in the study. We adopted as criteria for exclusion from the study: neonates in unstable hemodynamic conditions; needing assisted ventilation with high parameters; large deformations or clinical syndromes; feeding intolerance or diagnosis of necrotizing enterocolitis; conditions that alter the mesenteric flow, such as: phototherapy, presence of umbilical catheters, patent ductus arteriosus and sepsis. The exams were done prior to feeding (up to 30 minutes) and after feeding (between 15 and 60 minutes). If the neonate was fasting, only one of the above parameters was measured, in order to establish behavior of the basal mesenteric flow at that moment. The exams were done on the first day (between the 6th and 24th hours of life), third, seventh days, and then weekly, until six weeks of life. Data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation and described for each postnatal age group. RESULTS: A total of 77 neonates were studied and realized 125 exams. The values of the resistance and pulsatility indices (RI and PI); peaks of systolic (PSV) and final diastolic velocity (EDV) on the first, third, seventh days, and then, on sequentially for each week until six weeks of postnatal life; as mean and standard deviations, was described: RI prior to feeding were 0,69±0,09; 0,67±0,15; 0,75±0,07; 0,74±0,07; 0,75±0,07; 0,76±0,07; 0,79±0,03; 0,78±0,05 and RI after feeding were 0,66±0,10; 0,70±0,21; 0,74±0,07; 0,73±0,08; 0,75±0,06; 0,76±0,06; 0,77±0,04; 0,77±0,03. The results of PI prior to feeding: 1,45±0,30; 1,35±0,28; 1,68±0,29; 1,50±0,23; 1,47±0,22; 1,52±0,20; 1,62±0,09; 1,68±0,06 and PI after feeding: 1,38±0,39; 1,40±0,29; 1,58±0,26; 1,46±0,26; 1,45±0,24; 1,50±0,27; 1,58±0,10; 1,64±0,04. The values of PSV prior to feeding were: 60,51±22,24; 55,24±26,04; 90,61±12,74; 95,33±18,11; 92,89±15,40; 96,96±12,18; 63,18±14,08; 58,12±9,78 and after feeding: 59,60±24,14; 110,82±32,45; 118,10±20,15; 121,95±24,18; 124,15±25,16; 126,07±18,17; 96,68±11,12; 96,12±8,98. And the results of EDV prior to feeding: 18,85±6,09; 18,66±10,01; 20,99±8,12; 22,02±8,50; 23,04±7,89; 22,24±8,02; 11,99±6,15; 12,05±5,12 and EDV after feeding: 20,63±6,89; 30,15±12,78; 27,98±9,72; 29,02±10,05; 34,56±9,00; 32,02±8,45; 19,02±4,95; 21,15±3,43. These results shows that healthy premature neonates with gestational age between 27 and 34 weeks presents a peculiar evolution in blood flow in the superior mesenteric artery after birth, represented by the resistance patterns caracteristics, improvement in peaks of systolic and diastolic velocity, and improvement in vasodilation in response to feeding. CONCLUSION: These results suggest for the Doppler velocimetry as specific and preventive evaluation method for each premature neonate, as a way to a safer introduction and progression of feeding, reducing the prevalence of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases in neonates, and improving the indices of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Knowledge of blood-flow velocity in the superior mesenteric artery in uncomplicated preterm infants might provide a clue in investigating the maturation of intestinal circulation and the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of gastrointestinal diseases in newborn infants.

Introdução: O Cateter Central de Inserção Periférica (CCIP) é um dispositivo vascular central inserido através de veias periféricas que permite a infusão de soluções hiperosmolares e medicações por tempo prolongado. Complicações mecânicas e infecciosas podem ocorrer com seu uso, resultando em remoção não eletiva do cateter. Um escore de risco para remoção não eletiva do CCIP que considere conjuntamente o valor prognóstico ponderado de diversos fatores de risco representa uma ferramenta valiosa para o planejamento do cuidado de enfermagem com enfoque na prevenção ou atenuação dos fatores identificados, e consequente melhoria da qualidade da assistência. Objetivo: Elaborar um escore de risco para remoção não eletiva do cateter central de inserção periférica em neonatos. Método: Estudo de coorte com coleta prospectiva de dados realizado no período de 31 de agosto de 2010 a 30 de agosto de 2012 com 436 recém-nascidos internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de um hospital terciário em São Paulo submetidos à instalação de 524 CCIPs. As variáveis relacionadas às características clínicas do neonato, à técnica de inserção do cateter e à terapia intravenosa que indicou a instalação do CCIP foram analisadas quanto ao seu potencial preditivo para remoção não eletiva do CCIP através de análise bivariada, e posterior regressão logística. O escore de risco ponderado foi construído baseado na razão de chances das variáveis preditoras e sua acurácia foi avaliada através da área sob a curva ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados: O escore de risco foi composto pelos seguintes fatores de risco: diagnóstico de transtorno transitório do metabolismo (hipoglicemia, hiperglicemia, distúrbios do cálcio, magnésio, sódio e potássio), inserção prévia do CCIP, uso do CCIP 2.0 French de poliuretano com dupla via, infusão de múltiplas soluções endovenosas através do CCIP 1.9 French de silicone com única via, e posição não central da ponta do CCIP. Sua acurácia foi de 0,76 [IC 95%: 0,73-0,78]. Sua aplicação permitiu classificar os recém-nascidos em três categorias de risco: baixo (0 a 3 pontos), moderado (4 a 8 pontos) e alto ( 9 pontos) risco para remoção não eletiva. Conclusão: Recomenda-se a adoção de estratégias preventivas da remoção não eletiva do CCIP baseadas em evidência de acordo com a classificação e fatores de risco do recém-nascido. Além disso, sugere-se evitar a inserção de múltiplos cateteres, a posição não central da ponta do CCIP, e a instalação de cateteres de silicone de única via para a administração de cinco ou mais classes de soluções endovenosas. / Background: Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) is a central vascular access device inserted via cannulation of a peripheral vein that allows the infusion of hyperosmolar solutions and medications over a prolonged dwell time. Mechanical and infectious complications can result from its use leading to nonelective removal of the device. A risk score for nonelective removal of PICC-lines that considers jointly a weighted prognostic value of several risk factors can represent a valuable tool for planning the nursing care focused on preventing or modifying identified risk factors, and thereby improving the quality of care. Aim: To develop a risk score for nonelective removal of PICCs in infants. Methods: A cohort study with prospective data collection between August 31, 2010 and August 30, 2012 in 436 infants admitted to a tertiary-level neonatal intensive care unit in São Paulo and submitted to 524PICC insertions. Variables related to the clinical characteristics of the neonate, the technique of catheter insertion, and intravenous therapy that indicated PICC were analysed for their nonelective predictive potential through bivariate analysis, followed by a logistic regression. Predictors were weighted points proportional to their odds ratio in order to develop the risk score. The accuracy of the risk score model was examined by calculating the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). Results: The risk score was composed of the following risk factors: diagnose of transitory metabolic disorders (hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia, disorders of calcium, magnesium, sodium or potassium), previous PICC line insertion, insertion of 2.0 French dual-lumen polyurethane PICC, noncentral tip position, and multiple intravenous solutions in a 1.9 French single-lumen silicone PICC. The accuracy of the risk score was of AUC=0.76 [IC 95%: 0.73-0.78]. Its application allowed classify newborns into three nonelective removal risk categories: a low-risk group (0-3 points), a moderate-risk group (4-8 points), and a high-risk group ( 9 points). Conclusion: It is recommended the adoption of evidence-based preventive measures according to the classification and risk factors of the newborn in order to avoid nonelective removal of PICC. The avoidance of repeated PICC insertions, noncentral tip position, and placement of single-lumen silicone PICCs for administration of five or more intravenous solutions is suggested.