Ample research has been found to suggest that there is no substitute, either nutritionally or emotionally, that can replace the benefits of human milk for human infants. Despite this recognition, the attitude still exists that infant formula is a reasonable alternative. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), World Health Organization (WHO), and United Nation Children's Fund (UNICEF) share policy statements endorsing human milk as the optimal infant nutrition for the first 15 months. Accordingly, WHO and UNICEF launched The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative established in 1991 to protect, promote, and support breastfeeding. Despite this unilateral support of breastfeeding, nursing and physician educational curriculums do not include lactation education, which limits the knowledge of those who provide care to the mother and newborn dyad. The purpose of this project is to promote staff lactation education and training on the infant feeding practices by encouraging breastfeeding in a hospital setting. This project includes lactation education and hands-on training for staff. A 20-hour didactic lactation education course will meet the requirements to ensure that staff training will assist in supporting patients with the early initiation of breastfeeding. Furthermore, training will include clinical competencies to evaluate the knowledge, practice patterns, and confidence of the staff. Lactation education for providers will be provided through an online course designed to improve their ability to support breastfeeding among their patients. The result of this project will assist hospital leadership to determine specific education and training for staff in increasing exclusive breastfeeding rates among their patient population.

Introduction: Swedish children are the healthiest in Europe. Through regular visits to well-baby clinics, infants and young children are checked and parents given information and advice on diet and other relevant matters for their child. For a long time, adequate nutrition during infancy and childhood has been focused on encouraging proper nutrition, preventing malnutrition and deficiency states, and obtaining optimal growth. Today, malnutrition and deficiency states in infants and children are rare. But other public health problems have arisen. Nutrition early in life is now thought to influence health and diseases even in adulthood. Thus promotion of a healthy diet in early life is important for preventing public health diseases such as iron deficiency, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and dental caries. Aims: This study investigates health implications of dietary intake in infancy and early childhood. More specific focus was on the associations between dietary fat intake and serum lipid levels in infants, early dietary intake, iron status, dental caries, and Body Mass Index (BMI) at 4 years of age. In addition, hereditary factors and changes over time were evaluated. Methods: Before 6 month of age, 300 healthy infants were recruited from well-baby clinics in Umeå. This thesis is based on secondary analysis of a prospective study in these infants run from 6-18 months and a follow-up of 127 of the children at 4 years. Between 6-18 months and at 4 years, dietary intakes were assessed, anthropometric measures performed, and venous blood samples taken. At 4 years, a dental examination was also performed and anthropometric data and blood samples were collected from parents and included in the study. Results: All but two infants were ever breastfed and at 6 months 73% were still breastfed. The quality of dietary fat was not within national recommendations. At 4 years, intake of vitamin D and selenium were below and intake of sugar and sweet products above the recommendations. In girls, but not boys, higher polyunsaturated fatty acid intake was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B levels. Iron status of the children was generally good and no child had iron deficiency anaemia (IDA). Children’s haemoglobin (Hb) levels tracked from infancy to 4 years and correlated with their mother’s Hb. Fortified infant products and meat were important sources of iron at both 12 months and 4 years. Children with frequent intake of cheese had less caries in this population with low caries prevalence. We found higher protein intake over time to be associated with higher Body Mass Index (BMI) at 4 years and high BMI at 4 years was associated with high BMI at 6 mo. There was also an association between the BMI of the child and that of its parents. Conclusions: BMI of the child and parents (especially the father), and iron status at 6 months were predictors of these variables at 4 years of age. The quality rather than the quantity of dietary fat in infancy affected serum lipid values. Even in a healthy and well-nourished group of Swedish infants and young children, quality of food and intake of nutrients are important for current and later health of the child.

A alimentação nos primeiros anos tem impacto a curto e longo prazo na vida da criança. Recomenda-se Aleitamento Materno Exclusivo (AME) até os 6 meses e introdução da Alimentação Complementar (AC), a partir desse período, com a manutenção do Aleitamento Materno (AM) por dois anos ou mais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar as práticas alimentares de crianças menores de 2 anos, com base nos indicadores da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS); verificar a aplicabilidade dos indicadores de AC segundo as recomendações dos \"Dez passos para uma alimentação saudável\"; descrever o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis e analisar fatores associados à dieta mínima aceitável. Estudo transversal, realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra Poliomielite em Guarapuava-PR, 2012. Os acompanhantes de 1.814 crianças menores de 2 anos responderam um questionário sobre a alimentação da criança nas últimas 24 horas. Foram avaliadas as proporções de adequação de 15 indicadores de AM e AC, propostos pela OMS e segundo as recomendações dos Dez Passos, e o consumo de alimentos não saudáveis. Para identificação dos fatores associados à dieta mínima aceitável foram construídos modelos de regressão de Poisson. As estimativas foram apresentadas por pontos e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Nos indicadores de AM, o município apresentou situação boa para o início precoce do AM (79,29%), a prevalência de AME em menores de 6 meses (36,02%), a duração mediana do AM (11,72 meses) e a alimentação por mamadeira (78,30%) foram consideradas insatisfatórias. Com relação à AC, a introdução de alimentos sólidos ou pastosos foi de 77,17% na proposta da OMS e 64,98% segundo os Dez Passos. A diversidade mínima da dieta esteve adequada em mais de 95% na proposta da OMS, enquanto na proposta dos Dez Passos atingiu 58,47%. A frequência mínima de refeições foi superior a 75% em ambas as propostas, porém as crianças amamentadas apresentaram adequação inferior (35,92%) quando comparadas as não amamentadas (95,02%) na proposta dos Dez Passos. A dieta mínima aceitável esteve adequada em mais de 90% na proposta da OMS, porém, em menos de 50% na proposta dos Dez Passos. O consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro ou fortificados foi elevado (99,94%), no entanto, ao considerar somente o consumo de carnes, a faixa etária de 6-11 meses apresentou menor adequação de consumo (69,32%), seguida pela faixa de 12-17 meses (83,58%) e de 18-23 meses (92,57%). O consumo de alimentos não saudáveis foi elevado, com tendência de aumento do consumo em função da idade da criança, principalmente, guloseimas. Os fatores associados à inadequação da dieta mínima aceitável foram a baixa escolaridade materna e criança do sexo feminino. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que os indicadores da OMS podem não ser tão sensíveis para diagnóstico de inadequações da AC, principalmente para a introdução de alimentos sólidos ou pastosos, diversidade da dieta e consumo de alimentos ricos em ferro ou fortificados, e que indicadores segundo as recomendações dos Dez Passos são úteis para identificar problemas e reorientar ações voltadas à promoção da AC em nosso meio / Eating in the first years of life affects the children\'s lives in the short and long terms. Exclusive Breastfeeding (EB) is recommended until the age of 6 months and the introduction of Complementary Feeding (CF) as from that age, maintaining breastfeeding (BF) for two years or longer. The objectives in this study were to assess the feeding practices of children under 2 years of age, based on the indicators of the World Health Organization (WHO); to verify the applicability of the CF indicators according to the recommendations of the \"Ten steps for healthy feeding\"; to describe the consumption of unhealthy foods and to analyze factors associated with the minimum acceptable diet. Cross-sectional study, undertaken during the National Vaccination Campaign against Polio in Guarapuava-PR, 2012. The companions of 1814 children under 2 years of age answered a questionnaire about the child\'s diet in the last 24 hours. The adequacy proportions of 15 BF and CF indicators were assessed, proposed by WHO and according to the recommendations of the Ten Steps, and the consumption of unhealthy foods. To identify the factors associated with the minimum acceptable diet, Poisson regression models were constructed. The estimates were presented as points with 95% confidence intervals. In the BF indicators, the city showed a good situation for the early initiation of BF (79.29%), the prevalence of EB in children younger than 6 months (36.02%), the median duration of BF (11.72 months) and bottle-feeding (78.30%) were considered unsatisfactory. With regard to CF, the introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods corresponded to 77.17% in the WHO proposal and 64.98% according to the Ten Steps. The minimum dietary diversity was appropriate in more than 95% in the WHO proposal, against 58.47% in the Ten Steps proposal. The minimum meal frequency exceeded 75% in both proposals, but the appropriateness level (35.92%) for the breastfed children was lower when compared to the non-breastfed children (95.02%) in the proposal of the Ten Steps. The minimum acceptable diet was appropriate in more than 90% in the WHO proposal, but in less than 50% in the Ten Steps proposal. The consumption of iron-rich or iron-fortified foods was high (99.94%) but, when considering meat consumption only, the age range 6-11 months revealed a lower appropriateness of consumption (69.32%), followed by the age range 12-17 months (83.58%) and 18-23 months (92.57%). The consumption of unhealthy foods was high, with an upward trend in function of the child\'s age, mainly candies. The factors associated with the inappropriateness of the minimum acceptable diet were the low maternal education level and female child. These study results suggest that the WHO indicators may not be that sensitive to diagnose CF inadequacies, mainly for the introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods, dietary diversity and consumption of iron-rich or fortified foods, and the indicators according to the recommendations of the Ten Steps are useful to identify problems and redirect CF promotion actions in our midst

Objetivos. A alimentação da criança no primeiro ano de vida é fundamental para o seu crescimento e desenvolvimento. Este estudo foi delineado com o objetivo de verificar a prevalência de consumo de alimentos no primeiro ano de vida. Metodologia. Participaram do estudo 175 crianças com até um ano de idade, atendidas em dois Centros de Saúde do município de São Paulo. A prática alimentar, obtida pelo método status quo, foi analisada por regressão logística por meio da elaboração de curvas de prevalência para as práticas de aleitamento e para o consumo de alimentos complementares. Resultados. A estimativa da prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo aos 120 dias foi baixa: 16% em mães com baixa escolaridade e 27% em mães com maior escolaridade. No entanto, para o aleitamento materno estimou-se a prevalência de 51% ao final do primeiro ano, para crianças com mães de escolaridade não baixa. Verificou-se associação positiva somente entre prática de aleitamento materno e escolaridade materna As frutas foram o primeiro alimento complementar sólido na dieta, seguindo-se as hortaliças e cereais. As carnes e feijão foram consumidos por 100% das crianças somente ao final do primeiro ano de vida. Conclusões. O aleitamento materno exclusivo é pouco praticado. A introdução dos alimentos complementares é precoce e feita com alimentos de baixa densidade calórica. A escolaridade materna é importante fator no tipo de aleitamento, mas pouco influenciou o consumo de alimentos complementares. / Objectives. The child\'s feeding in its first year of life is fundamental for its growth and development. This study was designed to examine food consumption prevalence in the first year of life. Methodology. One hundred and seventy-five (175) children up to one year old, attending two health centers in the municipality of São Paulo, took part in the study. Feeding practices, obtained by the status quo method, vvere analyzed by logistical regression through prevalence curves for breastfeeding and the consumption of supplementary foods. Results. Estimated prevalence of exclusiva maternal breastfeeding up to 120 days was low: 16% in mothers with low levets of educatton, anct 27% in better-educated mothers. However, for maternal breastfeeding a prevalence of 51% for children of mothers with nontow education was estimated. There was a positiva association between the practice of breastfeeding and the mothers\' education leveis. Fruit was the first solid supplementary food in the diet, follovved by vegetables and cereais. Meat and beans vvere consumed by ali children only at the end of the first year of life. Conclusions. Exctusive maternal breastfeeding is rarely practiced. lntroduction of supplementary foods is early, and uses products of tow catoric density. The maternal education levei is an important factor in the type of breastfeeding, but had little influence on the supplementary foods.

Introdução - O crescimento e o desenvolvimento estão entre os melhores indicadores de saúde da criança. Há uma complexa rede de causalidade no processo de crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil que envolve variáveis biológicas (sexo, peso e comprimento ao nascer) e sócio-econômico-ambientais (alimentação, renda, educação, ocupação, tipo de moradia, saneamento, estado nutricional das mães). Para as crianças indígenas, o monitoramento do crescimento físico e o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento têm importância relevante, visto que as mudanças sócio-econômicas, culturais e ambientais as quais estão submetidas podem contribuir para a deterioração das condições de saúde e nutrição. Objetivos - Conhecer o crescimento e desenvolvimento e a saúde das crianças indígenas da etnia Pitaguary no primeiro ano de vida e seus condicionantes sócio-culturais e ambientais, identificando as condições do nascimento, o tipo de alimentação, a evolução do estado nutricional e do desenvolvimento, a ocorrência de diarréia e de doença respiratória e o estado vacinal. Métodos - Estudo de coorte, prospectivo, descritivo, envolvendo todas as crianças menores de um ano pertencentes à etnia Pitaguary. Essas crianças foram acompanhadas mensalmente até os doze meses de vida e avaliadas quanto às condições de nascimento, alimentação, estado nutricional, hábitos alimentares, desenvolvimento, estado vacinal e morbidade. Resultados Apesar das precárias condições de vida, a evolução do crescimento e desenvolvimento das crianças da etnia Pitaguary pode ser considerada dentro da faixa adequada, tendo como referência as curvas da OMS, 2006 e os marcos do desenvolvimento da Caderneta da Criança, MS, 2002. A cobertura vacinal esteve semelhante aos valores brasileiros. Chamou atenção a taxa de episódios de diarréias e doenças respiratórias em cerca de três episódios/ano/criança / Introduction - Growth and development are among the best indicators of child health. There is a complex network of causality in the process of child growth and development involving biological variables (sex, weight and length at birth) and socio-economic-environmental (food, income, education, occupation, housing, sanitation and nutritional status of mothers). For indigenous children, growth monitoring and monitoring of physical development have great importance, since the socio-economic changes, cultural and environmental factors to which they are submitted may contribute to the deterioration of their health and nutrition. Objectives To understand the growth and development and health of indigenous children of ethnic Pitaguary during the first year of life and its socio-cultural and environmental issues, identifying the conditions of birth, type of diet, nutritional status and trends of development, occurrence of diarrhea and respiratory disease and vaccination status. Methods - A cohort, prospective, descriptive study, involving all children under one year belonging to ethnic Pitaguary. These children were followed monthly until the twelve months of age and their conditions of birth, diet, nutritional status, dietary habits, development, immunization status and morbidity were evaluated. Results - Despite their precarious living conditions, the evolution of growth and development of children of ethnic Pitaguary can be considered within the appropriate age group, with reference to the curves of WHO, 2006 and the milestones of development of the Handbook of Child, MS, 2002. Vaccination coverage was similar to Brazilian values. It called the attention the rate of episodes of diarrheal and respiratory diseases - about 3 episodes per year per child

Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação da dieta de crianças de 12 a 32 meses em relação ao consumo de porções dos grupos alimentares e de energia, macro e micronutrientes. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com uma amostra de conveniência com crianças de 12 a 32 meses de Ribeirão Preto, SP, participantes de um amplo projeto temático denominado Projeto Brisa. Para a avaliação dietética foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, os alimentos e preparações consumidos pelas crianças foram inseridos no software Virtual Nutri Plus para cálculo nutricional e transformados em porções relacionadas aos oito grupos da Pirâmide Alimentar Infantil. A variabilidade intrapessoal da dieta foi corrigida com a replicação de três R24h, em dias aleatórios, em uma subamostra de 20% da população do estudo. Esses dados foram submetidos ao Multiple Source Method (MSM) e obtida a dieta usual que foi analisada de acordo com a Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) e Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) das Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) e expressa em proporção de crianças com ingestão de nutrientes abaixo ou acima dessas recomendações. As porções alimentares foram analisadas por meio dos guias alimentares infantis brasileiros. A associação entre os valores consumidos de energia, macro e micronutrientes e porções alimentares com as variáveis de interesse foi avaliada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: A amostra de 491 crianças foi estratificada em três faixas etárias, com predomínio de crianças entre 18 a 23 meses (52%), meninas (52,5%) eutróficas (92,9%), cujas mães tinham 9 a 11 anos de estudo (57,4%) e referiram cor da pele branca (55,2%); os prematuros representaram 22% da amostra estudada. Apenas 7,4% pertenciam a classes econômicas menos favorecidas. A alimentação das crianças apresentou consumo insuficiente de carboidrato e gordura, 38,5% e 29,5%, adequado de energia e excessivo de proteínas (79,8%). Entre os micronutrientes, Ferro, vitamina C e vitamina B12 tiveram os maiores percentuais de consumo adequado (98,6%, 97,0% e 94,9%, respectivamente), enquanto cálcio (27,3%), folato (74,8%) e vitamina E (37,7%) apresentaram maiores frequências de consumo insuficiente. A ingestão acima de UL foi mais expressiva em vitamina A (43,6%) e zinco (33,6%). O consumo de porções alimentares nas crianças mais novas, até 23 meses, foi insuficiente de carnes e ovos (42,7%), leites, queijos e iogurtes (47,7%) e excessivo dos grupos de cereais, pães e tubérculos, frutas e óleos e gorduras. Nas maiores de 24 meses o consumo insuficiente foi mais elevado no grupo dos cereais, pães e tubérculos (56,1%) e frutas (75,8%). O alto consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de açúcares e doces foi encontrado em todas as crianças. Conclusão: A alimentação das crianças foi marcada por inadequações na ingestão de nutrientes, consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de alimentos fontes de açúcares e doces. No entanto, a ingestão de ferro e vitamina A, micronutrientes mais deficientes no Brasil, apresentaram baixas taxas de consumo inadequado. O excesso de peso foi observado em apenas 35 (7,1%) e esteve associado ao maior consumo excedente de energia. / Objective: To assess dietary adequacy in 12-t0-32-month old children regarding the intake of portions of food groups and energy and of macro- and micronutrients. Methods: A descriptive study of a convenience sample of 12-to-32-month-old children from Ribeirão Preto, SP, participating in an ample thematic project denoted BRISA Project. The 24 hour food recall was used for assessment and the foods and preparations consumed by the children were inserted in the Virtual Nutri Plus software for nutritional calculation and transformed into portions related to the eight groups of the Infant Food Pyramid. Intrapersonal dietary variability was corrected with three R24h replication on random days in a 20% subsample of the study population. The data were submitted to the Multiple Source Method (MSM) and the usual diet was obtained and analyzed according to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) from the Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) and expressed as the proportion of children with nutrient intake below or above these recommendations. The food portions were analyzed using Brazilian infant food guides. The association of the energy, macro- and micronutrient values consumed and food portions with the variables of interest was determined by the chi-square test. Results: The sample of 491 children was stratified into three age ranges, with a predominance of children aged 18 to 23 months (52%), of normal weight (92.9%) girls (52.5%) whose mothers had 9 to 11 years of schooling (57.4%) and who reported white skin color (55.2%). Preterm babies represented 22% of the study sample. Only 7.4% belonged to less privileged economic classes. The children\'s diet showed insufficient carbohydrate and fat intake, 38.5% and 29.5%, adequate energy intake and excessive protein intake (79.8%). Among the micronutrients, iron, vitamin C and vitamin B12 showed the highest percentages of adequate intake (98.6%, 97.0% and 94.9%, respectively), whereas calcium (27.3%), folate (74.8%) and vitamin E (37.7%) showed higher frequencies of insufficient intake. Intake above UL was more expressive for vitamin A (43.6%) and zinc (33.6%). Among younger infants (up to 23 months of age), food portion intake was insufficient regarding meat and eggs (42.7%), milk, cheese and yogurt (47.7%), and excessive regarding cereals, breads and tubercles, fruits, oils and fats. Among children older than 24 months, insufficient intake was more marked regarding cereals, breads and tubercles (56.1%) and fruits (75.8%). A markedly insufficient intake of vegetables and legumes and excessive intake of sugars and sweets was observed in all children. Conclusion: The diet of the children studied was marked by inadequate nutrient intake, insufficient vegetable and legume intake and excessive intake of foods containing sugars and sweets. However, low rates of inadequate intake were observed for iron and vitamin A, the micronutrients more deficient in Brazil. Excess weight was observed in only 35 children (7.1%) and was associated with excessive energy intake.

Considerada um dos principais problemas de Saúde Pública em todo o mundo, a obesidade vem crescendo de forma significativa entre a população infantil devido às mudanças no estilo de vida e aos hábitos alimentares. Sabe-se que a obesidade na infância tende a continuar na fase adulta, levando a diminuição da expectativa de vida e maior risco de doenças. O conhecimento epidemiológico que aponte grupos com maior chance de desenvolver sobre peso e obesidade traz importantes contribuições na abordagem clínica da doença. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso em préescolares de 2 a 5 anos assistidos pelo Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP; descrever características socioeconômicas e demográficas das famílias; descrever aspectos alimentares e antropométricos das crianças e investigar possíveis associações entre as variáveis. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados antropométricos (peso, altura, pregas cutâneas e circunferências) e aplicado um questionário sobre dados socioeconô micos, demográficos e de consumo alimentar. Para diagnóstico de excesso de peso foi usado o escore-Z de peso/altura >= +1. Foram estudados 155 pré-escolares com média de idade de 4,3±1,0 anos, sendo 80 (51,6%) meninas e 75 (48,4%) meninos. As prevalências encontradas foram: 16,8% de subnutrição; 62,6% de eutrofia; 20,6% de excesso de peso, sem diferença entre os sexos (p=0,92). As famílias eram, em sua maioria, (63%) nucleares, tinham em média 4,8±1,8 membros e 25% das crianças viviam sem o pai biológico. A escolaridade das mães e dos chefes da família e a classificação de estimativa de renda não mostraram associação com os estado nutricional das crianças. O peso e o IMC da mãe foram maiores no grupo de crianças com excesso de peso (p<0,01). Todas as medidas de circunferências (CB, CC, CA e CQ) foram significativamente maiores no grupo de excesso de peso (p<0,01). Dentre as medidas de pregas cutâneas (PCB, PCT, PCSI e PCSE) destacam-se os valores da PCT (7,8±1,8;9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) e da porcentagem de gordura corporal (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7;22,3±6,1) que, respectivamente para os grupos subnutrição, eutrofia e excesso de peso, apresentaram diferenças significativas (p< 0,01). A base da alimentação das crianças, para todos os grupos, era arroz, leite, feijão, pão e carnes e alimentos com alta densidade calórica como bolachas, doces, refrigerantes e salgadinhos que apresentaram consumo freqüente. Foi encontrada prevalência de excesso de peso condizente com a situação de transição nutricional do país e as medidas de composição corporal das crianças indicam excesso de gordura corporal. Ações voltadas para Educa ção Alimentar e Nutricional para as crianças e suas famílias são fundamentais para se evitar o agravamento do problema num futuro próximo. / Considered one of the main problems of Public Health all over the world, the obesity is growing in a significant way among the infantile population due to changes in the lifestyle and to the food habits. It is known that the childhood obesity tends to continue in the adult phase, taking the decrease of the life expectative and larger risk of diseases. The epidemic knowledge that points to groups with larger chance of developing overweight and obesity brings important contributions in the clinical approach of the disease. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight in preschool children from 2 to 5 years attended by the Program of Health of the Family in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP; to describe socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the families; to describe infant food and anthropome trics aspects and to investigate possible associations among the variables. It is a cross-sectional study, in which anthro pometrics was collected (weight, height, skinfolds thickness and circumferences) and the collection of socioeconomics, demographic and alimentary datas. Overweight was defines as weight to height Z score >= +1. Were assessed 155 preschool with average age 4,3±1,0 years, 80 (51,6%) girls and 75 (48,4%) boys. The prevalence found were 16,8% of malnutrition and 20,6% of overweight, without difference among the sexes (p=0,92). The families were, in majority (63%) nuclear, they had 4,8±1,8 members on average and 25% of the children lived without the biological father. The mothers and the family\'s bosses education level and classifica tion of estimate of income didn\'t show association with statement nutritional of the children. The weight and the mother\'s IMC were larger in the children\'s group with overweight (p <0,01). All the measures of circum ferences they were significantly larger in the group of overweight (p <0,01). The measures of tricipital skinfold (7,8±1,8; 9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) and the percentage of corporal fat (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7; 22,3±6,1) that, respectively for the groups malnutrition, normal and overweight, they presented p <0,01. The base of the children\'s feeding, for all of the groups, was rice, milk, bean, bread and meats and foods with high caloric density as cookies, candies, soft drinks and chips presented frequent consumption. Found prevalence of overweight is suitable with transition nutrition in Brazil and the body composition children\'s measures they indicate fat body excess. Before the presented data it is ended that are necessary educational and preventive measures for the infantile obesity in that population. Actions turned to alimentary and nutritional education for the children and their families are fundamental to avoid the aggravation of the problem in a close future.

Considerada um dos principais problemas de Saúde Pública em todo o mundo, a obesidade vem crescendo de forma significativa entre a população infantil devido às mudanças no estilo de vida e aos hábitos alimentares. Sabe-se que a obesidade na infância tende a continuar na fase adulta, levando a diminuição da expectativa de vida e maior risco de doenças. O conhecimento epidemiológico que aponte grupos com maior chance de desenvolver sobre peso e obesidade traz importantes contribuições na abordagem clínica da doença. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso em préescolares de 2 a 5 anos assistidos pelo Programa de Saúde da Família na cidade de Ribeirão Preto - SP; descrever características socioeconômicas e demográficas das famílias; descrever aspectos alimentares e antropométricos das crianças e investigar possíveis associações entre as variáveis. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados antropométricos (peso, altura, pregas cutâneas e circunferências) e aplicado um questionário sobre dados socioeconô micos, demográficos e de consumo alimentar. Para diagnóstico de excesso de peso foi usado o escore-Z de peso/altura >= +1. Foram estudados 155 pré-escolares com média de idade de 4,3±1,0 anos, sendo 80 (51,6%) meninas e 75 (48,4%) meninos. As prevalências encontradas foram: 16,8% de subnutrição; 62,6% de eutrofia; 20,6% de excesso de peso, sem diferença entre os sexos (p=0,92). As famílias eram, em sua maioria, (63%) nucleares, tinham em média 4,8±1,8 membros e 25% das crianças viviam sem o pai biológico. A escolaridade das mães e dos chefes da família e a classificação de estimativa de renda não mostraram associação com os estado nutricional das crianças. O peso e o IMC da mãe foram maiores no grupo de crianças com excesso de peso (p<0,01). Todas as medidas de circunferências (CB, CC, CA e CQ) foram significativamente maiores no grupo de excesso de peso (p<0,01). Dentre as medidas de pregas cutâneas (PCB, PCT, PCSI e PCSE) destacam-se os valores da PCT (7,8±1,8;9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) e da porcentagem de gordura corporal (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7;22,3±6,1) que, respectivamente para os grupos subnutrição, eutrofia e excesso de peso, apresentaram diferenças significativas (p< 0,01). A base da alimentação das crianças, para todos os grupos, era arroz, leite, feijão, pão e carnes e alimentos com alta densidade calórica como bolachas, doces, refrigerantes e salgadinhos que apresentaram consumo freqüente. Foi encontrada prevalência de excesso de peso condizente com a situação de transição nutricional do país e as medidas de composição corporal das crianças indicam excesso de gordura corporal. Ações voltadas para Educa ção Alimentar e Nutricional para as crianças e suas famílias são fundamentais para se evitar o agravamento do problema num futuro próximo. / Considered one of the main problems of Public Health all over the world, the obesity is growing in a significant way among the infantile population due to changes in the lifestyle and to the food habits. It is known that the childhood obesity tends to continue in the adult phase, taking the decrease of the life expectative and larger risk of diseases. The epidemic knowledge that points to groups with larger chance of developing overweight and obesity brings important contributions in the clinical approach of the disease. So, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of overweight in preschool children from 2 to 5 years attended by the Program of Health of the Family in the city of Ribeirão Preto - SP; to describe socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the families; to describe infant food and anthropome trics aspects and to investigate possible associations among the variables. It is a cross-sectional study, in which anthro pometrics was collected (weight, height, skinfolds thickness and circumferences) and the collection of socioeconomics, demographic and alimentary datas. Overweight was defines as weight to height Z score >= +1. Were assessed 155 preschool with average age 4,3±1,0 years, 80 (51,6%) girls and 75 (48,4%) boys. The prevalence found were 16,8% of malnutrition and 20,6% of overweight, without difference among the sexes (p=0,92). The families were, in majority (63%) nuclear, they had 4,8±1,8 members on average and 25% of the children lived without the biological father. The mothers and the family\'s bosses education level and classifica tion of estimate of income didn\'t show association with statement nutritional of the children. The weight and the mother\'s IMC were larger in the children\'s group with overweight (p <0,01). All the measures of circum ferences they were significantly larger in the group of overweight (p <0,01). The measures of tricipital skinfold (7,8±1,8; 9,0±1,6; 13,6±4,4) and the percentage of corporal fat (10,1±2,5; 15,3±2,7; 22,3±6,1) that, respectively for the groups malnutrition, normal and overweight, they presented p <0,01. The base of the children\'s feeding, for all of the groups, was rice, milk, bean, bread and meats and foods with high caloric density as cookies, candies, soft drinks and chips presented frequent consumption. Found prevalence of overweight is suitable with transition nutrition in Brazil and the body composition children\'s measures they indicate fat body excess. Before the presented data it is ended that are necessary educational and preventive measures for the infantile obesity in that population. Actions turned to alimentary and nutritional education for the children and their families are fundamental to avoid the aggravation of the problem in a close future.

Objetivo: Avaliar a adequação da dieta de crianças de 12 a 32 meses em relação ao consumo de porções dos grupos alimentares e de energia, macro e micronutrientes. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com uma amostra de conveniência com crianças de 12 a 32 meses de Ribeirão Preto, SP, participantes de um amplo projeto temático denominado Projeto Brisa. Para a avaliação dietética foi utilizado o recordatório alimentar de 24 horas, os alimentos e preparações consumidos pelas crianças foram inseridos no software Virtual Nutri Plus para cálculo nutricional e transformados em porções relacionadas aos oito grupos da Pirâmide Alimentar Infantil. A variabilidade intrapessoal da dieta foi corrigida com a replicação de três R24h, em dias aleatórios, em uma subamostra de 20% da população do estudo. Esses dados foram submetidos ao Multiple Source Method (MSM) e obtida a dieta usual que foi analisada de acordo com a Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) e Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) das Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) e expressa em proporção de crianças com ingestão de nutrientes abaixo ou acima dessas recomendações. As porções alimentares foram analisadas por meio dos guias alimentares infantis brasileiros. A associação entre os valores consumidos de energia, macro e micronutrientes e porções alimentares com as variáveis de interesse foi avaliada por meio do teste de qui-quadrado. Resultados: A amostra de 491 crianças foi estratificada em três faixas etárias, com predomínio de crianças entre 18 a 23 meses (52%), meninas (52,5%) eutróficas (92,9%), cujas mães tinham 9 a 11 anos de estudo (57,4%) e referiram cor da pele branca (55,2%); os prematuros representaram 22% da amostra estudada. Apenas 7,4% pertenciam a classes econômicas menos favorecidas. A alimentação das crianças apresentou consumo insuficiente de carboidrato e gordura, 38,5% e 29,5%, adequado de energia e excessivo de proteínas (79,8%). Entre os micronutrientes, Ferro, vitamina C e vitamina B12 tiveram os maiores percentuais de consumo adequado (98,6%, 97,0% e 94,9%, respectivamente), enquanto cálcio (27,3%), folato (74,8%) e vitamina E (37,7%) apresentaram maiores frequências de consumo insuficiente. A ingestão acima de UL foi mais expressiva em vitamina A (43,6%) e zinco (33,6%). O consumo de porções alimentares nas crianças mais novas, até 23 meses, foi insuficiente de carnes e ovos (42,7%), leites, queijos e iogurtes (47,7%) e excessivo dos grupos de cereais, pães e tubérculos, frutas e óleos e gorduras. Nas maiores de 24 meses o consumo insuficiente foi mais elevado no grupo dos cereais, pães e tubérculos (56,1%) e frutas (75,8%). O alto consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de açúcares e doces foi encontrado em todas as crianças. Conclusão: A alimentação das crianças foi marcada por inadequações na ingestão de nutrientes, consumo insuficiente de verduras e legumes e excessivo de alimentos fontes de açúcares e doces. No entanto, a ingestão de ferro e vitamina A, micronutrientes mais deficientes no Brasil, apresentaram baixas taxas de consumo inadequado. O excesso de peso foi observado em apenas 35 (7,1%) e esteve associado ao maior consumo excedente de energia. / Objective: To assess dietary adequacy in 12-t0-32-month old children regarding the intake of portions of food groups and energy and of macro- and micronutrients. Methods: A descriptive study of a convenience sample of 12-to-32-month-old children from Ribeirão Preto, SP, participating in an ample thematic project denoted BRISA Project. The 24 hour food recall was used for assessment and the foods and preparations consumed by the children were inserted in the Virtual Nutri Plus software for nutritional calculation and transformed into portions related to the eight groups of the Infant Food Pyramid. Intrapersonal dietary variability was corrected with three R24h replication on random days in a 20% subsample of the study population. The data were submitted to the Multiple Source Method (MSM) and the usual diet was obtained and analyzed according to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) from the Dietary Reference Intake (DRIs) and expressed as the proportion of children with nutrient intake below or above these recommendations. The food portions were analyzed using Brazilian infant food guides. The association of the energy, macro- and micronutrient values consumed and food portions with the variables of interest was determined by the chi-square test. Results: The sample of 491 children was stratified into three age ranges, with a predominance of children aged 18 to 23 months (52%), of normal weight (92.9%) girls (52.5%) whose mothers had 9 to 11 years of schooling (57.4%) and who reported white skin color (55.2%). Preterm babies represented 22% of the study sample. Only 7.4% belonged to less privileged economic classes. The children\'s diet showed insufficient carbohydrate and fat intake, 38.5% and 29.5%, adequate energy intake and excessive protein intake (79.8%). Among the micronutrients, iron, vitamin C and vitamin B12 showed the highest percentages of adequate intake (98.6%, 97.0% and 94.9%, respectively), whereas calcium (27.3%), folate (74.8%) and vitamin E (37.7%) showed higher frequencies of insufficient intake. Intake above UL was more expressive for vitamin A (43.6%) and zinc (33.6%). Among younger infants (up to 23 months of age), food portion intake was insufficient regarding meat and eggs (42.7%), milk, cheese and yogurt (47.7%), and excessive regarding cereals, breads and tubercles, fruits, oils and fats. Among children older than 24 months, insufficient intake was more marked regarding cereals, breads and tubercles (56.1%) and fruits (75.8%). A markedly insufficient intake of vegetables and legumes and excessive intake of sugars and sweets was observed in all children. Conclusion: The diet of the children studied was marked by inadequate nutrient intake, insufficient vegetable and legume intake and excessive intake of foods containing sugars and sweets. However, low rates of inadequate intake were observed for iron and vitamin A, the micronutrients more deficient in Brazil. Excess weight was observed in only 35 children (7.1%) and was associated with excessive energy intake.

Breast milk is the optimal source of nourishment for babies, providing positive nutritional and psychosocial benefits for infants' growth and development. Rates for initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months in the United States are well below the target rates for the Healthy People 2020 Maternal, Infant, and Children's Health objectives. Using Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, the purpose of this project was to ascertain how knowledge and attitudes influenced a mother's intent to breastfeed during her hospital stay and the likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding continuing after discharge. A convenience sample of 68 postpartum mothers was recruited from women who delivered a viable infant between January and March 2017 at a large urban teaching hospital. Mothers completed the 17-question 5-point Likert scale instrument, the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, and demographic information before discharge from the hospital. Mothers who planned to breastfeed and mothers who did not plan to breastfeed scored above the midpoint on the scale; however, women who intended to breastfeed after discharge scored significantly higher (p < .001). Demographic variables were not significant with the exception of education level. Women with higher education levels scored higher on the scale and were more likely to plan to breastfeed after discharge than women with lower levels of education. Findings may promote social change through development and implementation of tailored nursing interventions, such as community prenatal education and clinical reinforcement, which will support initiation of breastfeeding in the hospital setting and exclusivity of breastfeeding upon discharge.