O controle da eficiência de bacterinas antileptospirose de uso animal é o teste de potência com desafio em hamsters, contudo, na atualidade, tem sido estimulada a busca de alternativas que dispensem o uso de animais de laboratório. O teste de inibição de crescimento de leptospiras in vitro (ICLIV) tem sido proposto como possível alternativa. O presente trabalho empregou os testes de ICLIV, soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e ELISA anti IgG para avaliar a intensidade e a duração da imunidade passiva em leitões em aleitamento e ativa em matrizes suínas e leitões desmamados imunizados com bacterina experimental antileptospirose aprovada no teste de potência em hamster. Foi produzida uma bacterina experimental antileptospirose com estirpe patogênica de Leptospira interrogans, sorovar Kennewicki, estirpe Pomona Fromm (LPF), padronizada para conter 109 leptospiras por mL e associada ao adjuvante de hidróxido de alumínio na proporção de 10% do volume da dose final. Para a avaliação da eficácia da concentração mínima de leptospiras a ser utilizada na bacterina, diluições seriadas de razão dez de cultivo de leptospiras variando de 105 a 109 leptospiras/mL, foram submetidas ao teste de potência com desafio em hamsters (Experimento A), apenas a bacterina produzida na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi capaz de proteger os hamsters contra a infecção induzida pela estirpe LPF, quando a vacina foi testada na diluição de 1:800, critério internacional de aprovação. A bacterina na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi submetida ao teste de potência em hamsters (Experimento B), imunizados com a vacina pura e em diluições seriadas de razão dois (200 a 25600). A bacterina foi aprovada no teste de desafio em hamster até a diluição de 1:6400. O controle do inóculo de desafio foi constituído por 100 DL50. Fêmeas suínas que nunca haviam sido vacinadas contra a leptospirose e que foram não reagentes no teste de soroaglutinação microscópica aplicado a leptospirose efetuado com 24 estirpes de referência e no teste ICLIV com a estirpe LPF (Experimento 1), receberam duas aplicações intervaladas de 30 dias e um reforço aos 210 da primeira dose da bacterina pura e em diluições seriadas de razão dois (400 a 3200). Estes animais foram 16 monitorados com colheitas de sangue efetuadas a cada 30 dias. Os picos máximos de anticorpos avaliados pelos testes de SAM e de ICLIV foram observados aos 30 dias da segunda aplicação da vacina, com maior magnitude para a vacina pura, contudo aos 120 dias da segunda aplicação da vacina houve um declínio acentuado nos níveis de anticorpos. Para encontrar um melhor intervalo entre as imunizações (Experimento 2), fêmeas suínas receberam duas aplicações da bacterina pura intervaladas de 30 dias e o reforço aos 150 da primeira dose. A redução do intervalo de revacinação após as duas doses iniciais determinou a persistência dos títulos de aglutininas e de anticorpos neutralizantes com níveis sempre superiores a 0,4 log. Nos leitões em aleitamento filhos das matrizes imunizadas com bacterina na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL foi constatada a transferência de imunidade passiva, confirmada pelos títulos de anticorpos aglutinantes detectáveis no quinto dia de vida e de neutralizantes no quinto e décimo dia de vida. Nos ensaios realizados em leitões desmamados imunizados com uma série de diluições de razão dez variando de a 109 leptospiras/mL os picos máximos de anticorpos foram observados aos 30 dias da segunda imunização, com maior magnitude para a bacterina testada na concentração de 109 leptospiras/mL. Os parâmetros finalmente obtidos foram que matrizes suínas e leitões desmamados, primovacinados com duas aplicações intervaladas de 30 dias da bacterina aprovada no teste de potência com desafio em hamster, apresentaram no teste de ICLIV efetuado aos 60 dias da primo-vacinação, intervalos de títulos de anticorpos (95%) expressos em log variando, respectivamente de (0,87 a 1,35) e de (1,22 a 1,58). Os valores máximos (12.800) para o teste de ELISA anti IgG das matrizes suínas foram obtidos após o reforço efetuado aos 210 dias. / The potency of antileptospirosis bacterins is controlled by in vivo experimental assay performed in hamsters; however, nowadays the search for in vitro methodologies that could replace the use of laboratory animals has been stimulated. For this purpose, the In vitro leptospiral growth inhibition test (IVLGIT) has been proposed as an alternative test. In this work, the intensity and duration of the passive immunity in suckling piglets and active immunity in weaned piglets and adult sows were evaluated, after vaccination with an experimental leptospirosis bacterin, which had been approved previously on the potency test in hamsters. The in vitro tests applied to swine sera were the growth inhibition test (IVLGIT), microscopic agglutination (MAT) and anti-IgG ELISA. The bacterin was produced with a pathogenic Leptospira interrogans serovar Kennewicki strain identified as Pomona Fromm (LPF), and added with aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant at a concentration of 10% of the final volume dose. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the minimum concentration of the leptospires to be used in the bacterin, ten-fold serial dilutions of a culture of leptospira varying from 105 to 109 leptospires/mL were submitted to potency-challenge test in hamsters (Trial A). Only the bacterin produced at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL protected the hamsters against the infection by LPF strain, when the vaccine was tested at the dilution of 1:800, which is the international criterion for the approval. The bacterin at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL was submitted to the potency test in hamsters (Trial B), which had been immunized with an undiluted and with two-fold serially diluted bacterin (from 1:200 to 1:25,600). In the challenge test in hamsters, the bacterin has passed till the dilution of 1:6,400. The control of the challenge inoculum presented a titer of 100 LD50. Adult sows, never been vaccinated against leptospirosis, and that showed negative MAT results using 24 reference serovars and with negative IVLGIT with the LPF strain (Trial 1) had administered two doses of bacterin with 30 day interval and a booster dose at 210th day after the first application of the undiluted bacterin and the two-fold diluted ones (1:400 to :3,200). The animals were 18 monitored with bleeding performed each 30 days. The levels of antibodies evaluated by MAT and IVLGIT showed the maximum peak at the 30th day after the second vaccination of the bacterin, with high magnitude found with the undiluted bacterin, however, at the 120th day after the second vaccination there were found a marked decline in antibodies levels. To find a better immunization scheme (Trial 2), the sows received two doses of undiluted bacterin with 30 day interval and the booster dose at the 150th day after the first dose. The reduction on the interval of revaccination after the two initial doses determined the persistence of a higher levels agglutinins and neutralizing antibodies with titers 0.4 log. In suckling piglets born from sows immunized with the bacterin at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL, the passive transference of antibodies was confirmed by MAT titers detected on the fifth day, and by IVLGIT titers, at the fifth and tenth days after birth. In the study of weaned piglets immunized with the bacterin at the concentrations of 106, 107, 108 and 109 leptospires/mL (Trial 3), the highest antibodies levels were observed at the 30th day after the second immunization, with greater magnitude for the bacterin tested at the concentration of 109 leptospires/mL. The final results indicate that sows and weaned piglets, primo-vaccinated and revaccinated with 30 day interval with bacterin that had passed in the potency-challenge test in hamsters, presented the IVLGIT results varying (95% CI) from 0.87 log to 1.35 log for sows and 1.22 to 1.58 log for weaned piglets, at the 60th day after the first vaccination. In adult sows the highest anti-IgG ELISA titer reached 12,800, obtained after the booster vaccine dose performed at 210th day from the first vaccination.

The antifouling paint Fabi 3959 is painted on the hulls of vessels to avoid fouling caused by marine organisms attached to surfaces. The paint is registered for use on pleasure boats and other vessels weighing over 200 kg which are mainly running on the Swedish west coast (www.kemi.se). Fabi 3959 contains copper as its active component, which is highly toxic to marine organisms and thus classified as a biocide. Fabi antifouling paint was tested under laboratory conditions on the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne, in natural brackish water taken from the Baltic Sea. The Ceramium growth inhibition-test was performed using cloned algae exposed to leakage water with and without sediment. The samples containing only water held concentrations in the range of 0.11% of volume-18% of volume per liter, while the samples using sediment held doses measuring between 0.11% of volume-36% of volume leakage water per liter. The study showed a growth inhibiting effect on the Ceramium in both water and sediment samples down to the lowest concentration used in the test. There was a difference between the water series and the sediment series in the EC50 values of the leakage water. The mean EC50 value was almost 10 times lower within the sediment series compared to the water series (0.114±0.10 and 1.024±0.75, respectively). This indicates that the sediment series are more toxic to Ceramium than the water series. However, if the mean values of EC50 are expressed as copper-concentration, there is no clear difference between the two series (0.59 ± 0.13µg/l for the sediment series and 0.62 ± 0.12 µg/l for the water series). Apparently, the test did not indicate that the sediment was absorbing the copper. Instead it cannot be excluded that another substance involved could have a growth inhibiting impact on Ceramium. / Båtbottenfärgen Fabi 3959 målas på fartygsskrov för att undvika påväxt av marina organismer. Färgen är registrerad att användas på fritidsbåtar och andra fartyg med en egenvikt på över 200 kg och med huvudsaklig fart på Västkusten (www.kemi.se). Den aktiva komponenten i Fabi 3959 är koppar, vilket är mycket giftigt för marina organismer och därför klassificeras den som en biocid. Fabi båtbottenfärg testades i laborativ miljö, på den röda makroalgen Ceramium tenuicorne i naturligt brackvatten från Östersjön. Ett tillväxthämningstest utfördes på Ceramium-kloner vilka exponerades för lakvatten i bägare med och utan sediment. Proverna endast innehållande vatten bestod av koncentrationer i intervallen 0,11-18 volym% per liter medan proverna med sedimentvatten hade koncentrationer på 0,11-36 volym% per liter. Studien visade på en signifikant tillväxthämningseffekt på Ceramium i både vatten och sediment, ner till den lägsta använda koncentrationen. Det förelåg en tydlig skillnad mellan vattenserierna och sedimentserierna med avseende på resultaten av EC50-värdena på lakvattnet; EC50-värdena av den toxiska nivån för lakvattnet visade sig ligga tio gånger lägre i sedimentserierna än i vattenserierna (0,114 ± 0,10 i sediment och 1,024 ± 0,75 i vatten). Medelvärdena av EC50 för koppar visar inte någon påtaglig skillnad mellan serierna (0,59 ± 0,13µg/l för sediment 0,62 ± 0,12 µg/l för vatten). Testet indikerade därmed inte att sedimentet absorberade koppar. Istället föreligger en möjlighet att en annan substans orsakade tillväxthämning på Ceramium.

Realizou-se a pesquisa de anticorpos aglutinantes (AcA) anti-leptospira, através da técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e tentativas de isolamento do agente etiológico em 29 cães com suspeita clínica de leptospirose. Foi também realizada a pesquisa de material genético de Leptospira spp., utilizando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em 24 amostras de urina dos mesmos cães. Com o objetivo de determinar a proteção cruzada entre os sorovares icterohaemorrhagiae e copenhageni, 24 cães adultos foram avaliados antes e após a vacinação com uma dose de vacina contendo os antígenos icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa e pomona, utilizando-se o teste de inibição de crescimento in vitro (TIC) dos sorovares canicola, copenhageni e icterohaemorrhagiae. Os títulos de AcA anti-copenhageni foram os mais freqüentemente observados nos cães com suspeita clínica de leptospirose, havendo entretanto, reação cruzada entre diferentes sorovares. Foram isoladas quatro amostras de leptospira, das quais três foram caracterizadas por anticorpos policlonais e por Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) como sorovar canicola. A quarta amostra isolada reagiu em alto título com o anti-soro policlonal anti-sorovar copenhageni (51.200), não tendo sido testado com o anti-soro anti-icterohaemorrhagiae. Pela técnica de VNTR, essa amostra foi classificada como pertencente ao sorogrupo icterohaemorrhagiae e, finalmente, pelo uso dos anticorpos monoclonais F70 C24, F70 C14-10, F12 C3-11 e F89 C12, para a diferenciação dos representantes do sorogrupo icterohaemorrhagiae, essa amostra isolada apresentou o comportamento imunológico do sorovar copenhageni (cepa padrão L1 130, FIOCRUZ - Bahia). Considerando-se como critério sorológico de confirmação do diagnóstico clínico de leptospirose, títulos maiores ou iguais a 800 em amostra única de soro, ou o aumento ou declínio de quatro vezes os títulos de AcA (duas diluições) em duas amostras pareadas de soro, houve a confirmação do diagnóstico etiológico em 9 de 24 cães (37,5%) pela SAM. Por outro lado, 11 das 24 amostras de urina (45,8%) foram positivas à PCR. A associação das duas técnicas permitiu a confirmação diagnóstica em 15 cães (62,5%). Os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (AcN) (TL50) pré-vacinais contra os sorovares icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola e copenhageni foram respectivamente de 1,444±0,278, 0,725±0,317 e 0,583±0,322, e os títulos pós-vacinais foram respectivamente de 1,455±0,287, 1,475±0,270 e 0,510±0,304. Considerando-se o título de AcN maior ou igual a 1 como título protetor contra a infecção leptospírica, no momento pré-vacinal, os cães ainda apresentavam AcN contra o sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae capazes de protegê-los contra a infecção natural, não tendo havido também uma resposta adicional ao estímulo vacinal. Com relação ao sorovar canicola, houve aumento significativo dos títulos de AcN após a imunização (p=0,001) quando comparado ao momento pré-vacinal, tendo sido desenvolvida uma resposta protetora. Embora os animais não tenham sido vacinados contra o sorovar copenhageni, a presença de AcN pré-vacinal e pós-vacinal pode ser justificada pela reatividade cruzada entre ambos, copenhageni e icterohaemorrhagiae, pertencentes ao mesmo sorogrupo; entretanto os títulos pré- e pós-vacinais não foram da mesma magnitude dos produzidos contra o sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Portanto, a vacina contendo bacterina do sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae não é capaz de eliciar resposta protetora contra o sorovar heterólogo copenhageni. / A research on agglutinating antibodies (AAc) anti-leptospira has been performed, through microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and attempts of isolation of the etiologic agent in 29 dogs with clinical suspicious of leptospirosis. There was also made a research of Leptospira spp.´s genetic material, using polimerase chain reaction (PCR) in 24 urine samples of the same dogs. With the aim to determine the cross protection between serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni, 24 adult dogs were evaluated before and after vaccination with one dose of a vaccine containing icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa and pomona antigens, by the in vitro inhibition growth test (GIT) of serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni. The AAc anti-copenhageni titers were the most frequently obseeved in the dogs with clinical suspicious of leptospirosis, existing however, cross reaction among different serovars. There were isolated four samplas of leptospira, of witch three were all characterizated by polyclonal antibodies and Variable Nunber Tandem Repeat (VNTR) as serovar canicola. The fourth isolated sample reacted in high titers to polyclonal antisera anti-copenhageno (51.200), but is was not tested with antisera anti-icterohaemorrhagiae. By VNTR technique, this sample was classified as belonging to the serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, and finally by the use of monoclonal antibodies F70 C24, F70 C14-10, F12 C3-11 and F89 C12, for differentiation of the representatives of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. This isolated sample presented the immunological behavior of serovar copenhageni (standard strain LI 130, FIOCRUZ - Bahia). Considering the sorologic criteria confirmation of clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis, titers higher or equal than 800 in a unique serum sample, or the increase or decrease of four times of AAc titers (two dilutions) in two paired serum samples, there was the conformation of etiologic diagnosis in 9 of the 24 dogs (37,5%) by MAT. However, 11 out of 24 urine samples (45,8%) were positive at PCR. The association of both techniques allowed the diagnostic conformation in 15 dogs (62,5%). The prevaccinal neutralizing antibodies (NAc) titers (TL50) were respectively 1,444±0,278, 0,725±0,317 and 0,583±0,322. And the postvaccinal titers were respectively 1,455±0,287, 1,475±0,270 and 0,510±0,304. Considering the NAc titer higher than 1 as a protective titer against leptospiral infection, at prevaccinal moment the dogs still presented NAc against serovar icterohaemorrhagiae capable to protect them against natural infection, an adictional response to the vaccinal stimulus had not occurred. Concerning serovar canicola, there was a significant increase of NAc titers after immunization (p=0,001) when compared to prevaccinal moment, and a protective response was developed. Although the animals were not vacinated against serovar copenhageni, the presence of prevaccinal and postvaccinal NAc can be explained by cross reactivity between both, copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae, belonging to same serogroup; however, the pre- and postvaccinal titers were not of the same magnitude of those produced against serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Therefore, the vaccine containing bacterins of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae is not capable of eliciting protective response against the heterologous serovar copenhageni.

Realizou-se a pesquisa de anticorpos aglutinantes (AcA) anti-leptospira, através da técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) e tentativas de isolamento do agente etiológico em 29 cães com suspeita clínica de leptospirose. Foi também realizada a pesquisa de material genético de Leptospira spp., utilizando-se a técnica de reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) em 24 amostras de urina dos mesmos cães. Com o objetivo de determinar a proteção cruzada entre os sorovares icterohaemorrhagiae e copenhageni, 24 cães adultos foram avaliados antes e após a vacinação com uma dose de vacina contendo os antígenos icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa e pomona, utilizando-se o teste de inibição de crescimento in vitro (TIC) dos sorovares canicola, copenhageni e icterohaemorrhagiae. Os títulos de AcA anti-copenhageni foram os mais freqüentemente observados nos cães com suspeita clínica de leptospirose, havendo entretanto, reação cruzada entre diferentes sorovares. Foram isoladas quatro amostras de leptospira, das quais três foram caracterizadas por anticorpos policlonais e por Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) como sorovar canicola. A quarta amostra isolada reagiu em alto título com o anti-soro policlonal anti-sorovar copenhageni (51.200), não tendo sido testado com o anti-soro anti-icterohaemorrhagiae. Pela técnica de VNTR, essa amostra foi classificada como pertencente ao sorogrupo icterohaemorrhagiae e, finalmente, pelo uso dos anticorpos monoclonais F70 C24, F70 C14-10, F12 C3-11 e F89 C12, para a diferenciação dos representantes do sorogrupo icterohaemorrhagiae, essa amostra isolada apresentou o comportamento imunológico do sorovar copenhageni (cepa padrão L1 130, FIOCRUZ - Bahia). Considerando-se como critério sorológico de confirmação do diagnóstico clínico de leptospirose, títulos maiores ou iguais a 800 em amostra única de soro, ou o aumento ou declínio de quatro vezes os títulos de AcA (duas diluições) em duas amostras pareadas de soro, houve a confirmação do diagnóstico etiológico em 9 de 24 cães (37,5%) pela SAM. Por outro lado, 11 das 24 amostras de urina (45,8%) foram positivas à PCR. A associação das duas técnicas permitiu a confirmação diagnóstica em 15 cães (62,5%). Os títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes (AcN) (TL50) pré-vacinais contra os sorovares icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola e copenhageni foram respectivamente de 1,444±0,278, 0,725±0,317 e 0,583±0,322, e os títulos pós-vacinais foram respectivamente de 1,455±0,287, 1,475±0,270 e 0,510±0,304. Considerando-se o título de AcN maior ou igual a 1 como título protetor contra a infecção leptospírica, no momento pré-vacinal, os cães ainda apresentavam AcN contra o sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae capazes de protegê-los contra a infecção natural, não tendo havido também uma resposta adicional ao estímulo vacinal. Com relação ao sorovar canicola, houve aumento significativo dos títulos de AcN após a imunização (p=0,001) quando comparado ao momento pré-vacinal, tendo sido desenvolvida uma resposta protetora. Embora os animais não tenham sido vacinados contra o sorovar copenhageni, a presença de AcN pré-vacinal e pós-vacinal pode ser justificada pela reatividade cruzada entre ambos, copenhageni e icterohaemorrhagiae, pertencentes ao mesmo sorogrupo; entretanto os títulos pré- e pós-vacinais não foram da mesma magnitude dos produzidos contra o sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Portanto, a vacina contendo bacterina do sorovar icterohaemorrhagiae não é capaz de eliciar resposta protetora contra o sorovar heterólogo copenhageni. / A research on agglutinating antibodies (AAc) anti-leptospira has been performed, through microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and attempts of isolation of the etiologic agent in 29 dogs with clinical suspicious of leptospirosis. There was also made a research of Leptospira spp.´s genetic material, using polimerase chain reaction (PCR) in 24 urine samples of the same dogs. With the aim to determine the cross protection between serovars icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni, 24 adult dogs were evaluated before and after vaccination with one dose of a vaccine containing icterohaemorrhagiae, canicola, grippotyphosa and pomona antigens, by the in vitro inhibition growth test (GIT) of serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae and copenhageni. The AAc anti-copenhageni titers were the most frequently obseeved in the dogs with clinical suspicious of leptospirosis, existing however, cross reaction among different serovars. There were isolated four samplas of leptospira, of witch three were all characterizated by polyclonal antibodies and Variable Nunber Tandem Repeat (VNTR) as serovar canicola. The fourth isolated sample reacted in high titers to polyclonal antisera anti-copenhageno (51.200), but is was not tested with antisera anti-icterohaemorrhagiae. By VNTR technique, this sample was classified as belonging to the serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae, and finally by the use of monoclonal antibodies F70 C24, F70 C14-10, F12 C3-11 and F89 C12, for differentiation of the representatives of serogroup icterohaemorrhagiae. This isolated sample presented the immunological behavior of serovar copenhageni (standard strain LI 130, FIOCRUZ - Bahia). Considering the sorologic criteria confirmation of clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis, titers higher or equal than 800 in a unique serum sample, or the increase or decrease of four times of AAc titers (two dilutions) in two paired serum samples, there was the conformation of etiologic diagnosis in 9 of the 24 dogs (37,5%) by MAT. However, 11 out of 24 urine samples (45,8%) were positive at PCR. The association of both techniques allowed the diagnostic conformation in 15 dogs (62,5%). The prevaccinal neutralizing antibodies (NAc) titers (TL50) were respectively 1,444±0,278, 0,725±0,317 and 0,583±0,322. And the postvaccinal titers were respectively 1,455±0,287, 1,475±0,270 and 0,510±0,304. Considering the NAc titer higher than 1 as a protective titer against leptospiral infection, at prevaccinal moment the dogs still presented NAc against serovar icterohaemorrhagiae capable to protect them against natural infection, an adictional response to the vaccinal stimulus had not occurred. Concerning serovar canicola, there was a significant increase of NAc titers after immunization (p=0,001) when compared to prevaccinal moment, and a protective response was developed. Although the animals were not vacinated against serovar copenhageni, the presence of prevaccinal and postvaccinal NAc can be explained by cross reactivity between both, copenhageni and icterohaemorrhagiae, belonging to same serogroup; however, the pre- and postvaccinal titers were not of the same magnitude of those produced against serovar icterohaemorrhagiae. Therefore, the vaccine containing bacterins of serovar icterohaemorrhagiae is not capable of eliciting protective response against the heterologous serovar copenhageni.

Antifouling paints are applied on vessels to prevent growth of fouling organisms such hasbarnacles. Presently, there are a number of different paints available on the Swedish marketwith different strategies and active substances. The paints might work by either continuouslyreleasing biocides or physically by peeling off or provide an easily cleansed surface whereorganisms cannot attach. The physically working paints do not need to register an activesubstance since its purpose is not to affect living organisms by a chemical or biological modeof action. In this study, two commercially available paints, the copper-based Fabi 3959(International Paint Ltd) and physically eroding, biocide-free labelled Mille Light (HempelFärg AB) were compared to Hard Racing superior, containing copper and the forbiddensubstance Tributyltin. Fabi International is only allowed to be used on the Swedish west coastdue to 6% added as active substance while the biocide-free Mille Light is eligible for eastcoast usage. The toxic effect from respective paint was investigated by assembling a growthinhibition test with the red macro alga Ceramium tenuicorne. The results show that all thestudied paints had a negative effect on growth and therefore leaked substances inconcentrations high enough to be harmful to the alga. The toxic response differed with theeffect on growth being in the following order, Hard racing superior>Fabi >Mille Light.Implications regarding the current legalization involving biocide-free labelled antifoulingpaints are discussed.

Les strongyloses vétérinaires constituent l’une des principales causes de gastroentérites et d’anémie des ovins et caprins à l’origine de lourdes pertes économiques. Cependant, leurs prise en charge par les anthelminthiques existants, est confrontée à la prolifération d’une pharmacorésistance des nématodes incriminés. La première partie de ce travail de thèse présente l’ampleur du problème que pose la résistance des helminthes impliqués dans les strongyloses des petits ruminants. Elle révèle également le profil novateur des imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl-phénylacrylonitriles qui est proposé pour parer à l’inefficacité croissante des anthelminthiques. / Veterinary strongylosis is one of the main causes of gastroenteritis and anemia in sheep and goats causing major economic losses. However, their management by existing anthelmintics, is confronted with the proliferation of drug resistance of the nematodes incriminated. The first part of this thesis presents the magnitude of the problem posed by the resistance of helminths involved in strongylosis of small ruminants. It also reveals the innovative profile of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridinyl-phenylacrylonitriles that are proposed to counter the increasing ineffectiveness of anthelmintics.

Ackumuleringen av plast och mikroplast i miljön är idag en globalt aktuell fråga. Forskning kring mikroplast och dess påverkan på miljö och biota har ökat kraftigt det senaste decenniet. En av de största utsläppskällorna till mikroplast är slitage från vägtrafiken, speciellt från däck, men mikroplast kan även komma från vägmarkeringar. Vägmarkeringar innehåller plastpolymerer (som bindemedel), fyllnadsmedel, pigment och tillsatsämnen (additiv), och ofta ingår även glaspärlor. Vissa ämnen kan ge en negativ påverkan på människa och miljö. I dagsläget saknas det data för att kunna kartlägga i vilken omfattning vägmarkeringsslitage bidrar till spridning av mikroplaster samt för att bedöma om och hur det skulle kunna påverka miljön och vattenlevande organismer. I detta examensarbete har toxicitetstest av lakvatten från vägmarkeringsprodukter utförts med algen Raphidocelis subcapitata för att studera om de är toxiska samt om det finns någon skillnad mellan olika vägmarkeringsprodukter. Partiklar från fyra olika typer av vägmarkeringsprodukter (prefabricerad termoplast, varmapplicerad termoplast, vattenbaserad akrylatfärg och 2-komponentsakrylatfärg) genererades och lakades var för sig med skakning i avjoniserat vatten under 24 timmar. Lakvattnen utan partiklar användes sedan till algtillväxthämningstest. Algerna exponerades under 72 timmar för lakvatten i olika koncentrationer, där den högsta motsvarade 100 g vägmarkeringspartiklar per liter, och algtillväxt mättes. Effektmåtten var maximal tillväxthastighet och lag-fas och dessutom analyserades korrelationen mellan dem som ett mått för anpassningseffektivitet. De fyra lakvattnen påverkade lag-fas och/eller tillväxthastighet i olika omfattning och medförde antingen inhibering eller stimulering av algtillväxten. Lakvattnet från den vattenbaserade akrylatfärgen påvisade störst inhibering av tillväxt och var även det mest toxiska eftersom ingen tillväxtanpassning skedde. För övriga lakvatten påvisades olika grad av anpassningseffektivitet av alger vid exponering. Dock krävs mer ingående statistisk utvärdering för att åtskilja de två lakvatten som hade minst påverkan, dvs. från den prefabricerade och den varmapplicerade termoplasten.  Detta är enbart en första studie. Upprepade tester med fler vägmarkeringsprodukter och fler tester med andra organismer, såsom bakterier, kärlväxter, kräftdjur och fisk, krävs för att bättre kunna utreda om och hur olika vägmarkeringar kan påverka biota. För ytterligare studier skulle det vara intressant att utvärdera vilka ämnen i vägmarkeringar som kan påverka miljön och om dessa skulle kunna ersättas med andra, mindre giftiga ämnen. / The accumulation of plastic and microplastics in the environment is a current global issue. Research on microplastics and its impact on the environment and biota has increased rapidly in the last decade. One of the largest sources of microplastics is wear from road traffic, especially tires, but they can also originate from road markings. Road markings contain plastic polymers (as a binder), fillers, pigments, and additives, and often also glass beads. Some substances may have a negative impact on humans and the environment. At present, there are no data to map the extent to which wear from road markings contributes to the emissions of microplastics, or to assess the effect they might cause on the environment and aquatic organisms. In this thesis, toxicity tests on leachates from road marking products were conducted on the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata to study the effect on the algae and if it differs between the different products.  Particles from four types of road marking products (prefabricated thermoplastic, hot-applied thermoplastic, acrylic water-based paint, and 2-component acrylic paint) were generated and leached separately by shaking in deionized water for 24 hours.  The leachates without particles were used in the standard algal growth inhibition tests. The algae were exposed for 72 hours to the leachates in different concentrations, with the highest corresponding to 100 g road marking particles per liter, and algal growth was monitored. Endpoints used were maximum growth rate and lag phase and, in addition, their correlation was analyzed as an indicator for adaptation capacity. The four leachates affected lag phase and/or growth rate to a varying extent and caused inhibition or stimulation of algae growth. Exposure to leachate from the water-based acrylic paint showed most inhibition of growth and was also the most toxic as no growth adaptation was observed. For the other tests, different rates of adaptation efficiency of the algae growth were found. However, more detailed statistical evaluation is needed to differentiate between the two leachates that had the least effect, i.e. the prefabricated and the hot-applied thermoplastic. This is only a first study. More tests with more road marking products and with other organisms, such as bacteria, vascular plants, crustaceans, and fish, are required to better understand if and how different road markings could affect biota. Additionally, an evaluation of what substances in road marking materials may cause effects and whether these can be replaced by other, less toxic substances, would be of interest.