Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008. / "May 2008." Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 0912. Adviser: Deanna M. Hoelscher. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-149).

O diabete melito é uma doença metabólica com alta prevalência na população e quando no estado descompensado pode causar diversas complicações metabólicas e clínicas, entre elas a osteoporose. Entretanto, ainda não foram completamente esclarecidos os mecanismos pelos quais o diabete diminui a densidade mineral óssea e aumenta o risco a fraturas. Recentemente foram descritos alguns genes que estão envolvidos no turnover ósseo: OPG, RANK e RANKL. Além disso, o uso de hipoglicemiantes orais como as tiazolidinedionas (TZD), pode influenciar negativamente o metabolismo ósseo. Com a finalidade de identificar marcadores sensíveis de alteração do metabolismo ósseo foram investigadas as relações entre a expressão dos genes OPG, RANK e RANKL em células do sangue periférico e a resposta a TZDs em pacientes com DM2. Foram selecionados 52 indivíduos (36 diabéticos e 16 normoglicêmicos), no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia. Os indivíduos diabéticos foram tratados com pioglitazona (15, 30 e 45 mg/ dia/ via oral) por 16 semanas. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue, antes e após o tratamento para determinação de exames laboratoriais e extração de RNA total. A expressão de mRNA dos genes OPG, RANK e RANKL foi quantificada e avaliada por RT-PCR em tempo real, empregando-se o GAPD como controle endógeno. Observou-se que nos pacientes DM2 após o tratamento com pioglitazona, houve diminuição da glicemia de jejum, glicemia pós-prandial, insulina, Hb1Ac, índices HOMA-IR e HOMA-β e aumento nas concentrações séricas de HDL, demonstrando a eficácia do tratamento. Ao comparar a expressão dos genes entre o grupo DM2 (sem tratamento) e o grupo normoglicêmico (NG), foi evidenciado um aumento da expressão de OPG no grupo NG em relação ao grupo DM2, e ao analisar a expressão entre as mulheres, constatou-se aumento da expressão de RANK no grupo DM2 em relação ao grupo NG. Além disso, ao correlacionar a expressão dos genes com as dosagens dos parâmetros bioquímicos, constatou-se que o aumento da expressão de RANK e RANKL está relacionado com o aumento das concentrações de cálcio ionizado e diminuição da expressão de OPG. Esses dados sugerem que a atividade osteoclástica está aumentada nos pacientes DM2 e com o tratamento o quadro osteoporótico pode ser agravado. / The diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with high prevalence in the population and can cause various metabolic and clinic complications, including osteoporosis, when it is decompensated. However, the mechanisms by which diabetes decreases bone mineral density and increases the risk of fractures are not completely clarified. Recently some genes which are involved in bone turnover were described: OPG, RANK and RANKL. Moreover, the treatment using oral hypoglycemic drugs such as thiazolidinediones (TZD), may negatively affect the bone metabolism. In order to identify sensitive markers related to the bone metabolism, were investigated the relationship between the expression of genes OPG, RANK and RANKL in peripheral blood leukocytes and the response to TZDs treatment in patients with DM2. Fifty-two individuals were selected (36 diabetics and 16 normoglycemics) at Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology. Diabetic patients were treated with pioglitazone (15, 30 and 45 mg I day I oral) during 16 weeks. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses and total RNA extraction, before and after treatment. Gene expression of the genes OPG, RANK and RANKL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells was evaluated by Real Time PCR, using the GAPD housekeeping gene as the endogenous reference. In DM2 patients after treatment with pioglitazone there was reduction in their fasting glycemia, postprandial glycemia, insulin, Hb1Ac, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indices, and their serum concentrations of HDL increased, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the treatment. The bone profile markers have not altered after treatment, suggesting an anabolic action of the insulin in bone metabolism of these patients. Normoglycemics (NG) group gene expression, when compared with DM2 group (with no treatment), had increased OPG expression. Besides, RANK expression in group DM2 was higher than NG group when it was analyzed among women. Furthermore, having correlated the expression of the genes with the biochemical parameters data, the increase on RANK and RANKL gene expression is related to increased concentrations of ionized calcium and to decreased expression of OPG gene. These results are suggestive that osteoclastic activity is higher in DM2 patients, the treatment can exacerbate osteoporosis severity and the bone markers does not have enough sensibility to differentiate changes in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Glucose homeostasis is maintained through the coordinated actions of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells and insulin action in peripheral tissues. Dysfunction of insulin action yields insulin resistance, and when coupled with altered insulin secretion, results in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Exocytosis of intracellular vesicles, such as insulin granules and glucose transporter (GLUT4) vesicles is carried out by similar SNARE (soluble NSF attachment receptor) protein isoforms and Munc18 proteins. An additional regulatory protein, Doc2b, was implicated in the regulation of these particular exocytosis events in clonal cell lines, but relevance of Doc2b in the maintenance of whole body glucose homeostasis in vivo remained unknown. The objective of my doctoral work was to delineate the mechanisms underlying regulation of insulin secretion and glucose uptake by Doc2b in effort to identify new therapeutic targets within these processes for the prevention and/or treatment of T2D. Towards this, mice deficient in Doc2b (Doc2b-/- knockout mice) were assessed for in vivo alterations in glucose homeostasis. Doc2b knockout mice were highly susceptible to preclinical T2D, exhibiting significant whole-body glucose intolerance related to insulin secretion insufficiency as well as peripheral insulin resistance. These phenotypic defects were accounted for by defects in assembly of SNARE complexes. Having determined that Doc2b was required in the control over whole body glycemia in vivo, whether Doc2b is also limiting for these mechanisms in vivo was examined. To study this, novel Doc2b transgenic (Tg) mice were engineered to express ~3 fold more Doc2b exclusively in pancreas, skeletal muscle and fat tissues. Compared to normal littermate mice, Doc2b Tg mice had improved glucose tolerance, related to concurrent enhancements in insulin mumsecretion from beta cells and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle. At the molecular level, Doc2b overexpression promoted SNARE complex assembly, increasing exocytotic capacities in both cellular processes. These results unveiled the concept that intentional elevation of Doc2b could provide a means of mitigating two primary aberrations underlying T2D development.

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Includes publications published as a result of ideas developed in this thesis, inserted at end. / "April 2005" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 210-242) / 242 leaves : / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Examines goal setting in people with diabetes as part of chronic disease management in a rural setting. The studies were performed in Eyre Peninsula with a significant (10-20%) Aboriginal population. / Thesis (M.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of General Practice, 2005

Τα τελικά προϊόντα προχωρημένης γλυκοζυλίωσης (AGEs: Advanced Glycation Endproducts) παίζουν σημαντικό ρόλο στην παθογένεια των διαβητικών αγγειακών επιπλοκών. Το καλύτερα χαρακτηριζόμενο είναι η N-καρβοξυμεθυλ-λυσίνη (CML). Τα AGEs προκαλούν σημαντικές επιδράσεις στα αγγεία με την πρόσδεσή τους σε ειδικούς υποδοχείς της κυτταρικής επιφάνειας, όπως τον RAGE (Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts). Διαλυτές μορφές του RAGE (sRAGE) εμφανίζονται στο ανθρώπινο αίμα και δρουν ως παγίδα αιχμαλωτίζοντας τους φλεγμονώδεις προσδέτες του RAGE εξωκυττάρια, προστατεύοντας με αυτό τον τρόπο τα κύτταρα από τη βλάβη που προάγεται από τα AGEs. Σκοπός αυτής της εργασίας ήταν να μελετηθούν τα επίπεδα του sRAGE, η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση του RAGE, καθώς και τα επίπεδα CML σε σχέση με διάφορες κλινικές και βιοχημικές παραμέτρους σε παιδιά, εφήβους και νεαρούς ενήλικες με ΣΔ1. Τα επίπεδα sRAGE και CML προσδιορίστηκαν με ELISA και η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση του RAGE στα μονοπύρηνα του περιφερικού αίματος με ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western σε 74 παιδιά, εφήβους και νεαρούς ενήλικες με ΣΔ1 (13± 4 χρονών) και 43 μάρτυρες αντίστοιχης ηλικίας, φύλου και σταδίου Tanner. Σ’ αυτή την εργασία τα αυξημένα επίπεδα sRAGE στα παιδιά με ΣΔ1 και πιο ειδικά, σ’ αυτά ηλικίας κάτω από 13 ετών και με διάρκεια διαβήτη κάτω από 5 έτη, μπορεί να είναι ένα προσωρινό προστατευτικό μέτρο ενάντια στην κυτταρική βλάβη και πιθανόν να είναι επαρκές για να εξουδετερώσει επαρκώς τα κυκλοφορούντα CML, εμποδίζοντας έτσι τις διαβητικές αγγειακές επιπλοκές. Επίσης, μια ήπια αύξηση της LDL θα μπορούσε να είναι ένα ερέθισμα για την αύξηση του sRAGE, οδηγώντας στη δέσμευση του CML και τελικά τη μείωση των επιπέδων CML στην κυκλοφορία. Τα μειωμένα επίπεδα της πρωτεϊνικής έκφρασης του RAGE 55 kd (υποδοχέα πλήρους μήκους) μπορεί να αντανακλούν την αυξημένη έκφραση του sRAGE στους ασθενείς με ΣΔ1 συνολικά λόγω της αποκοπής του RAGE με μεταλλοπρωτεϊνάσες. Με την παρουσία κάποιου παράγοντα κινδύνου, όπως αύξηση ηλικίας, περιμέτρου κοιλίας, BMI, συστολικής ή διαστολικής αρτηριακής πίεσης ή επιδείνωση λιπιδαιμικού προφίλ αυξάνεται η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση της ισομορφής αυτής, ενώ φαίνεται αντίστοιχα να μειώνονται τα επίπεδα του sRAGE. Φαίνεται τελικά ότι συνολικά στα παιδιά, τους εφήβους και τους νεαρούς ενήλικες με ΣΔ1 υπάρχει μια υποκλινική διαταραχή του άξονα sRAGE-RAGE-CML, η οποία δύναται να μετατραπεί σε κλινικά εμφανείς αγγειακές βλάβες, αν προστεθούν περαιτέρω επιβαρυντικοί παράγοντες. / The binding of Advanced Glycation Endproducts (AGEs) to their receptor (RAGE) plays a major role in the development of diabetic vascular complications. This work is based on the relation between circulating soluble RAGE (sRAGE) levels in children, adolescents and young adults with IDDM and RAGE protein expression in association with N-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML), a major antigenic AGEs component. Circulating sRAGE and CML levels were determined by ELISA and RAGE protein expression was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells by western immunoblotting in 74 children, adolescents and young adults with IDDM (134 years old) and 43 age, sex and Tanner stage-matched controls. Serum sRAGE levels were significantly higher in IDDM than in controls, inversely correlated to diabetes duration and directly correlated to LDL levels. Furthermore, circulating CML levels were not significantly different between IDDM and controls. Also, the protein expression of the RAGE isoforms 55 kd (full-length), 64 kd and 100 kd, measured by western immunoblotting, was significantly lower in IDDM than in controls, whereas RAGE 37 kd levels were not significantly different between IDDM and controls. Finally, when there was a risk factor, such as increased age, poor lipid profile, increased BMI or waist circumference or increased systolic or diastolic pressure, then it seemed that isoforms RAGE 55, 64 and 100 kd were increased. Isoform RAGE 64 kd could be RAGE-v5, a splice variant which resulted in a change of amino acid sequence in the extracellular ligand-binding domain of RAGE. Isoform RAGE 37 kd seemed to be Δ8-RAGE, a soluble splice variant with probably protective function, which had been found increased in patients with increased HDL. Finally, isoform RAGE 100 kd seemed to be some other splice variant in peripheral mononuclear cells. In conclusion, increased serum levels of sRAGE seen in IDDM children may be a temporary protective measure against cell damage and may be sufficient to efficiently eliminate excessive circulating CML. Moreover, the lower protein expression of the full-length RAGE in IDDM may also reflect the increased sRAGE expression in patients due to RAGE cleavage by metalloproteases. Consequently, in IDDM children, adolescents and young adults there may be a subclinical perturbation of the sRAGE-RAGE-CML axis, which could lead to future clinical vascular damage if additional risk factors are added over time.

Type 2 diabetes is still rapidly on the rise today, affecting 10.5% of individuals in the United States between the ages 45 to 64 and 18.4% of those between the ages of 65 to 74. In the past two decades, type 2 diabetes has doubled in all age groups. Many adults with type 2 diabetes experience difficulty managing their blood sugars, which can result in a range of further complications. One of the newest treatment options on the market today is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, Bydureon. Similar to Byetta, Bydureon has a main ingredient of exenatide. It offers once a week dosing as opposed to twice-a-day, which may be more appealing to patients. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of a newly FDA released medication, Bydureon, once weekly dosage in adults with type 2 diabetes. A descriptive, comparative, retrospective study of 35 patients evaluated efficacy by examining Hgb A1C and body mass index in adults with type 2 diabetes at baseline and 3 months after Bydureon was prescribed. Data were collected by a chart review of records in a primary care practice. Results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between baseline to 3 month means in both Hgb A1C (t (34)= -3.05, p=.0044) and BMI (t (34) = -2.86, p = .0072) for patients using Bydureon. Health care providers need to individualize the patients’ plans of care to address multifactorial areas of their diabetes care and provide them with an opportunity to successfully meet their goals. Practitioners must be knowledgeable about the treatment options available, including the newer GLP-1 receptor agonist, Bydureon and its efficacy for adults with type 2 diabetes.

This study addressed cultural factors that prevent Hispanic diabetics from getting diagnosed early, controlling their glycemic levels, and obtaining appropriate transportation, health insurance, and better education on nutrition.

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the study evaluated Loma Linda University Medical Center's (LLUMC) Diabetes Treatment Center's (DTC) effectiveness in providing diabetes education and services to high risk minority populations. Second, the results of the study helped the DTC determine the need for expanding its present efforts in the form of community health prevention services to San Bernardino County residents.

Social Work / MA(SS)(MENTAL HEALTH)