Orientador: Antonio Nivaldo Hespanhol / Banca: Elpídio Serra / Banca: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Banca: Alba Regina Azevedo Arana / Banca: Roseli Alves dos Santos / Resumo: No início do século XXI, o Brasil tornou-se um dos maiores exportadores mundiais e o Estado do Paraná líder nacional na produção de frangos. Neste período, na região oeste do Paraná, registrou-se o crescimento do efetivo de aves e a entrada das cooperativas agrícolas neste segmento agroindustrial. Tais cooperativas foram fundadas nas décadas de 1960 e 1970 e estruturaram-se para receber grãos, principalmente milho e soja. A implantação da avicultura especializada, por estas cooperativas, ocorreu a partir dos anos 1980, com o intuito de: industrializar matérias-primas, diversificar a produção e melhorar a eficiência econômica. Identificaram-se os municípios da região oeste do Paraná onde a avicultura se constitui em atividade representativa. Verificou-se que as cooperativas dinamizam a economia dos municípios envolvidos, se destacam em volume de produção e geração de empregos, concentram poder econômico e político. Analisou-se a relação entre os produtores de frangos e as cooperativas integradoras a fim de averiguar os efeitos sobre a renda e a qualidade de vida dos produtores. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que tem crescido as exigências em relação à capacidade de investimentos e ampliação da escala produtiva, apontando para a difusão de um modelo de integração baseado em médios e grandes produtores, incluindo agricultores familiares que apresentam maior nível de capitalização ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: At the beginning of century XXI, Brazil became one of the biggest worldwide exporters of poultry meat and Paraná State the national leader in the production of chickens. At this time was registered the growth of the effective of chickens and the entrance of agricultural cooperatives in the industrial segment. Such cooperatives had been established in the decades of 1960 and 1970 and was prepared to receive grains, mainly maize and soy. The implantation of the specialized poultry keeping in these cooperatives began in the 1980's, with the intention of to industrialize raw materials, to diversify the production and to improve the economic efficiency. The west Paraná cities where the poultry keeping constitutes a representative activity were identified and was verified that the cooperatives brought economic dynamism to involved cities and are distinguished in volume of production and job generation. Another observed effect caused by the cooperatives is the centralization of the economic and political strength in those cities. The relation between the chicken producers and the cooperative integrators was analyzed in order to inquire the effect on the producer's income and quality of life. The results of the research indicate that it has grown the requirements concerning the capacity of investments and expansion of the productive scale ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Cette thèse étudie la problématique de la flexibilité dans les chaînes logistiques. La recherche académique a commencé à s’intéresser à cette problématique depuis quelques années, mais les études existantes restent pour la plupart au niveau conceptuel et il y a peu de consensus sur la définition même de la flexibilité. Cette thèse a pour ambition de définir un nouveau cadre pour la flexibilité dans les chaînes logistiques, proposer des mesures quantitatives pour la flexibilité et enfin optimiser l’utilisation de la flexibilité, en particulier dans un contexte de planification intégrée de la production et du transport.Ce travail de thèse vise tout d’abord à établir un nouveau cadre pour la flexibilité de la chaîne logistique, où les différents aspects de la flexibilité sont classifiés en trois catégories principales: flexibilité de la production, flexibilité de la chaîne logistique et flexibilité du système. Dans chacune de ces catégories, on peut trouver des dimensions primordiales et des dimensions moins importantes.Afin d’évaluer la flexibilité de manière quantitative, nous faisons appel à la méthode Analogie Mécanique. Cette méthode propose une analogie entre un système mécanique vibratoire et une chaîne logistique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé une étude de cas pour Louis Vuitton afin d’évaluer la flexibilité de leurs magasins, et nous avons établi une procédure pour implémenter cette méthode.Une autre problématique importante est l’utilisation optimale de la flexibilité existante.Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à la planification intégrée de la production et du transport avec des flexibilités sur la capacité de transport, où la production et le transport sont intimement liés du fait du manque de capacité de stockage et doivent être planifiées conjointement. Particulièrement, les véhicules hétérogènes sont pris en compte.Nous avons construit deux modèles de programmation linéaire en nombres mixtes et développé trois algorithmes qui ont été comparées par rapport à la relaxation linéaire pour les instances de grande taille et aux solutions optimales pour des instances de petite taille. Ces comparaisons montrent que les heuristiques proposées sont efficaces pour résoudre des problèmes réels, aussi bien en termes de qualité de solution qu’en termes de temps de calcul. / This thesis focuses on flexibility issues in supply chain. These issues are becoming more and more important for firms because of the increasingly changing business environment and customer behaviors. Although some of these issues have been tackled in academic research in recent years, but studies have mainly concentrated in conceptual levels and there is little consensus even on the definition of flexibility. This thesis aims at defining a new framework for the supply chain flexibility, proposing quantitative measures of the flexibility and optimizing the use of flexibility, especially in an integrated production and transportation planning context. The new framework of supply chain flexibility is based on classification of different flexibility aspects in a supply chain into three main categories - manufacturing flexibility,logistic chain flexibility and system flexibility. These flexibility types are further distinguished into major flexibility dimension and other flexibility dimension.In order to measure supply chain flexibility from a quantitative point of view, Mechanical Analogy method is particularly discussed. A procedure is established to enlarge and carry out this method in supply chain, provided with a case study to evaluate the flexibility of Louis Vuitton stores.One of the most important issues is to optimally make use of the available flexibility. We investigate an Integrated Production and Transportation Planning problem with given flexibility tolerances, where the production and transportation activities are intimately linked to each other and must be scheduled in a synchronized way. Particularly, heterogeneous vehicles are taken into account. Two mixed integer linear programming models are constructed.Three algorithms are developed and compared with linear relaxation bounds for large sized real life instances and with optimal solutions for small sized instances. These comparisons show the effectiveness of our heuristics in solving real life problems

Submitted by Socorro Pontes (socorrop@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-21T12:19:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraKAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1042554 bytes, checksum: 2b0b000896ea7eadfda8bd600ae94914 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:44:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraKAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1042554 bytes, checksum: 2b0b000896ea7eadfda8bd600ae94914 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-25T14:44:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraKAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1042554 bytes, checksum: 2b0b000896ea7eadfda8bd600ae94914 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T14:45:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BarbaraKAS_DISSERT.pdf: 1042554 bytes, checksum: 2b0b000896ea7eadfda8bd600ae94914 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-24 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The production and export of tropical fruits in nature is one of the main agricultural activities of the Northeastern Brazilian region, which is characterized by the semiarid climate. However, the presence of pest insects, such as fruit flies, hampers the production and export in this fruit segment. The main species of fruit flies of economic and quarantine importance in Brazilian semiarid is Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The use of synthetic insecticides is still the most usual method for suppression of these populations. However, in the context of integrated production, the use of beneficial organisms is a desirable practice for a population decrease of these tefritídeos, featured the parasitoids. Although there is some information about the larval parasitoids of fruit flies in the semi-arid, there are practically no records of the occurrence of pupal parasitoids of C. capitata, in mentioned region. Therefore, the objective of this work was to verify if there are pupal parasitoids associated to C. capitata in the Brazilian semiarid. The survey was carried out in the municipality of Mossoró (RN), from May to September 2016. To obtain the parasitoids, pupae of C. capitata produced in the laboratory were exposed to natural parasitism in the field. In the surveys, four species of parasitoids were obtained, all belonging to the order Hymenoptera and family Pteromalidae: Spalangia simplex Perkins; Spalangia leiopleura Gibson; Spalangia impunctata Howard; and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), the latter being the most common species, with a natural parasitism index of 12.17%. These are the first reports of S. leiopleura and S. impunctata parasitizing pupae of C. capitata, in Brazil / A produção e exportação de frutas tropicais in natura é uma das principais atividades agrícolas da região nordeste brasileira, que se caracteriza por apresentar clima semiárido. No entanto, a presença de insetos-praga, como as moscas-das-frutas, dificulta a produção e exportação nesse segmento frutícola. A principal espécie de moscas-das-frutas de importância econômica e quarentenária presente no semiárido brasileiro é a Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). O uso de inseticidas sintéticos ainda é o método mais usual para supressão dessas populações. Contudo, no contexto da produção integrada, a utilização de organismos benéficos é uma prática desejável para a diminuição populacional desses tefritídeos, com destaque aos parasitoides. Apesar de haver algumas informações sobre os parasitoides larvais de moscas-das-frutas no semiárido, praticamente não existem registros da ocorrência de parasitoides pupais de C. capitata na referida região. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se existem parasitoides pupais associados a C. capitata no semiárido brasileiro. O levantamento foi realizado no município de Mossoró (RN), no período de maio a setembro de 2016. Para obtenção dos parasitoides, pupas de C. capitata produzidas em laboratório foram expostas ao parasitismo natural em campo. Nos levantamentos, foram obtidas quatro espécies de parasitoides pupais, todas pertencentes à ordem Hymenoptera e família Pteromalidae: Spalangia simplex Perkins; Spalangia leiopleura Gibson; Spalangia impunctata Howard; e Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Rondani), sendo esta última a espécie mais comum, com índice de parasitismo natural de 12,17%. Estes são os primeiros relatos de S. leiopleura e S. impunctata parasitando pupas de C. capitata, no Brasil / 2017-07-21

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-12T15:00:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Heiriane Martins Sousa.pdf: 1248622 bytes, checksum: 2e054a5474c8c0d713f3c67a7f18e6ed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-09-15T16:46:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Heiriane Martins Sousa.pdf: 1248622 bytes, checksum: 2e054a5474c8c0d713f3c67a7f18e6ed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T16:46:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2014_Heiriane Martins Sousa.pdf: 1248622 bytes, checksum: 2e054a5474c8c0d713f3c67a7f18e6ed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-21 / O sistema de integração Lavoura-Pecuária (iLP), é uma alternativa de conservação dos recursos naturais. Sua característica principal é incluir culturas anuais e pastagens em uma mesma área, com objetivos de aumentar os lucros, manter e ou melhorar os atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos microbiológicos do solo e sua resiliência, como indicadores de qualidade, em sistemas de iLP, no Ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia no estado de Mato Grosso. Amostras de solo, foram coletadas em 5 conformações de iLP, uma mata nativa e uma sucessão de culturas (soja/milho), no período de chuva, em duas épocas (2012 e 2013). Por meio da análise univariada dos dados, observou-se que as variáveis microbiológicas (carbono da biomassa microbiana = CBM; respiração basal; quociente metabólico; atividade das enzimas β-glicosidase, fosfatase alcalina e ácida, urease; enumeração de micro-organismos celulolíticos, actinomicetos, bactérias e fungos do solo) foram influenciadas pelos sistemas e épocas de coletas. A segunda época de coleta (2013), em geral resultou-se em maiores resultados nos atributos microbiológicos. Os maiores teores de CBM foram observados nos sistemas com maior diversificação da matéria orgânica, como na mata nativa e na iLP A (sistema que de 2005-2009 se manteve com 3 culturas anuais e de 2009-2011 com Brachiaria brizantha ). Os sistemas modificaram a atividade das enzimas. Sendo que, dois sistemas de iLP se assemelharam com a mata nativa, esta por sua vez, apresentou-se mais estável na produção de enzimas que os demais sistemas. As populações de micro-organismos foram afetadas pelos sistemas, mas diferentemente das enzimas, os resultados foram maiores nas iLP do que no sistema referencial. Na análise multivariada, os sistemas apresentaram resultados homogêneos e se agruparam formando um grupo em 2012. Houve uma segregação destes sistemas em 2013, onde formaram 2 grupos com funções similares sobre as variáveis. A partir de um desses grupos foi possível identificar que a iLP C e iLP A foram os sistemas que mais assemelharam com a mata nativa, tal fato comprova que a iLP corrobora para com a melhoria e/ou manutenção dos atributos microbiológicos. Os fatores climáticos tiveram alta influência sobre os resultados. A enzima β-glicosidade apresentou forte correlação sobre as demais enzimas. As variáveis microbiológicas analisadas isoladamente são sensíveis às alterações em função do uso do solo e do tempo, e são bons indicadores de qualidade do solo. A época de coleta influenciou os resultados microbiológicos. O sistema integrado de produção proporciona resiliência na estrutura e função da microbiota do solo, sendo uma ferramenta de manejo menos impactante e com maior capacidade de sustentabilidade do componente microbiológico do solo. / The Crop-Livestock (iLP) system integration is an alternative for the conservation of natural resources. Its main feature is to include annual crops and pastures in the same area, with goals to increase profits maintain and or improve the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological soil properties and their resilience, as indicators of soil quality in iLP systems, in the Cerrado-Amazon Ecotone of Mato Grosso state. Soil samples were collected in 5 conformations of iLP, a native forest and a succession of crops (soybean/maize) during the rainy season, in two seasons (2012 and 2013). Through univariate analysis, it was observed that the microbiological variables (microbial biomass carbon = MBC; basal respiration; metabolic quotient; activity of the enzymes β-glucosidase, alkaline and acid phosphatase, urease; enumeration of cellulolytic micro-organisms, actinomycetes, bacteria and soil fungi) were influenced by systems and collection times. The second collection time (2013) generally resulted in higher results in microbiological attributes. The highest levels of the MBC were observed in systems with greater diversification and supply of organic matter, as in native forest and iLP A (which from 2005-2009 remained with 3 annual crops and 2009-2011 with Brachiaria brizantha). The systems had modified the activity of enzymes. In which, two systems with iLP resembled the native forest, this in turn, presented a more stable production of enzymes than other systems. Populations of micro-organisms were affected by the systems, but unlike enzymes, the results were higher than in the iLP reference system. In the multivariate analysis, the systems showed results homogeneous and were grouped forming a group in 2012. But there was a segregation of these systems in 2013, where they formed two groups with similar functions on the variables. From one of these groups could be identified that iLP C and iLP A were the systems that most resembled to the native forest, this fact proves that iLP corroborates with the maintenance and/or improvement of the microbiological attributes. Climatic factors had a high influence on the results. The enzyme β-glucosidase showed a strong correlation over other enzymes. The microbiological variables are sensitive to changes in function of land use and time, and are good indicators of soil quality. The collection time influenced the microbiological results. The integrated production system provides resilience in the structure and function of soil microbes. And it is a tool of the least impactful soil management and greater ability to sustainability of soil microbiological component.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-04-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:07:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 faria_af_me_arafcl.pdf: 1162798 bytes, checksum: 98b7bb76d1440225e92bf36594058934 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A dissertação busca retratar a dinâmica da cadeia produtiva do fumo. O objetivo geral envolve dois aspectos: discutir a reestruturação produtiva do setor que se estende do campo à produção fabril, e problematizar a qualificação profissional dos trabalhadores envolvidos na cadeia do fumo, visto que se trata de uma cadeia coordenada por multinacionais que detém as inovações tecnológicas utilizadas ao longo da cadeia produtiva do fumo/cigarro. O objetivo específico é discutir tais aspectos a partir de um estudo de caso, envolvendo a empresa Souza Cruz S/A, visto que esta está presente nos dois ramos da produção, ou seja, na produção agrícola integrada e na fabricação de cigarros. O controle da cadeia se dá então de forma específica, coordenada por uma política integrada, denominada Supply Chain, na qual a ausência de qualificação profissional no campo torna-se um instrumento de controle no campo, ao passo que na indústria o discurso da qualificação profissional aumenta a intensificação do trabalho na fábrica. Ademais também caracterizamos uma nova forma de relação interfirmas existente entre empresas fumageiras, empresas agro-químicas e agricultores integrados. O estudo de caso realizado no ano de 2009 deu-se a partir de entrevistas com agricultores e entidades representativas localizadas no município de Santa Cruz do Sul/RS (maior complexo fumageiro do mundo). A pesquisa realizada na unidade produtiva da Souza Cruz S/A em Uberlândia/MG deu-se durante o ano de 2008 e compreende o período 1990-2007 no qual a empresa implementou seu projeto de reestruturação produtiva. / Not available

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:25:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_evandro_pedro_schneider.pdf: 2266722 bytes, checksum: 3c54a1645502813d243972f3dd69f094 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-30 / Identifying contamination potential risk in the peach production system is necessary to the construction of critical consciousness about the topic, as well as to the improvement of problem control in the productive chain such as Integrated Production of Fruits. From this issue, it is proposed to identify and supervise the farmers profile, their current level of contamination and monitor the peach chain, related to the presence of pesticides residues and microbiological contamination, in order to identify the vulnerabilities and risk situations connected to the use of pesticides and microbiological contamination in the peach productive chain, in the region of Pelotas, RS. As work methodology it was applied questionnaires, blood collected from producers (biological analyze), sample of fruits and water were collected during two consecutives harvests (2010/11 and 2011/12) in 25 productive farms. According to the diagnosis made, the lower education, the use of badly calibrated equipments, added to the insufficient technical assistance, constitute vulnerabilities related to the inadequate use of pesticides. The water used in the rural properties presents not only microbiological but also pesticide contamination. According to the percentages of unacomplishment of Maximum Limits of Residues and the inadequate use of pesticides non-authorized to the culture, it is concluded that the peach fruits and preserving (85,7%), are not totally safe by pesticides residues, demanding actions of conscientization and supervising of peach system production. / Identificar o risco potencial de contaminação no sistema de produção de pêssegos se faz necessário para construção da consciência crítica sobre o assunto, bem como para o aperfeiçoamento dos programas de controle da cadeia produtiva como a Produção Integrada de Frutas. Frente a este problema, se propõe identificar o perfil dos agricultores, seu nível atual de contaminação e monitorar a cadeia persícola, no que diz respeito à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos e contaminação microbiológica, com o objetivo de identificar as vulnerabilidades e situações de risco relacionadas ao uso de agrotóxicos e à contaminação microbiológica na cadeia produtiva de pêssegos, na região de Pelotas, RS. Como método de trabalho foram aplicados questionários, coletado sangue de produtores (análise biológica), coletadas amostras de frutos e água durante duas safras consecutivas (2010/11 e 2011/12) em 25 unidades produtivas. De acordo com o diagnóstico realizado, a baixa escolaridade, a utilização de equipamentos mal calibrados, somado à assistência técnica insatisfatória, constituem-se vulnerabilidades associadas ao uso inadequado de agrotóxicos. A água utilizada nas propriedades rurais apresenta contaminação microbiológica e por agrotóxicos. De acordo com as percentagens de incumprimentos dos Limites Máximos de Resíduos e ao uso indevido de agrotóxicos não autorizados para a cultura, conclui-se que os frutos de pessegueiro e as conservas (85,7%), não são totalmente seguros em termos de resíduos de agrotóxicos, demandando ações de conscientização e monitoramento do sistema de produção de pêssegos.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-11T17:21:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sandro Alex Helrigel Abreu - 2016.pdf: 1948362 bytes, checksum: ab3935a37704169b650d8c42e4ff1297 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-11-17T16:16:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sandro Alex Helrigel Abreu - 2016.pdf: 1948362 bytes, checksum: ab3935a37704169b650d8c42e4ff1297 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T16:16:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sandro Alex Helrigel Abreu - 2016.pdf: 1948362 bytes, checksum: ab3935a37704169b650d8c42e4ff1297 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / The Agroforestry Systems (SAF’s) are models of agricultural exploration that using forest species intercropped with agricultural crops and/or forage with or without animal presence. They have been widely disseminated therefore contribute to the sustainability of the agriculture. This study was developed from an experiment conducted in agrossilvicultural system during the period 2013-2015, the Federal University of Goiás, city of Goiania, GO. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical properties of soil, development and productivity of plant components in system integration (Teca and soybean), using different fertilization soil and cropping systems. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, in arrangement factorial 4 x 2, consists of four types of fertilization: no application (control); mineral fertilization; application of cattle manure and application of sewage sludge in two cropping systems: single Teca and Teca intercropped with soybeans. The chemical properties of the soil were favored by the application of sewage sludge. There not increase in levels of heavy metals in soil by use of organic waste. The productivity of soybean fertilized with sewage sludge did not differ of the mineral fertilizer, being higher other fertilization. The initial performance of Teca in single cropping was favored by the application of both organic waste. However, when intercropped with soybean, sewage sludge application resulted in higher values of height and diameter at breast height (DBH). The canopy of the tree component of the system was not influenced by the type of fertilizer used, keeping constant the light rate in the different fertilization. The use of sewage sludge is favorable both for the initial development of Teca as plants for soybean yield, being recommended in agrossilviculturals systems. / Os Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAFs) são modelos de produção agropecuária que utilizam espécies florestais consorciadas com espécies agrícolas e, ou, forrageiras com ou sem a presença animal. Têm sido amplamente divulgados, pois contribuem para a sustentabilidade da exploração agropecuária. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de um experimento conduzido em sistema agrossilvicultural durante o período de 2013 a 2015, na Universidade Federal de Goiás, município de Goiânia, GO. O seu objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades químicas do solo, desenvolvimento e produtividade dos componentes vegetais no sistema de integração (teca e soja), com utilização de diferentes fertilizações do solo e sistemas de cultivo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, constituído por quatro tipos de fertilizações: nenhuma aplicação (testemunha); adubação mineral; aplicação de esterco bovino e aplicação de lodo de esgoto, em dois sistemas de cultivo: teca em nonocultivo e teca consorciada com soja. As propriedades químicas do solo foram favorecidas pela aplicação de lodo de esgoto. Não houve incremento nos níveis de elementos potencialmente tóxicos no solo pela utilização de resíduos orgânicos. A produtividade da soja adubada com lodo de esgoto não diferiu da adubada com fertilizante mineral, sendo superiores às das demais fertilizações. O desempenho inicial da teca no cultivo solteiro foi favorecido pela aplicação de ambos os resíduos orgânicos. Entretanto, quando consorciada com a soja, a aplicação de lodo de esgoto resultou em maiores valores de altura e diâmetro à altura do peito (DAP). O dossel do componente arbóreo do sistema não foi influenciado pelo tipo de adubo empregado, mantendo constante o regime de luz nas diferentes fertilizações. A utilização de lodo de esgoto apresenta-se favorável tanto para o desenvolvimento inicial de plantas de teca como para o rendimento da soja, sendo recomendada em sistemas agrossilviculturais.

L’étude de la dynamique spatiale des bioagresseurs doit permettre, à terme, de prendre en compte le paysage afin de concevoir une gestion plus efficace en intégrant à la fois l’organisation spatiale des pratiques de lutte et des aménagements paysagers défavorables aux ravageurs. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à la dynamique spatiale du carpocapse (Cydia pomonella), le principal insecte ravageur des vergers de pommiers et poiriers dans le sud-est de la France. Nous avons recherché, par une approche exploratoire à l’échelle du bassin de production, quels étaient les effets du paysage sur les densités de ce ravageur. Nous avons développé une approche de modélisation théorique pour approfondir la compréhension des mécanismes de la dynamique spatiale. Nous avons également analysé la répartition spatiale des larves de carpocapse à l’échelle du verger pour appréhender d’autres processus plus locaux. Il est apparu des effets significatifs du paysage à l’échelle du bassin de production comme à l’échelle du verger. Les effectifs de carpocapse étaient influencés négativement par la densité de vergers conventionnels dans l’environnement. Nous avons montré que cette relation pouvait être liée à une différence de dynamique locale des populations entre vergers en agriculture biologique et verger en agriculture conventionnelles, associée à des évènements de migration. Les effectifs étaient également plus faibles dans les zones protégées du vent. Au sein de certains vergers, nous avons détecté une hétérogénéité dans la répartition spatiale des larves de carpocapse. Dans ces vergers particuliers, les effectifs tendaient à être plus faibles à proximité d’une haie, effet en partie lié à la diversité floristique de la haie. Enfin, nous avons modélisé les dégâts sur fruit en fonction de la dynamique temporelle du ravageur. Les dégâts étaient positivement et significativement reliés aux captures d’adultes ; mais cette relation était influencée par des facteurs locaux (phytoprotection) et paysagers. / Studying pest spatial dynamics should help developing efficient integrated management including organization of spatial distribution of crop protection strategies at the landscape scale, and selection of landscape structures unfavorable for pest. In this thesis, we focused on spatial dynamics of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), the main insect pest of apple and pear orchards in southeastern France. We studied the landscape effects on the densities of this pest using a correlative approach at the scale of a fruit growing area. We developed a theoretical model of spatial dynamics in order to infer ecological mechanisms from correlative patterns. We also analyzed the spatial distribution of larvae at the orchard scale and studied local landscape effects. Codling moth densities were significantly related to landscape characteristics both at large and local scales. The number of codling moth was negatively correlated to the proportion of conventional host orchards in the surroundings. We showed that this relation may be a result of landscape heterogeneity and dispersal of the pest. The number of codling moth was also lower in those areas protected from the dominant wind. In some orchards, codling moth larvae were significantly aggregated and tended to be fewer in the proximity of the hedgerows with a potential effect of the flora diversity in the nearest hedgerow. Finally, we modeled fruit damage as a function of adult codling moth temporal dynamics. Damages were positively related to the number of trapped adults but this relation depended on local (crop protection) and landscape factors.

L’aquaculture de la crevette bleue Litopenaeus stylirostris représente une activité profitable enNouvelle-Calédonie. Cependant, elle doit faire face à deux maladies bactériennes saisonnières quidiminuent les rendements et menacent le développement aquacole. D'après la littérature, lapolyculture avec des poissons pourrait diminuer l'occurrence des maladies, prévenir la dégradation del'environnement et au final augmenter la production des bassins. Cette étude porte sur la faisabilitéd'élever en bassins L. stylirostris avec Siganus lineatus. Les objectifs majeurs ont été 1) d’estimer lacapacité de S. lineatus à s’adapter aux bassins et d’évaluer les performances de croissance, 2)d’estimer la faisabilité technique de la polyculture de L. stylirostris avec S. lineatus et 3) d’estimer leseffets de cette polyculture sur les performances zootechniques des deux espèces et sur lefonctionnement écologiques des bassins par comparaison avec leur monoculture.Pour répondre au premier objectif, Siganus lineatus (5.7g) a été mis en culture à des densités de 7, 14et 21 poissons.m-2 en système clos. Après 8 semaines de culture, les performances de croissance de S.lineatus ont été similaires quelles que soient les densités. S. lineatus peut donc bien s’adapter etcroître dans ces systèmes clos, même à des températures basses, proches de 20°C, et à forte densité.Les fortes densités n’ont pas eu d’effets négatifs sur la croissance, mais sont à l’origine d’unedétérioration des conditions environnementales suite à un apport plus marqué en aliment générantdavantage de déchets organiques. En conséquence, une mortalité de S. lineatus peut apparaître lorsquela concentration en oxygène descend en dessous des 2 mg.L-1.Pour atteindre le 2ème et le 3ème objectif, une seconde expérience a montré que l’ajout de S. lineatus(25.5 g) à une culture de crevettes (2.9 g; 15 crevettes.m-2) à des densités de 0, 1.2 et 2.4 poissons.m-2n’a pas affecté les performances zooetchniques de L. stylirostris sur cette première phase d'élevage.La survie de S. lineatus a été de 100% et sa croissance a été similaire quelle que soit sa densité. Laproduction combinée totale pour les traitements polyculture a augmenté de 47 – 106 % et les indicesde conversions diminuent de 31.6 – 47.7% en comparaison avec le traitement "monoculture decrevettes". L'ajout de S. Lineatus n'a pas eu d'effets significatifs sur la production primaire, larespiration, les flux dissous et particulaires à l'interface eau-sédiment de l'écosystème bassin.Dans une troisième expérience, avec des biomasses initiales plus élevées de L. stylirostris (14 g) de156 g.m-2 en polyculture avec S. lineatus (19 g) (80 g.m-2) et de 237 g.m-2 en monoculture, nous avonsobservé une forte mortalité des crevettes. Inversement, avec des biomasses initiales de S. lineatus (19g) de 155 g.m-2 en polyculture avec L. stylirostris (14 g) (81 g.m-2) et de 235 g.m-2 en monoculture,nous avons montré une augmentation de la biomasse de S. lineatus. En utilisant l'aliment pour sapropre croissance non utilisé par les crevettes, S. lineatus est ainsi capable de limiter l'impact dû àl'eutrophisation de l'écosystème bassin.Les résultats des analyses isotopiques montrent que l'aliment n'est pas une source majeure de carbonepour L. stylirostris et S. lineatus alors qu'il l'est pour l'azote. Le biotope, en y incluant la matièreorganique des sédiments et la matière organique particulaire dans la colonne d'eau est la principalesource de carbone pour les deux espèces et une source secondaire pour l'azote.Pour conclure, S. lineatus est un candidat potentiel pour la culture commerciale / Blue shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris farming is a major and profitable activity of aquaculture industryin New Caledonia. However, it is facing two seasonal bacterial diseases, which decrease rearedshrimp yield and threaten the sustainability of the aquaculture development. As reported by theliterature, polyculture with fish would have the potential to decrease the impact of these kind ofdiseases, prevent the deterioration of the environment and to increase the production of the ponds. Thefeasibility of L. stylirostris and Siganus lineatus polyculture in earthen ponds was carried out in thisstudy. The main objectives were 1) to estimate the adaptive capacity and growth performance of S.lineatus, and the environmental variations in a closed culture system, 2) to estimate the technicalfeasibility of L. stylirostris and S. lineatus polyculture, and 3) to estimate the effects of L. stylirostrisand S. lineatus polyculture on zootechnical performances and pond ecology in comparison withmonoculture of these species.To answer to the first objective, Siganus lineatus (5.7g) was stocked at 7, 14 and 21 fish.m-2 in aclosed culture system. After 8 weeks of culture period, S. lineatus growth performance was similarbetween all densities. S. lineatus could well adapt and grow in a closed system, even at lowtemperature, ca. 20oC and high stocking density, 21 fish.m-2. High stocking density did not havenegative effects on S. lineatus growth performance, but could cause the environmental deteriorationdue to increased nutrient input and accumulated organic wastes in the culture system. Asconsequence, S. lineatus could die when water oxygen depleted to below 2 mg.L-1.To reach the second and the third objective, a second experiment showed that adding S. lineatus (25.5g) to L. stylirostris (2.9 g) culture system (15 shrimp.m-2) at 1.2 and 2.4 fish.m-2 did not affect L.stylirostris zootechnical performance during the first stage of the rearing. S. lineatus gained 100% ofsurvival and similar growth performance in all densities. The polyculture system increased totalcombined production by 47 – 106 % and reduced FCR by 31.6 – 47.7% compared with those inshrimp monoculture. The addition of S. lineatus to the culture system did not have significantlyeffects on the gross primary productivity, the respiration, the nutrient and particulates fluxes at thewater-sediment interface of the pond ecosystem.In a third experiment, using higher stocking biomasses of L. stylirostris (14 g) at 156 g.m-2 in apolyculture with S. lineatus (19 g) (80 g.m-2) and at 237 g.m-2 in shrimp monoculture, we observed ahigh shrimp mortality. Conversely, stocking biomasses of S. lineatus (19 g) at 155 g.m-2 in apolyculture with L. stylirostris (14 g) (81 g.m-2) and at 235 g.m-2 in monoculture resulted in increasesof S. lineatus biomasses. This study showed that polyculture using S. lineatus is able to reduce organicwastes and nutrient release by consumption uneaten feed and retention input nutrients in biomass thatcontribute to limit the impact of the pond ecosystem eutrophication.Results of stable isotope analyses showed that the used pellet feed was not a major carbon source, butwas an important nitrogen source for both L. stylirostris and S. lineatus. Natural biota, includingsediment organic matter and particulate organic matter, was a main carbon source and represented asa secondary nitrogen source for both species.It may be concluded that S. lineatus is a suitable candidate for commercial culture in bothmonoculture and polyculture with L. stylirostris in earthen pond. Polyculture should be a properapproach that could partly contribute to sustainable development of aquaculture, but needs specificresearch to optimize the trophic status of the reared species.

In this dissertation, we address three different combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), each of which has specific real-life applications. Owning to their specific nature, these problems are different from those discussed in the literature. For each of these problems, we present a mathematical programming formulation, analyze the problem to determine its useful, inherent structural properties, and develop an efficient methodology for its solution by exploiting these properties. The first problem that we address is the course timetabling problem encountered at Virginia Tech. The course timetabling problem for a university is a difficult problem and has been studied by many researchers over the years. As a result, a plethora of models and approaches have been reported in the literature. However, most of these studies have focused on applications pertaining to course scheduling for a single or at most few departments of a university. The sheer size of the university-wide timetabling problem that we address, involving thousands of courses to be scheduled in hundreds of classrooms in each semester, makes it a challenging problem. We employ an appropriate decomposition technique that relies on some inherent structural properties of the problem both during the modeling and algorithmic development phases. We show the superiority of the schedules generated by our methodology over those that are currently being used. Also, our methodology requires only a reasonable amount of computational time in solving this large-size problem. A facility layout problem involving arbitrary-shaped departments is the second problem that we investigate in this dissertation. We designate this problem as the arbitrary-shaped facility layout problem (ASFLP). The ASFLP deals with arranging a given set of departments (facilities, workstations, machines) within the confines of a given floor space, in order to optimize a desired metric, which invariably relates to the material handling cost. The topic of facility planning has been addressed rather extensively in the literature. However, a major limitation of most of the work reported in the literature is that they assume the shape of a department to be a rectangle (or even a square). The approach that relies on approximating an arbitrary-shaped department by a rectangle might result in an unattractive solution. The key research questions for the ASFLP are: (1) how to accurately model the arbitrary-shaped departments, and (2) how to effectively and efficiently determine the desired layout. We present a mixed-integer programming model that maintains the arbitrary shapes of the departments. We use a meta-heuristic to solve the large-size instances of the ASFLP in a reasonable amount of time. The third problem that we investigate is a supply chain scheduling problem. This problem involves two stages of a supply chain, specifically, a manufacturer and one or more customers. The key issue is to achieve an appropriate coordination between the production and distribution functions of the manufacturer so as to minimize the sum of the shipping and job tardiness costs. We, first, address a single customer problem, and then, extend our analysis to the case of multiple customers. For the single-customer problem, we present a polynomial-time algorithm to solve it to optimality. For the multiple-customer problem, we prove that this problem is NP-hard and solve it by appropriately decomposing it into subproblems, one of which is solvable in polynomial time. We propose a branch-and-bound-based methodology for this problem that exploits its structural properties. Results of an extensive computational experimentation are presented that show the following: (1) our algorithms are efficient to use and effective to implement; and (2) significant benefits accrue as a result of integrating the production and distribution functions. / Ph. D.