Little attention is paid to the civil remedies available when infringement of a trade mark or the right to goodwill occurs. Yet, for the owners of ~uch rights, these remedies are of much greater importance than theoretical considerations regarding the nature of the rights or what constitutes their infringement. This thesis analyses the civil remedies for trade mark infringement granted by the South African Trade Marks Act 194 of 1993. In the South African context, any consideration of civil remedies is rendered problematic by the attempted graft of English remedies onto a legal system with a different common-law background. It is, therefore, essential first to trace the English origin and application of these remedies, and then to determine whether each remedy is acceptable in terms of the South African common law. This is necessary, as our courts have previously rejected or adapted English remedies which were unknown to our common law but which Parliament introduced in legislation. The remedies of interdict (or injunction) in final and interlocutory form, compensatory damages, reasonable royalties, and delivery up are analysed from a substantive law and a procedural perspective. The procedural innovation of an inquiry as to damages is also considered. In respect of each remedy, (1) the English roots and development of the remedy are traced; (2) differences of approach in two other Commonwealth jurisdictions, Australia and Canada, are highlighted; (3) the development of the South African equivalent is detailed; and (4) suggestions for the future implementation of the remedy in South Africa are made. In the penultimate chapter, our common law and legislation (including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996 ) are measured against the requirements of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Recommendations for the effective utilization of each remedy in South Africa are then made. They include suggestions for legislative amendment in respect of delivery up and an inquiry as to damages, and the introduction of statutory damages as an further civil remedy. / Mercentile Law / LL. D. (Laws)

Mot propre au langage juridique, l’illicéité signifie la contrariété au droit. Oscillant entre l’illégalité et l’injustice, elle est une catégorie juridique souvent rejetée par les pénalistes. En réalité, l’illicéité aborde les interdits posés par le droit pénal à partir de leurs essences. Elle peut ainsi apparaître inutile et même dangereuse – en droit pénal la contrariété au droit est synonyme d’illégalité et le juge pénal n’a pas à se demander si le comportement poursuivi est en outre injuste. Néanmoins, il convient de ne pas oublier que « même pénale, la loi n’a pas tous les droits » et que les dispositions pénales n’ont pas comme unique destinataire le juge. À l’heure où il est de plus en plus question de regénéralisation et de rethéorisation du droit pénal, l’illicéité mérite en effet d’être placée au centre des réflexions pénalistes, car elle invite à s’intéresser à ce qui est essentiel dans les interdits pénalement consacrés en fonction des besoins et capacités du destinataire principal des dispositions pénales – le profane. En mesure de recouvrir ce qu’on peut réellement attendre d’un non-spécialiste, l’illicéité indique ainsi ce qui doit guider la détermination et la définition des infractions pour que le droit pénal soit légitime et effectif. Dans cette perspective, pour saisir ce que constitue l’essence des interdits pénalement consacrés, il ne suffit pas de se référer aux dispositions pénales mais il faut exploiter entièrement les normes et valeurs révélées par la conscience sociale qui exercent une influence déterminante sur le droit pénal. Car si les repères proprement pénaux ne sont pas en mesure de dévoiler à eux seuls l’essence des interdits, la conscience sociale fournit des critères de justice objectifs et opérationnels adaptés au profane permettant d’aborder adéquatement le droit pénal dans le cadre de l’ensemble normatif dans lequel il s’insère. / Illicitness, a word particular to the legal language signifies the defiance of the law. Oscillating between illegality and injustice, it is a legal category often rejected by French criminal lawyers. In reality, illicitness touches the essence of the prohibitions posed by the criminal law. It can thus appear unnecessary and even dangerous – in criminal law the defiance of the law is synonymous with illegality and the criminal judge does not have to wonder if the continued behaviour is also unjust. Nevertheless, we should not forget that “even criminal, the law does not have all the rights” and that criminal provisions are not only intended for the judge. At a time when it is increasingly a question of re-generalisation and re-theorisation of the criminal law, illicitness merits being placed in effect at the centre of the criminal lawyers’ reflections, for it invites interest in what is essential in the prohibitions enacted as criminal by reference to the main recipient of the criminal provisions – the layman. Able to cover what you can really expect from a non-lawyer, illicitness indicates in this way what must guide the determination and the definition of the offences in order that the criminal law is legitimate and effective. In this perspective, in order to grasp what animates deeply the restrictions laid down as criminal, it is not enough to refer to the provisions but it is necessary also to fully exploit the norms and values revealed by the social conscience which exerts a decisive influence on the criminal law. For if the strictly criminal bench marks are not by themselves able to reveal what gives meaning to the forbidden, social awareness provides the objective and operational criteria of illicitness adapted to the layman to adequately address the criminal law in the framework of the normative set in which it fits.

Die Arbeit besteht aus 17 Einzelstudien, die in engem Zusammenhang mit den vom Verfasser bearbeiteten Editionsbänden der ‚Acta Cusana‘ entstanden. Basierend auf den Materialien und Kommentaren der Edition analysieren sie vielfältige Probleme der spätmittelalterlichen Lebenswelt und erschließen oft kaum bekannte Quellenbestände. Ein zentrales Anliegen verbindet die Studien: Es geht vor allem darum, die in der Forschung oft entrückte Figur des historischen Cusanus in die Kontexte seiner Lebenswelt zurückzuführen. Übersteigerte Exzeptionalität und vielfach behauptete Lebensfremdheit des genialen Denkers verstellten oft den Blick auf das Typische und zeitbedingt Repräsentative an den cusanischen Lebensbildern. Die Studien stellen sich damit oft gegen tief verwurzelte Forschungstraditionen, die bis weit ins 19. Jh. zurückreichen und Nikolaus von Kues als einen in seiner kirchenpolitischen und administrativen Praxis intellektuell unterforderten und gleichzeitig menschlich überforderten Kardinal und Bischof erscheinen lassen, dessen überstrenge und rücksichtslos unrealistische Reformvorstellungen aus dem Rahmen der eigenen Zeit fielen. Der chronologische Schwerpunkt der Studien liegt in den Brixner Jahren des Nikolaus von Kues (1452–1458), wobei Rückblenden in die früheren Lebensjahre stärkeres Gewicht zukommt als Vorgriffen auf die späteren römischen Jahre. Die Diözese Brixen unter Nikolaus von Kues darf als Musterfall einer spätmittelalterlichen geistlichen Landesherrschaft gelten. Der vielerorts spürbare Überlebenskampf gegenüber den weltlichen Nachbarn zeigt sich hier in besonderer Schärfe. Dabei verfolgte Cusanus keineswegs das unrealistische Ziel, den Grafen von Tirol aus dessen ererbten Machtpositionen zu drängen, sondern strebte vielmehr eine starke Verflechtung der geistlichen und weltlichen Herrschaftsbereiche an, die das bislang gängige Bild von der konfrontativen Arrondierung und Einkapselung geistlicher Territorien an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit in Frage stellt. / The volume consists of 17 individual studies, produced in close connection with the edition volumes of the 'Acta Cusana' edited by the author. Based on the materials and commentaries of the edition, they analyze diverse problems of late medieval life and explore often barely known sources. The studies are united by a central concern: above all, the aim is to return the figure of the historical Cusanus, who has often appeared remote in research, to the contexts of his lifeworld. The exaggerated exceptionalism and frequently claimed alienation from life of the brilliant thinker often obscured the view of what was typical and representative of the time in the Cusanian life portraits. The studies thus often challenge deeply rooted research traditions that reach far back into the 19th century and make Nicholas of Cusa appear as a cardinal and bishop who was intellectually underchallenged in his church political and administrative practice and at the same time overtaxed as a human being, whose excessive and ruthlessly unrealistic ideas of reform fell outside the framework of his own time. The chronological focus of the studies lies in the Brixen years of Nicholas of Cusa (1452-1458), whereby flashbacks to the earlier years of his life are given greater weight than forwards to the later Roman years. The diocese of Brixen under Nicholas of Cusa can be regarded as a model case of late medieval ecclesiastical dominion. The struggle for survival against the secular neighbors, which was noticeable in many places, is particularly evident here. Cusanus was by no means pursuing the unrealistic goal of forcing the Count of Tyrol out of his inherited position of power, but rather strived for a strong interweaving of the ecclesiastical and secular domains, which calls into question the previously common image of the confrontational consolidation and encapsulation of ecclesiastical territories on the threshold of the modern era.

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D