La question litigieuse en matière contractuelle correspond aux sanctions du contrat que les parties, à la suite d'un différend, décident d'introduire dans le procès civil. Le concept se présente comme un trait d'union entre le droit des contrats et la procédure civile : il offre ainsi une vision processualiste des sanctions du contrat, qu'il replace dans le contexte du procès civil, doublée d'une perspective contractualiste de la procédure civile, celle-ci étant chargée de la réalisation des droits substantiels des parties. La question litigieuse s'avère un instrument utile pour préciser la nature des sanctions du contrat que les parties peuvent solliciter ensemble et celles pour lesquelles il est nécessaire d'opérer un choix (en les hiérarchisant éventuellement par le mécanisme du subsidiaire). L'intérêt est également de spécifier le régime de l'évolution de la question litigieuse tout au long de l'instance. L'analyse révèle ainsi dans quelle mesure les parties peuvent la modifier en première instance, en appel, ou encore devant la Cour de cassation. De surcroît, lorsqu'un nouveau procès est entamé par un contractant, il faut s'assurer que la question nouvellement posée n'est pas identique à la précédente. Le concept encadre enfin les pouvoirs du juge appelé à trancher un litige relatif au contrat : il permet de savoir de quelle manière le juge peut ajouter ou substituer une sanction à celle choisie par les parties, et s'il dispose, à cet égard, d'un pouvoir ou d'un devoir d'y procéder. De la sorte, l'étude de la question litigieuse concourt à améliorer le traitement procédural du droit des contrats. / The litigious question in contractual matters corresponds to the contractual sanctions that the parties enter into in a civil trial. It is the link between contract law and a civil proceeding: it offers a procedural vision of the contractual sanctions because they are analyzed in terms of their implementation by the civil trial, it also allows to have a contractualist's perspective about the procedural civil law inasmuch as the comprehension of the litigious question is based on a study of contract sanctions.On the one hand, the litigious question concept is used to specify which are the contractual sanctions that the parties have the right to solicit together and the sanctions between which it is necessary to choose (potentially by using a subsidiary claim). On the other hand, it also allows to define the rules of its evolution on the parties' or the judge's initiative. The study of the litigious question reveals to what extent the parties can change the question in the first instance, in appeal or before the Supreme Court. One of them can call a new trial as well; it should be checked that the new litigious question is not the same as the precedent one. Likewise, the concept frames the authority of the judge before which the sanction is requested. It clarifies especially how to proceed to add or substitute another penalty for that chosen by the parties, and if it is a faculty or an obligation. The study of the litigious question thus contributes to improve the procedural treatment of contractual law.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lilian Rodrigues Mano.pdf: 902583 bytes, checksum: f25aff5390b4d4f0bd0733c7a7af9c94 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11 / The dissertation encompass the thematic examination of the anticipated decision regarding the ripe aspect of the merit, grounded upon the strict observance of the access to Justice constitutional principle, considered in its entirety. Therefore, focusing on the constitutional tutelage of the civil procedure, and the impossibility of conceiving the procedural dictates disengaged from constitutional law, the necessary premises regarding the development of the study were established, with a brief approach to the access to Justice principle, allocating special attention to the evolution of the concept and the scope attributed to it, following the yearnings of the modern procedural theories, demonstrating that it is inherent to the principle the notion of the effectiveness of the process, which must constitute an adequate mean to the realization, on the factual level, of the substantive rights proclaimed by the State and, yet, comprising the content of the reasonable duration of the process guarantee. From them on, the paper addresses the possibility of the anticipated decision regarding the ripe aspect of the merit, de lege lata, even before the creation of the Civil Procedure Code of 2015, highlighting the dispute around article 273, §6º, of the Civil Procedure Code of 1973. Following that, the study centers on the definition of the judicial rulings with relevant decisional content (interlocutory decision and judgement) within the Brazilian legal order, deriving from an attempt of framing the partial decision of the merit within one of these species of jurisdictional ruling, considering the civil procedural system of 1973, alongside the changes promoted over it, addressing the difficulties involved in such task, the consequences of this position on the appeals and also relative to the motions to set aside judgement, as well as aspects on the execution of the ruling. The final chapter is aimed at the New Civil Procedure Code provisions which keep compatibility with the immediate decision of the ripe aspect of the merit, in order to clearly demonstrate how some innovations brought upon maintain harmony with the attendance of the access to Justice principle contents, without leaving the necessary criticism to the perpetuation of the uproar or inadequate destination, in certain points, of different rules on total and partial judgment of the merit / A dissertação envolve um exame da temática do julgamento antecipado da parcela madura do mérito, calcado na estreita observância ao princípio constitucional do acesso à justiça, considerado em sua inteireza. Assim, com enfoque na tutela constitucional do processo civil e na impossibilidade de se conceber os ditames processuais de forma desarraigada do direito constitucional, foram estabelecidas as premissas necessárias ao desenvolvimento do estudo, com uma breve abordagem do princípio do acesso à justiça, destinando especial atenção à evolução de seu conceito e à extensão que a ele atribuída, de acordo com os anseios da moderna processualística, mostrando ser a ele inerente a ideia de efetividade do processo, que deve constituir um meio adequado para a realização, no plano fático, dos direitos substantivos proclamados pelo Estado, e, ainda, englobando o conteúdo da garantia de razoável duração do processo. A partir de então, o trabalho aborda a admissão do julgamento antecipado da parcela madura do mérito, de lege lata, mesmo antes do advento do Código de Processo Civil de 2.015, destacando-se a celeuma envolvendo o artigo 273, § 6º, do Código de Processo Civil de 1.973. Em seguida, o estudo é centrado na definição dos pronunciamentos jurisdicionais com conteúdo decisório relevante (decisão interlocutória e sentença) no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, partindo para uma tentativa de enquadramento da decisão parcial de mérito numa dessas espécies de provimento jurisdicional, considerado o sistema processual civil de 1973, com as reformas nele empreendidas, abordando-se as dificuldades que isso envolve, as consequências recursais e relativas à ação rescisória do posicionamento adotado, bem como aspectos sobre a execução da decisão. O capítulo final é destinado às previsões do Novo Código de Processo Civil relacionadas ao julgamento imediato da parcela madura do mérito, a fim de deixar patente como algumas das inovações perpetradas guardam consonância com o conteúdo do princípio do acesso à justiça, sem descurar da necessária crítica à perpetuação de celeumas ou inadequada destinação, em determinados pontos, de tratamento diferenciado ao julgamento total e ao parcial do mérito

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D