This article focuses on party competition in Bolivia from a multilevel approach with department (intermediate level) as the territorial unit of analysis from 2005 to 2015. The objective is to demonstrate the (in)congruence of an institutional level overlooked by the literature on multilevel studies, for which two indices of measurement are used: Summary Measure of Congruence (Gibson and Suarez-Cao 2010) in a one version and Dissimilarity Index (Johnston 1980) in two versions, nationally aggregated and departmentally disaggregated, with voting data from all competing parties (DISa) and only from those with double competition (DISb). The argument handled is that if an institutional level is important enough to be introduced to the electoral framework of a country, it should also be important enough for academic interest, especially in their relation with the rest of the system. From this, the study concluded that the importance of this institutional level depends on the degree of autonomy it has and the interest of the partisan actors and regional elites. / El presente artículo aborda la competencia partidista en Bolivia desde un enfoque multinivel a partir del departamento (nivel intermedio) como unidad territorial de análisis de 2005 a 2015. El objetivo es dar cuenta de la (in)congruencia que presenta un nivel institucional soslayado por la literatura existente sobre los estudios multinivel. Con este propósito se utilizan dos herramientas de medición: la Medida de Congruencia (Gibson y Suárez-Cao 2010) en una sola versión y el Índice de Disimilitud (Johnston 1980) en dos versiones, agregada a nivel nacional y desagregada por departamentos, con la introducción de datos de todos los partidos (DISa) y de los partidos con doble competencia (DISb). El argumento que se maneja es que si un nivel institucional es lo suficientemente importante para ser introducido al ámbito electoral de un país, debería serlo también para el interés académico y más en su relación con el resto del sistema. A partir de esto, el estudio ha llegado a la conclusión de que la importancia de este nivel institucional depende del grado de autonomía que posea y del interés de los actores partidistas y las élites regionales.

Narratives are regarded as a mirror of reality and therefore contain established norms and values which can be passed on to children. For that reason, the aim of the study is to analyse what norms and values can be detected in three popular children’s books, selected by pupils in grades 4–6, in the hope that they can be useful in school work with basic values. Reading literature brings a greater understanding of both the world and the individual. Since characters have a great influence on children, the study analyses the leading characters in the books Sam och Sigge, Diamantmysteriet and Nidstången. Among other things, the analysis gives examples of what is considered right or wrong, what a relationship should look like, how girls or boys are expected to behave, how people and animals should be treated, and that it is wrong to steal. In this way the selected books can be discussed in different ways in connection with values education in school.

Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka hur lärare förhåller sig till samt arbetar med formativ bedömning i mellanstadiets historieundervisning. För att nå denna kunskap har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med totalt tre lärare som undervisar i ämnet historia för årskurs 4–6. Under samtliga intervjuer fick lärarna möjligheten att lyfta fram sina egna tankar, kunskaper och erfarenheter av formativ bedömning och därtill möjligheten att berätta om sitt formativa arbetssätt i historieundervisningen. Lärarnas redogörelser har sedan legat till grund för analys där lärarnas formativa strategier och arbetssätt har belysts med utgångspunkt i den teori som den aktuella studien bygger på. Det huvudsakliga resultat som denna studie visar var att de tre lärarna som medverkat i studien har ett likartat synsätt på formativ bedömning, då samtliga lärare talar om att formativ bedömning generellt sett handlar om att utveckla elevernas lärande. Studien har även visat att lärarna har en positiv inställning till att arbeta med formativ bedömning i sin historieundervisning, men att förutsättningar såsom tid och ork har en avgörande betydelse för hur lärarna bedriver sitt formativa bedömningsarbete i ämnet historia. Utöver detta har det konstaterats att de tre lärarna i studien arbetar med formativ bedömning i historieämnet på ett relativt liknande sätt. Lärarna arbetar främst med formativ bedömning i sin historieundervisning genom att förklara och tydliggöra lärandemålen för eleverna, skapa olika läraktiviteter och uppgifter för att synliggöra elevernas förkunskaper och lärande, samt genom att föra samtal och diskussioner tillsammans med eleverna i syfte att skaffa sig kunskap om vad eleverna kan. Eleverna får även ofta arbeta i par eller i grupp i ämnet historia för att de ska ges möjligheten att ta del av varandras kunskaper. Dessutom arbetar samtliga lärare i studien formativt i sin historieundervisning genom att ge återkoppling till eleverna, framförallt i syfte att de ska utvecklas i sitt fortsatta lärande. Dock har det visat sig att en av lärarna sticker ut från övriga lärare med anledning av att läraren arbetar med att göra eleverna införstådda med historieundervisningens mål och krav på ett mer utvecklat sätt än övriga lärare i studien. / The main purpose of this study was to examine how teachers relate to and work with formative assessment in middle school’s history teaching. To achieve this knowledge, qualitative semistructured interviews have been conducted with three teachers who teach in the school subject history in grades 4–6. During all the interviews, the teachers were given the opportunity to share their own thoughts, knowledge and experiences of formative assessment and also the opportunity to tell about their way of working with formative assessment in their history teaching. The reports of the teachers have been the basis for analysis where the teachers’ formative strategies and working methods have been declared based on the theory which the present study is based. The main results of this study show that the three teachers have a similar approach to formative assessment because all teachers point out that formative assessment is generally about developing pupils’ learning process. The study has also shown that the teachers have a positive attitude towards working with formative assessment in their history teaching, but conditions such as time and energy have a decisive impact on how the teachers work with formative assessment in the subject of history. In addition, it has been found that the three teachers work with formative assessment in the subject of history in a relatively similar way. The teachers work primarily with formative assessment in their history teaching by clarifying the learning goals, creating different learning activities and tasks in order to make pupils’ previous knowledge and learning process visible and also by conducting conversations and discussions with the pupils in order to find out pupils’ knowledge. The pupils may also work in pairs or in groups in the subject of history with the intention of learning from each other. Furthermore, all teachers in the study work with formative assessment in their history teaching by providing feedback to the pupils, especially with the aim of developing pupils’ learning process. On the other hand, it has been found that one of the teachers stands out from the other teachers due to the fact that the teacher makes the pupils understand the goals and the requirements of the school subject history in a more developed way than the other teachers in the study.

No description available.

INTRODUÇÃO: A limpeza prévia de endoscópios rígidos (ER) seguida de desinfecção de nível intermediário com álcool etílico a 70% p/v após o exame de endoscopia nasal é uma prática adotada em muitos serviços de otorrinolaringologia. A literatura atual, no entanto, recomenda a esterilização ou desinfecção de alto nível como o método de descontaminação mais aceito para produtos para saúde classificados como semicríticos. No entanto, há que se fazer distinção entre equipamentos de alta complexidade e sua invasividade como os endoscópios flexíveis com lumens longos e estreitos utilizados na endoscopia digestiva, daqueles de conformação simples sem lumens de baixa invasividade como os endoscópios rígidos utilizados em otorrinolaringologia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança da desinfecção de nível intermediário com álcool etílico 70% p/v, após limpeza prévia dos endoscópios rígidos utilizados em procedimentos clínicos de endoscopia nasal considerando a carga microbiológica recuperada após o uso. MÉTODO: Imediatamente após a realização do exame, uma gaze úmida foi utilizada para o arraste da carga biológica do endoscópio rígido, gerando as amostras do Controle Positivo e, após a aplicação do POP, um novo arraste para constituir as amostras do Grupo Experimental. Estas gazes foram inicialmente submetidas à sonicação e agitação imersas em soro fisiológico e em seguida a solução foi submetida a uma técnica de extração de carga microbiológica por filtragem por meio de uma Membrana de Celulose de 0,22um de poro que foi, em seguida, semeada nos meios de ágar Sangue, Chocolate, Sabouraud, Löwenstein-Jensen e Tioglicolato. Estes meios ficaram incubados em estufa a 37ºC ± 2ºC e avaliados, no máximo, até por 60 dias conforme o perfil de crescimento dos diferentes microrganismos de interesse; foram analisados de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa para identificação e classificação dos micro-organismos recuperados após as semeaduras. RESULTADO: Os resultados da análise estatística evidenciaram diferença significativa entre Controle Positivo e Grupo Experimental quando comparados em relação à presença de Streptococcus coagulase negativa (p < 0,001), Bacillus spp (p < 0,001) e Staphylococcus aureus (p=0,001). No Controle Positivo, foram encontradas presença desses micro-organismos respectivamente na seguinte frequência: 63,2%, 28,9% e 28,9%, enquanto que, no Grupo Experimental, não foi houve recuperação microbiana alguma. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram a eficiência, na prática diária, da desinfecção de nível intermediário dos endoscópios utilizados na otorrinolaringologia por meio da fricção com álcool etílico 70% p/v por 90 segundos, com protocolo de limpeza prévia / INTRODUCTION: Prior cleaning of rigid endoscopes (REs) followed by intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) after nasal endoscopy is a common practice in many otolaryngology services. Current literature, in turn, recommends high-level sterilization or disinfection as the most accepted decontamination method for health products classified as semi-critical. However, it is necessary to distinguish highly complex equipment according to their invasiveness, e.g., flexible endoscopes with long and narrow lumens used in digestive endoscopy and those with a simple conformation without lumens of low invasiveness, such as rigid endoscopes used in otorhinolaryngology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) after cleaning of REs used in clinical procedures of nasal endoscopy considering the microbiological load recovered after use. METHOD: Immediately after the test, a wet gauze was used to drag the biological load from the RE, generating positive control samples; after applying POP, dragging was carried out again to generate samples of the experimental group. These gasses were initially subjected to sonication and shaking while immersed in physiological saline; the solution was then subjected to the microbiological loading technique by filtration through a 0.22-um pore cellulose membrane and then cultivated on blood, chocolate, Sabouraud, Löwenstein-Jensen, and thioglycolate agar media. These media were incubated at 37ºC ± 2ºC and evaluated for up to 60 days, according to the growth profile of the different microorganisms of interest. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed for the identification and classification of microorganisms recovered after cultivation. RESULTS: The results of statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the positive control and experimental groups for the presence of coagulase-negative Streptococcus (p < 0.001), Bacillus spp (p < 0.001), and Staphylococcus aureus (p=0.001). In the positive control group, these microorganisms were found in the following proportions: 63.2%, 28.9%, and 28.9%, respectively, whereas in the experimental group, no microorganisms were recovered. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate the efficiency of the daily practice of intermediate-level disinfection of endoscopes used in otorhinolaryngology by means of treatment with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) for 90 seconds, using a previous cleaning protocol

Submitted by Micheli Abreu (mabreu@fiocruz.br) on 2015-09-25T17:31:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lasaro_Stephanelli_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 864365 bytes, checksum: f575503a93b6b06c43b8f3d58b9e0087 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-09-28T18:44:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lasaro_Stephanelli_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 864365 bytes, checksum: f575503a93b6b06c43b8f3d58b9e0087 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Mario Mesquita (mbarroso@fiocruz.br) on 2015-09-28T19:02:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Lasaro_Stephanelli_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 864365 bytes, checksum: f575503a93b6b06c43b8f3d58b9e0087 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-28T19:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lasaro_Stephanelli_Mestrado_2015.pdf: 864365 bytes, checksum: f575503a93b6b06c43b8f3d58b9e0087 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Profissional em Saúde. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar formas de inserção dos técnicos de nível médio em farmácia nos serviços de Assistência Farmacêutica (AF) na Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS) do Sistema de Único de Saúde (SUS). Para isso, foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica e uma análise documental, além de um mapeamento dos cursos técnicos em farmácia, utilizando-se dados disponíveis no Banco de Dados do Observatório dos Técnicos em Saúde (BEPSAÚDE), da Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio, da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (EPSJV/Fiocruz). Neste sentido, foram analisados documentos e fontes ligados ao tema da pesquisa, abordando o SUS, a ABS, as Políticas Farmacêuticas no Brasil e a Educação Profissional em Saúde no Brasil com ênfase na formação dos profissionais em farmácia de nível médio. Visando facilitar o estabelecimento de um diálogo entre os documentos elencados para a pesquisa, inicialmente, estes foram organizados em três segmentos distintos: saúde, educação e regulamentação das práticas farmacêuticas. O mapeamento por meio do BEPSAÚDE, apontou: expressiva evasão, a partir do número de matriculados e de concluintes nos cursos técnicos em farmácia; e que o número de concluintes (técnicos em farmácia) pode ser considerado ainda pequeno quando comparado ao número de farmacêuticos inscritos nos conselhos de farmácia. Diante de uma possível ampliação da ABS na incorporação de técnicos em farmácia, sugere-se um maior incentivo para que, preferencialmente, as instituições públicas de ensino, além das privadas, realizem tais cursos, considerando-se que os técnicos de nível médio em farmácia apresentam em seu perfil de formação habilidades e competências condizentes com inúmeras demandas do serviço de AF da ABS do SUS. / This study aims to identify ways of insertion of intermediate level technicians in pharmacy in pharmaceutical assistance activities (PA) in Primary Health Care (PHC) of the Unified Health System (SUS, acronym in Portuguese). For this, a literature review and documental analysis was performed, and a mapping of intermediate technical courses in pharmacy, using data available in the Observatory Database of Health Technicians (BEPSAÚDE, acronym in Portuguese), from the Polytechnic School of Health Joaquim Venâncio, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (EPSJV/Fiocruz). In this sense, documents and sources related to the subject of the research were analyzed, addressing the SUS, the PHC, the Pharmaceutical Policies in Brazil and the Health Professional Education in Brazil with emphasis on training of professionals in intermediate level in pharmacy. To facilitate the relation among selected documents for research, initially, these were organized into three distinct segments: health, education and regulation of pharmaceutical practice. The mapping through BEPSAÚDE, points: a significant evasion, from the number of enrolled and graduating in intermediate technical courses in pharmacy; and that the number of graduates (intermediate technicians in pharmacy) can be considered still small compared to the number of registered pharmacists in regional board of pharmacy. Once there is a possible expansion of PHC in the incorporation of intermediate level technicians in pharmacy, it is suggested a greater incentive for that, preferably, public educational institutions, in addition to private, offer such courses, considering that the intermediate level technicians in pharmacy have training for skills and competencies consistent with numerous demands of the PA service of PHC in the SUS.

INTRODUÇÃO: A limpeza prévia de endoscópios rígidos (ER) seguida de desinfecção de nível intermediário com álcool etílico a 70% p/v após o exame de endoscopia nasal é uma prática adotada em muitos serviços de otorrinolaringologia. A literatura atual, no entanto, recomenda a esterilização ou desinfecção de alto nível como o método de descontaminação mais aceito para produtos para saúde classificados como semicríticos. No entanto, há que se fazer distinção entre equipamentos de alta complexidade e sua invasividade como os endoscópios flexíveis com lumens longos e estreitos utilizados na endoscopia digestiva, daqueles de conformação simples sem lumens de baixa invasividade como os endoscópios rígidos utilizados em otorrinolaringologia. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a segurança da desinfecção de nível intermediário com álcool etílico 70% p/v, após limpeza prévia dos endoscópios rígidos utilizados em procedimentos clínicos de endoscopia nasal considerando a carga microbiológica recuperada após o uso. MÉTODO: Imediatamente após a realização do exame, uma gaze úmida foi utilizada para o arraste da carga biológica do endoscópio rígido, gerando as amostras do Controle Positivo e, após a aplicação do POP, um novo arraste para constituir as amostras do Grupo Experimental. Estas gazes foram inicialmente submetidas à sonicação e agitação imersas em soro fisiológico e em seguida a solução foi submetida a uma técnica de extração de carga microbiológica por filtragem por meio de uma Membrana de Celulose de 0,22um de poro que foi, em seguida, semeada nos meios de ágar Sangue, Chocolate, Sabouraud, Löwenstein-Jensen e Tioglicolato. Estes meios ficaram incubados em estufa a 37ºC ± 2ºC e avaliados, no máximo, até por 60 dias conforme o perfil de crescimento dos diferentes microrganismos de interesse; foram analisados de maneira quantitativa e qualitativa para identificação e classificação dos micro-organismos recuperados após as semeaduras. RESULTADO: Os resultados da análise estatística evidenciaram diferença significativa entre Controle Positivo e Grupo Experimental quando comparados em relação à presença de Streptococcus coagulase negativa (p < 0,001), Bacillus spp (p < 0,001) e Staphylococcus aureus (p=0,001). No Controle Positivo, foram encontradas presença desses micro-organismos respectivamente na seguinte frequência: 63,2%, 28,9% e 28,9%, enquanto que, no Grupo Experimental, não foi houve recuperação microbiana alguma. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados desta pesquisa demonstram a eficiência, na prática diária, da desinfecção de nível intermediário dos endoscópios utilizados na otorrinolaringologia por meio da fricção com álcool etílico 70% p/v por 90 segundos, com protocolo de limpeza prévia / INTRODUCTION: Prior cleaning of rigid endoscopes (REs) followed by intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) after nasal endoscopy is a common practice in many otolaryngology services. Current literature, in turn, recommends high-level sterilization or disinfection as the most accepted decontamination method for health products classified as semi-critical. However, it is necessary to distinguish highly complex equipment according to their invasiveness, e.g., flexible endoscopes with long and narrow lumens used in digestive endoscopy and those with a simple conformation without lumens of low invasiveness, such as rigid endoscopes used in otorhinolaryngology. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety of intermediate-level disinfection with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) after cleaning of REs used in clinical procedures of nasal endoscopy considering the microbiological load recovered after use. METHOD: Immediately after the test, a wet gauze was used to drag the biological load from the RE, generating positive control samples; after applying POP, dragging was carried out again to generate samples of the experimental group. These gasses were initially subjected to sonication and shaking while immersed in physiological saline; the solution was then subjected to the microbiological loading technique by filtration through a 0.22-um pore cellulose membrane and then cultivated on blood, chocolate, Sabouraud, Löwenstein-Jensen, and thioglycolate agar media. These media were incubated at 37ºC ± 2ºC and evaluated for up to 60 days, according to the growth profile of the different microorganisms of interest. A quantitative and qualitative analysis was performed for the identification and classification of microorganisms recovered after cultivation. RESULTS: The results of statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the positive control and experimental groups for the presence of coagulase-negative Streptococcus (p < 0.001), Bacillus spp (p < 0.001), and Staphylococcus aureus (p=0.001). In the positive control group, these microorganisms were found in the following proportions: 63.2%, 28.9%, and 28.9%, respectively, whereas in the experimental group, no microorganisms were recovered. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate the efficiency of the daily practice of intermediate-level disinfection of endoscopes used in otorhinolaryngology by means of treatment with 70% ethyl alcohol (w/v) for 90 seconds, using a previous cleaning protocol

Certaines recherches ont investigué le traitement visuel de bas et de plus hauts niveaux chez des personnes neurotypiques et chez des personnes ayant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA). Cependant, l’interaction développementale entre chacun de ces niveaux du traitement visuel n’est toujours pas bien comprise. La présente thèse a donc deux objectifs principaux. Le premier objectif (Étude 1) est d’évaluer l’interaction développementale entre l’analyse visuelle de bas niveaux et de niveaux intermédiaires à travers différentes périodes développementales (âge scolaire, adolescence et âge adulte). Le second objectif (Étude 2) est d’évaluer la relation fonctionnelle entre le traitement visuel de bas niveaux et de niveaux intermédiaires chez des adolescents et des adultes ayant un TSA. Ces deux objectifs ont été évalué en utilisant les mêmes stimuli et procédures. Plus précisément, la sensibilité de formes circulaires complexes (Formes de Fréquences Radiales ou FFR), définies par de la luminance ou par de la texture, a été mesurée avec une procédure à choix forcés à deux alternatives. Les résultats de la première étude ont illustré que l’information locale des FFR sous-jacents aux processus visuels de niveaux intermédiaires, affecte différemment la sensibilité à travers des périodes développementales distinctes. Plus précisément, lorsque le contour est défini par de la luminance, la performance des enfants est plus faible comparativement à celle des adolescents et des adultes pour les FFR sollicitant la perception globale. Lorsque les FFR sont définies par la texture, la sensibilité des enfants est plus faible comparativement à celle des adolescents et des adultes pour les conditions locales et globales. Par conséquent, le type d’information locale, qui définit les éléments locaux de la forme globale, influence la période à laquelle la sensibilité visuelle atteint un niveau développemental similaire à celle identifiée chez les adultes. Il est possible qu’une faible intégration visuelle entre les mécanismes de bas et de niveaux intermédiaires explique la sensibilité réduite des FFR chez les enfants. Ceci peut être attribué à des connexions descendantes et horizontales immatures ainsi qu’au sous-développement de certaines aires cérébrales du système visuel. Les résultats de la deuxième étude ont démontré que la sensibilité visuelle en autisme est influencée par la manipulation de l’information locale. Plus précisément, en présence de luminance, la sensibilité est seulement affectée pour les conditions sollicitant un traitement local chez les personnes avec un TSA. Cependant, en présence de texture, la sensibilité est réduite pour le traitement visuel global et local. Ces résultats suggèrent que la perception de formes en autisme est reliée à l’efficacité à laquelle les éléments locaux (luminance versus texture) sont traités. Les connexions latérales et ascendantes / descendantes des aires visuelles primaires sont possiblement tributaires d’un déséquilibre entre les signaux excitateurs et inhibiteurs, influençant ainsi l’efficacité à laquelle l’information visuelle de luminance et de texture est traitée en autisme. Ces résultats supportent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les altérations de la perception visuelle de bas niveaux (local) sont à l’origine des atypies de plus hauts niveaux chez les personnes avec un TSA. / Most studies investigating visual perception in typically developing populations and in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have assessed lower- (local) and higher-levels (global) of processing in isolation. However, much less is known about the developmental interactions between mechanisms mediating early- and intermediate-level vision in both typically developing populations and in ASD. Based on such premise, the present thesis had two main objectives. The first objective (Study 1) was to evaluate the developmental interplay between low- and intermediate-levels of visual analysis at different periods of typical development (school-age, adolescence and adulthood). The second objective (Study 2) was to evaluate the functional relationship between low- and intermediate-levels of visual analysis in adolescents and adults diagnosed with ASD. Common methodologies were used to assess both objectives. Specifically, sensitivity to slightly curved circles (Radial Frequency Patterns or RFP), defined by luminance or texture information, was measured using a two alternative temporal forced choice procedure. Results obtained in Study 1 demonstrated that local information defining a RFP (mediated by intermediate visual mechanisms) differentially affected sensitivity at different periods of development. Specifically, when the contour was luminance-defined, children performed worse when compared to adolescents and adults only when RFPs targeted a global processing style (few deformations along the RFP’s contour). When RFPs were texture-defined, children’s sensitivity was worse compared to that of adolescents and adults for both local and global conditions. Therefore, timing of adult-like sensitivity to RFPs is dependent on the type of local physical elements defining its global shape. Poor visual integration between low and intermediate visual mechanisms, which could be attributed to immature feedback and horizontal connections as well as under-developed visual cortical areas, may account for such reduced sensitivity in children. Results obtained from Study 2 demonstrated that manipulating the local physical elements of RFPs impacts visual sensitivity in ASD. Specifically, sensitivity to RFPs is unaffected in ASD only when visual analysis is dependent on local deformations of luminance-defined contours. However, sensitivity is reduced for both local and global visual analysis when shapes are texture-defined. Such results suggest that intermediate-level, shape perception in ASD is functionally related to the efficacy with which local physical elements (luminance versus texture) are processed. It is possible that abnormal lateral or feed-forward / feedback connectivity within primary visual areas in ASD, which possibly arise from excitatory / inhibitory signalling imbalance, accounts for differential efficacy with which luminance and texture information is processed in ASD. These results support the hypothesis that atypical higher-level perception in ASD, when present, may have early (local) visual origins.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia que tiene la destreza de la expresión escrita en los manuales de español como lengua extranjera destinados a un público adulto de nivel básico, más concretamente de nivel A2. Asimismo, pretende observar qué tratamiento se hace de dos aspectos relacionados con la composición escrita: los géneros discursivos y los procesos de escritura. Para ello, recogemos datos a partir de una plantilla de análisis que aplicamos a cinco manuales de diferentes editoriales españolas publicados después de 2006. En esta recogida de datos destaca de la alta presencia de actividades de expresión escrita en los manuales. En relación a los géneros discursivos, los manuales dan importancia al trabajo explícito de los aspectos analizados para el presente trabajo: contexto comunicativo, destinatario y propósito. Sin embargo, notamos una presencia baja de textos que sirvan como modelo a los estudiantes a la hora de realizar sus producciones textuales y es prácticamente inexistente la reflexión acerca de la estructura y características de los modelos. En cuanto a los procesos de escritura, el proceso de textualización es el que tiene más presencia en los cinco manuales analizados, mientras que la planificación y la revisión quedan relegadas a un segundo plano con una ocurrencia más baja. En la misma línea, destacamos la poca relevancia dada a la revisión, especialmente la retroalimentación entre pares. A partir de los resultados obtenidos y basada en un enfoque ecléctico de la didáctica de la expresión escrita, presentamos una propuesta didáctica pensada para el nivel A2 en la que se combina el trabajo explícito del género discursivo con los procesos de escritura, así como fomenta la escritura colaborativa. / This paper aims to analyse the presence of written expression activities in Spanish as a Foreign Language textbooks designed for adults in a pre-intermediate level (A2). Moreover, the purpose is to examine the approach which is used in relation to two key aspects of the written composition: the discourse genres and the writing process. With this objective, we compile data using an analysis template that is completed with information from five textbooks from different Spanish publishers after 2006. According to the data collection, there is a prolific presence of written expression activities in the analysed textbooks. Regarding the genres of discourse, the textbooks place relevance to the explicit practice of the following aspects: the communicative context, the audience and the purpose. However, a low presence of model texts for the students to use for their own compositions is also noted, as well as a virtually non-existent reflection of the model texts' structure and characteristics. As far as the writing process is concerned, the textualization is the process with more presence in the analysed textbooks, whereas planning and reviewing are marginalised with a lower occurrence. To the same extent, we would like to emphasize the low relevance of revision, especially that among peers. Taking into account the results and based an eclectic approach to the teaching of written expression, we present a teaching proposal for an A2 level in which the discourse genre and the writing process are dealt with explicitly, as well as we intend to encourage collaborative writing.

The diploma includes: 113 pages, 7 attachments and based on 71 scientific resources, 8 dictionaries. The diploma consists of introduction, 2 chapters, conclusion, bibliography and 7 attachments. / Магистерская диссертация включает в себя 113 страниц, 7 приложений, 71 источников и 8 словарей. Магистерская диссертация состоит из введения, 2 глав, заключения, списка литературы и 7 приложений.