Cette thèse a cherché à évaluer et à comprendre les répercussions des maltraitances physiques et psychiques sur le développement des enfants qui en sont victimes. Il s’agit ici de repérer l’influence des représentations de la mère concernant l’enfant qui ont conduit aux actes maltraitants. Le but de l’étude était de repérer la place de l’enfant dans les enjeux psychiques maternels avec l’hypothèse de la mise en acte d’un fantasme d’infanticide à l’œuvre. Dans une approche culturelle, il a été question d’élargir la notion de maltraitance au-delà des syndromes communs notamment les enfants singuliers. L’étude a visé à comprendre les modalités d’expression de l’enfant de moins de 3 ans à travers les comportements d’externalisation et d’internalisation. 15 enfants de 6 mois à 3 ans et leur mère ont été recrutés. Différentes méthodes ont été utilisées, l’échelle de Brunet-Lézine-Révisé et la Malette Projective Petite Enfance, l’observation et l’entretien clinique à visée de recherche. Les résultats ont fait ressortir la mise en acte de fantasme chez les 12 mères sous différentes formes à travers le vécu de la grossesse, de l’accouchement, du maternage etc. et les effets des maltraitances qui entravent le développement de ces enfants. / The goal of this research is to evaluate and understand the repercussions of physical and psychological abuse on the development of children who are victims. The focal point is to identify the mental appraisal the mother has of the child and how it inherently drives her to mistreat the child. The aim of the study was to ascertain the child’s place in the mother’s mental thoughts with the assumption of the portrayal of an infanticide fantasy at work. Culturally, it was pertinent to broaden the notion of abuse way beyond the common syndromes especially associated with children that act bizarre. The study aimed to understand the modalities of expression of the child below the age of three through behaviors externally and internally expressed. Fifteen children from 6 months to 3 years of age and their mothers were selected for this study. Different methods were used such as, the revised version of the Brunet-Lézine scale, the "Malette projective Petite enfance " test, observation and clinical research interviews. The results highlighted the act of fantasy in the 12 mothers in different forms. Right from the experience of pregnancy, to childbirth, to nursing the child, etc. and the effects of abuse that hinder the development of these children.

Les particules issues de la pollution sont responsables de millions de morts prématurées. Les nanoparticules (au diamètre inférieur à 100 nm) atteignent les alvéoles où elles rencontrent la barrière alvéolo-capillaire. Cette barrière est composée d'un épithélium alvéolaire et d'un endothélium, dos à dos contre une membrane ultrafine (environ 0.2 µM), soumis à une stimulation constante exercée par l'inflation cyclique des alvéoles et par le cisaillement dû à la circulation sanguine. Nous nous sommes appliqués à développer un modèle in vitro innovant de cette barrière alvéolo-capillaire afin d'observer les interactions des nanoparticules avec cette barrière. Dans un premier temps, nous avons développé un substrat micro-fabriqué qui reproduit les propriétés géométriques et physiques de la membrane alvéolo-capillaire. Sur cette membrane, nous avons mis en place une co-culture de cellules épithéliales alvéolaires (A549) et endothéliales (HUVEC). Grâce à une étude de microscopie confocale, nous avons observé le comportement de ce modèle en termes d'étanchéité et de fonctions biologiques. Finalement nous avons observé les interactions entre des nanoparticules de silice et notre modèle en termes de toxicité, d'internalisation et de translocation. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons développé une puce microfluidique à deux chambres qui permet de reproduire autour de notre modèle de co-culture le microenvironnement spécifique des alvéoles pulmonaires. Des études de conception mécanique et l'optimisation de méthodes de microfabrication nous ont permis de générer une puce réversible compatible avec de la culture à long-terme et de l'observation en live par microscopie confocale. Dans une troisième partie, nous avons commencé un travail préliminaire visant à intégrer des cellules pluripotentes induites différenciées dans notre modèle in vitro. Nous avons travaillé à optimiser deux protocoles de différentiation sur une lignée commerciale: vers un endothélium et vers un épithélium alvéolaire. Finalement, nous proposons ici un modèle in vitro offrant de nombreux avantages: une importante communication intercellulaire via leur co-culture sur une membrane ultrafine, une culture long-terme observable au quotidien, la reproduction des stimuli dynamiques de l'environnement alvéolo-capillaire in vivo et la possibilité d'effectuer des tests d'interaction et de translocation de nanoparticules. / Pollutions particles are responsible for millions of premature death. Nanoparticles (with a diameter below 100 nm) reach the alveolar sacs where they encounter the alveolar capillary barrier. This barrier is constituted of an alveolar epithelium and an endothelium back to back on an ultra-thin membrane (about 0.2 µm), submitted to constant stimuli due to cyclic alveolar inflation and blood flow shear stress. We focused here on developing an innovative in vitro model of the alveolar capillary barrier to study the interactions of the nanoparticles with this barrier. Firstly, we have developed a micro-engineered substrate reproducing the geometrical and physical properties of the alveolar capillary membrane. We implemented the co-culture of an alveolar epithelium (A549) and an endothelium (HUVEC) on this membrane. We used confocal microscopy to observe the behavior of our model regarding barrier integrity and specific phenotypes. Finally, we observed the interactions between Silica nanoparticles and our model in terms of toxicity, internalization and translocation. Secondly, we developed a two-chamber microfluidic chip reproducing the specific microenvironment of the alveoli around our co-culture model. Studies of mechanical design and fabrication processes optimization allowed for the generation of a reversible chip compatible with long-term culture and live observation with a confocal microscope. Thirdly, we launched preliminary experiments aiming at the integration of differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells in our in vitro model. We worked on optimizing two directed differentiation protocols: towards an endothelium and towards an alveolar epithelium.Finally, we present here an in vitro model with numerous features: a close-contact co-culture on an ultra-thin membrane enabling important intercellular communication, a long-term culture allowing for live monitoring, mimicking the in vivo dynamic stimuli of the alveolar capillary barrier microenvironment and the possibility for nanoparticles interaction and translocation studies.

The cells are communicating with each other using membrane-bound receptors. These receptors can recognize various ligands. Signalling via receptors allows the cell to control energy homeostasis, cell growth, differentiation, signalling and migration. Many of membrane-bound receptors are dynamically exchanged between plasma membrane and internal endosomal compartments by exo- and endocytosis. The most studied mechanism of endocytosis is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. There are many proteins involved in the sophisticated endocytic machinery. So called adaptor proteins allow and/or facilitate proper selection of cargo, which should be internalized. Some of them help to curve the membrane and form a vesicle, some of them may have opposite effect. "Src Homology 3-Domain Growth Factor Receptor-Bound 2-Like (Endophilin) Interacting Protein 1" (SGIP1) might fall in this category. This protein influences endocannabinoid signalling probably via its effect on cannabinoid receptors endocytosis. SGIP1 was recently identified as a gene involved in regulation of energy metabolism with overexpression leading to obesity. The aim of this work is structural and functional analysis of SGIP1 membrane phospholipid-binding domain (MP-domain). This domain shares no sequence homology with any of known proteins. In this...

Le développement larvaire de Leptopilina boulardi (guêpe endoparasitoïde) a lieu dans la larve de Drosophile hôte, principalement D. melanogaster. La réponse immunitaire de l’hôte est l’encapsulement, formation d’une capsule mélanisée formée de couches d’hémocytes spécialisés, les lamellocytes, autour de l’œuf du parasitoïde. Le succès de L. boulardi repose sur l’injection de venin qui bloque l’action des lamellocytes. Ce venin, contient des composants protéiques et des vésicules originales baptisées vénosomes. J’ai montré que deux facteurs de virulence (VFs), LbGAP et LbGAP2, s’intègrent aux vénosomes lors de leur assemblage qui semble se faire de façon extracellulaire dans le canal reliant la glande à venin au réservoir. La microinjection de vénosomes purifiés comme celle du venin inhibe l’encapsulement. Les vénosomes marqués par fluorescence et les VFs co-immunolocalisent dans les lamellocytes de l’hôte après injection, leur internalisation passe par une endocytose flotilline/raft-domaine dépendante. Le taux d’internalisation diffère fortement entre les espèces hôtes de Drosophile testées (D. melanogaster>D. simulans>D. yakuba>D. suzukii) et il est corrélé au taux de réussite parasitaire, suggérant l’existence d’un récepteur spécifique sur les lamellocytes de D. melanogaster. Grâce à la souche mutante HopTum-l qui produit des lamellocytes constitutivement, j’ai séparé ces cellules et entrepris l’analyse protéomique de leur membrane pour identifier des récepteurs candidats. Mes résultats démontrent que les vénosomes sont des véhicules de transport interespèces impliqués dans la virulence parasitaire et qu’ils représentent un nouveau niveau de spécificité d’hôte. / Endoparasitoid wasps, such as Leptopilina boulardi (Figitidae), develop inside Drosophila host larvae, mainly D. melanogaster. Egg oviposition normally results in a capsule formation by specialized haemocytes, the lamellocytes, associated with a melanization reaction. The parasitic success of L. boulardi relies on injection with the egg of venom that blocks the action of lamellocytes. This venom, synthesized at the level of a specialized gland and stored in a reservoir, contains protein components and original vesicles (venosomes). I have shown that two described virulence factors, LbGAP and LbGAP2 (VFs), are embedded in venosomes during their assembly which seems to occur extracellularly in the duct connecting the venom gland to the reservoir. Microinjection of purified venosomes protects the egg from encapsulation like venom injection. Fluorescently labelled venosomes and VFs co-immunolocalize in lamellocytes after injection and their internalization involves a flotillin/raft-domain-dependent endocytosis. The venosomes internalization rate differs significantly between the Drosophila host species tested (D. melanogaster>D. simulans>D. yakuba>D. suzukii) and is correlated with the parasite success rate, suggesting the existence of specific receptor on lamellocytes of D. melanogaster. Using the HopTum-1 mutant that constitutively produces lamellocytes, I have purified these cells and performed proteomic analysis of their membrane to identify candidate receptors. My results demonstrate that venosomes are interspecies transport vehicles involved in parasite virulence that represent a new level of host specificity.

The father in Crossing the River by Caryl Phillips is a character burdened by guilt due to his implication in his children’s enslavement. He can be considered a supernatural being since his character transcends time. He is also connected to a supernatural essence called the “many-tongued chorus” that can be seen to represent the people of the African diaspora. The father is desperately trying to communicate with his children, and to the people of the African diaspora, but to no avail. He can, however, be interpreted as having a healing function. This essay explores this function. It analyzes how the father tries to heal the people of the African diaspora’s loss of ‘home’ and identity by looking at what he conveys in the prologue and the epilogue. The concepts of displacement, colonized minds, and roots and routes within postcolonialism is used for this purpose.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Past research shows that weight-related teasing is linked to binge eating, but little is known about the individual risk factors that render certain people more vulnerable than others. The current study examined three potential risk factors for binge eating in response to weight-related teasing: weight stigmatization experiences, weight bias internalization, and emotion dysregulation. The current study empirically investigated how these factors interacted to predict concurrent binge eating behavior through a self-report questionnaire and eating behavior in a laboratory following exposure to a weight stigma vignette. First, it was hypothesized that higher levels of weight stigmatization and emotion dysregulation would be associated with higher levels of binge eating, which was consistent with the results of a multiple linear regression analysis. Second, it was predicted that higher levels of weight stigmatization and emotion dysregulation would predict greater quantities of cookie consumption during a bogus taste test following exposure to a weight stigma vignette. The hypothesis was not supported by a multiple linear regression. Third, we posited that weight bias internalization would moderate the relationship between weight stigmatization and emotion dysregulation on disordered eating, such that higher levels of weight bias internalization would be associated with higher levels of binge eating. This was not supported by a hierarchical regression analysis. Overall, the results highlight variables pertinent to the relationship between weight stigma and binge eating. Future research should test the model in clinical samples to see if it is more relevant to people with more severe levels of eating pathology.

In a world that is becoming more cosmopolitan, pedagogical approaches, particularly those that focus on diversity of cultures, have become paramount. As a result, this study attempts to gain insight into what pedagogical approaches K-3 teachers in Sweden use during their English lessons, and whether these approaches are more native speaker or interculturally focused and why that is. Initially, this degree project presents an overview of previous research made on the Native Speaker norm approach and the Intercultural approach. The findings show that the Native Speaker norm approach is more commonly used than the Intercultural approach. However, as English is a language used worldwide, the teaching of it should include content relatable to non-native speakers as well. Nevertheless, the Intercultural approach is relatively new and teachers still need the training and the tools to implement it. This paper builds on the content from interviews of three K-3 teachers and one assisting principal in different parts of Sweden. The main conclusions of this study are that (I) the teachers predominantly use a Native Speaker norm approach due to tradition; (II) the teachers lack training and knowledge of how to implement an Intercultural approach and, consequently, they do not know how to use it; (III) the teaching materials provided by the schools have an impact on what approach the teachers use; (IV) the teachers’ English teaching leaves their pupils struggling in coming to terms with their own identity in a global context, as well as appreciating norms and English varieties other than that of Standard English.