Une des préoccupations du domaine de l'évaluation est celle de la validation des tests puisque les tests sont conçus pour un usage particulier. Les tests sont aussi évalués pour s'assurer qu'ils mesurent ce qu'ils prétendent mesurer, que les scores obtenus sont valides et qu'aucun de ces deux aspects n'a d'impact négatif sur les parties prenantes (Bachman 2005). Dans la présente étude, la validation visait à cerner l'impact de l'utilisation d'un test à des fins pour lesquelles il n'avait pas été conçu à l'origine. En particulier, la question de recherche visait à vérifier si l'utilisation d'un test de compétence standardisé, Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC), comme outil de classement avait un impact, tel que défini comme une des six qualités à l'intérieur du modèle de l'utilité des tests de Bachman et Palmer (1996). À la phase I de cette étude séquentielle evaluative de type mixte, 15 enseignants (dont un conseiller pédagogique) et 677 étudiants ont répondu à un questionnaire au sujet de leur expérience avec le TOEIC. Premièrement, les résultats ont montré que les 126 étudiants jugés mal classés différaient sensiblement des 551 qui avaient été jugés correctement classés, en fonction des aspects suivants: expérience avec l'anglais au niveau collégial, âge, première et deuxième langue. Le facteur ± expérience avec l'anglais au niveau collégial ¿ a donné lieu à la plus forte corrélation. Deuxièmement, les enseignants possédant une maîtrise ont eu significativement moins d'échecs dans leur classe que les enseignants détenant un baccalauréat. Pour donner suite aux résultats indiquant que l'impact est présent sous la forme de mauvais classements d'étudiants, les entrevues de la phase II ont été centrées sur les expériences vécues en lien avec ce mauvais classement. Cinq enseignants, certains détenteurs d'une maîtrise et d'autres possédant un baccalauréat et 13 étudiants, mal classés (8) ou correctement classés (5), ont indiqué que, selon eux, ce serait l'effet d'évaluer les compétences productives avec les compétences réceptives qui serait à l'origine des scores erronés produits par le TOEIC et qui donnerait lieu au mauvais classement. Trois conséquences en découleraient: la réaction du professeur et celle de l'étudiant au mauvais classement et la suggestion de changement de niveau de cours, le désir de l'étudiant de travailler, et la décision du professeur d'accorder à l'étudiant une note de passage. Des preuves indiquent que l'utilisation d'un test de compétence standardisé comme outil de classement produit le mauvais classement observé chez certains groupes d'étudiants, mais l'impact touche également toutes les parties prenantes.

探求中共現代化經由國際媒體所塑造出的形象，同時具有政治及國際傳播的學術意義 ，一方面，由於國際媒體對導引有關「中國問題」的民意具有很大的力量，對其內容 客觀系統地量化及分析，是我們研究美國民意重要途徑之一。另一方面，探究國際傳 播媒介如何塑造距離遙遠差異很大的國家、人民的形象，一直是國際傳播研究的重要 課題。 因此本研究以「時代」和「新聞週刊」為對象，對其如何報導中共現代化進行分析及 比較，藉以了解二者對中國問題的態度立場之差異。 研究分量的分析、質的分析及比較分析三個途徑，量的分析探討兩新誌對中共現代化 報導的題材篇幅及印象分數；質的分析探討兩雜誌對中共學生運動、經濟逆轉及「反 資階運動」的詮釋；比較分析則藉由以上發現比較兩雜誌對中共現代化報導的根本差 異。

Étude à propos des écarts entre la vision officielle et la vision officieuse de deux institutions de recherche agropastorale qui développent des activités sur place, dans des pays d'Afrique : l'Entreprise brésilienne de recherche agropastorale (l'Embrapa), située au Brésil, et le Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (le Cirad), placé en France. Outre la recherche documentaire, le travail d'investigation sur le terrain a été accompli à travers la réalisation de questionnaires et d'entretiens individuels en profondeur et semi-dirigés auprès des fonctionnaires des deux institutions concernées. Pour l'analyse des données, nous avons adopté la méthode comparative constante et l'analyse thématique. Nous avons mené notre étude à l'égard de trois axes thématiques prédéfinis: 1 - science, progrès et développement; 2 - culture, quotidien et imaginaire et 3 - Communication organisationnelle, internationale et interculturelle. Notre question de recherche étant : est-ce que, de nos jours, à l'échelle des relations personnelles mais dans un cadre professionnel à la fois, organisationnel, scientifique et public, les relations Brésil/Afrique et France/Afrique reproduisent le schéma 'dominateur-dominé' qui a forcément marqué les relations entre les pays pendant la Modernité ? Nous en avons conclu que, même si ces relations sont beaucoup plus complexes et multiformes que les idées préconçues construites dans le cadrage dualiste que la pensée typiquement Moderne nous a léguées, des vestiges de ce schéma simpliste et réducteur sont toujours présents dans l'imaginaire des acteurs sociaux consultés à partir du moment où on les retrouve dans leurs récits. / This study points out the differences between the official and unofficial points of views of two agropastoral research institutions that develop activities in some African countries : the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), based in Brazil, and the French Agricultural Research Centre for International Development (CIRAD), based in France. As for data collection methods, besides a document analysis, this study includes questionaries and valuable semi-structured interviews of member of staff working for both institutions. As for the data analysis part, one adopted the constant comparative method and thematic analysis. The study then followed three thematic axes : 1 - science, progress and development; 2 - culture, quotidian and imaginary and 3 - Organizational, international and intercultural communication. The main question is: nowadays, do relations between Brazil/ France and France/Africa still reproduce the relationships sort of "dominating/ dominated" who was the model in the international relationships between the countries during Modernity ? Not only at a personal level but also in a professional context - say, organizational, scientific and public context. Throughout this study we may conclude that these relationships are far more complex and multi-faced than it can appear when we compare them with stereotypes are based on the dualist framing conveyed by the thought bequeathed on us by Modernity. Some typical traces of this simplistic and reductive views are still alive in the imaginary of social actors consulted as we could check in their own words. / Estudo sobre as diferenças entre o a visão oficial e a visão oficiosa de duas instituições de pesquisa agropastoral que desenvolvem atividades, in loco, em países da África: a Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária), situada no Brasil, e o Cirad (Centro Internacional de Pesquisa Agronômica para o Desenvolvimento), situado na França. Além da pesquisa e da análise documental, o trabalho de campo foi concluído com a aplicação de questionários e a realização de entrevistas individuais, em profundidade e semi-dirigidas, com funcionários de ambas as instituições. Para a análise dos dados foi adotado o método comparativo constante e a análise temática. O estudo foi realizado tendo três eixos temáticos predefinidos: 1 - ciência, progresso e desenvolvimento; 2 - cultura, quotidiano e imáginario e 3 - Comunicação organizacional, internacional e intercultural. Durante a Modernidade, as relações internacionais foram marcadas pela divisão do mundo entre países considerados 'avançados' e os outros, vistos como 'atrasados'. A partir dessa premissa, nossa questão principal é : atualmente, do ponto de vista das relações pessoais, mas num contexto profissional, ao mesmo tempo, organizacional, científico e público, essa mentalidade dualista, tipicamente Moderna, ainda predomina, especificamente, quando se trata das relações binacionais estabelecidas entre o Brasil e a França com países da África ? Essa questão foi analisada do ponto de vista dos empregados da Embrapa e do Cirad. Concluímos que, embora tais relações sejam muito mais complexas e multifacetadas do que as ideias preconcebidas herdadas do pensamento tipicamente Moderno, vestígios do esquema simplista, dualista e redutor que caraciterizam essa cosmologia continuam a povoar o imaginário dos atores sociais consultados, uma vez que tais vestígios se fazem presentes em suas falas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:09:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nadia Cristina Rodrigues Nunes.pdf: 15530957 bytes, checksum: 0b339659911acb31e0ec627c6a9ec2e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-27 / This study aims to identify the use of the components of the nation brand in communication efforts of the internationalized Brazilian companies. Seeks to examine whether there are industries that avoid the use of these elements and others, that use them as differential with competitors. The methodology to achieve the proposed objective uses a qualitative research to evaluate international communication, through international websites of several Brazilian companies who made their internationalization processes. Images in the international websites of the companies studied were collected, and the processing and analysis of data were performed by means of content analysis and semiotic analysis. The results of the field research showed that many Brazilian companies operating abroad do not have websites in the countries in which they operate. Companies that have developed international websites used elements of nation brand in relation to Brazil, but in a different proportion and frequency in relation to the study of nation brand adopted for the research. Other results were seen with respect to the industries that use the elements of the nation brand. Industries were perceived with greater propensity to use these elements and other industries that prevented the use of elements of nation brand. Unable to clearly establish, through study, whether Brazilian companies use, consciously, elements of nation brand as a differentiator against their competitors in international markets. The research results, however, could not be generalized because all internationalized Brazilian companies have not been studied, and future researches could expand the scope of this study. However, the results indicate trends of use of the elements of nation brand that can provide managers of Brazilian companies that already operate or will operate abroad, a differential relative to international competitors. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar a utilização dos elementos constituintes da marca país nos esforços de comunicação de empresas brasileiras internacionalizadas. Busca-se examinar se há indústrias que evitam a utilização destes elementos e outras que os utilizam como diferencial em relação aos competidores. Como metodologia para atingir o objetivo proposto, utiliza-se uma pesquisa qualitativa para avaliação da comunicação no exterior, por meio de websites internacionais, de diversas empresas brasileiras que efetuaram seus processos de internacionalização. Foram coletadas imagens nos websites internacionais das empresas pesquisadas, sendo que o tratamento e análise dos dados foram realizados por meio de análise de conteúdo e análise semiótica. Os resultados da pesquisa de campo apontaram que muitas empresas brasileiras que atuam no exterior não possuem websites nos países nos quais atuam. As empresas que desenvolveram websites internacionais utilizaram os elementos da marca país, em relação ao Brasil, porém numa proporção e frequência distintas em relação ao estudo sobre marca país adotado para a pesquisa. Outros resultados foram percebidos no que diz respeito às indústrias que utilizam os elementos da marca país. Foram percebidas indústrias com maior propensão a utilizar estes elementos e outras que evitaram a utilização dos elementos da marca país. Não foi possível estabelecer com clareza, por meio do estudo, se as empresas brasileiras utilizam, de forma consciente, os elementos da marca país como um fator de diferenciação frente a seus concorrentes nos mercados internacionais. Os resultados da pesquisa, no entanto, não poderiam ser generalizados, pois não foram pesquisadas todas as empresas brasileiras internacionalizadas, sendo que estudos futuros poderiam ampliar o escopo desta pesquisa. Porém, os resultados apontam tendências de utilização dos elementos constitutivos da marca país, que podem proporcionar aos gestores de empresas brasileiras, que já atuam ou que venham a atuar no exterior, um diferencial em relação aos competidores internacionais.

This study investigates the values that the print media place on human lives in an international context. This was conducted by examining the coverage of death in international news. Although the research literature shows a number of studies that examined the coverage of death, this particular study differs from previous studies because all such previous research has had either a narrow focus or shortcomings in their research methods. In this context, this study is a comprehensive evaluation of how newspapers cover death in foreign news. By focussing on quality newspapers in Germany and Australia, namely the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, the Süddeutsche, The Australian and the Sydney Morning Herald, the study identified the differences in the coverage of death in these newspapers. In particular the study examined whether these newspapers gave preference in any form to reports of death from countries that were culturally similar as opposed to countries that were culturally dissimilar countries. The study further examined and highlighted the basis on which journalists in Germany and Australia made news decisions about whether or not to cover foreign events that included death and what criteria informed their news decisions. By applying a cultural framework developed especially for the purpose of examining international news, the study found clear evidence that journalists primarily look for a cultural connection to their own country in making news judgments in regard to foreign news coverage. The framework used in this study was based on the following four cultural dimensions: world views, value systems, systems of social organisation and systems of symbolic representation. In this regard, an event in which a large number of people have died, but which is located in a country that does not have many links along these dimensions with the newspaper’s home country will not necessarily rate very highly. In contrast, an event involving a few dead people would rate highly if the event occurred in a country with which the newspaper’s home country has many links along the four dimensions. In this regard, issues such as news fatigue, also called compassion fatigue, can be overcome by a cultural connection to another country. Differences in how German and Australian quality newspapers treated stories about foreign death, both in the use of language and the use of photographs, were also examined in detail. In this regard, Australian newspapers were found to display relatively more tabloid characteristics than German newspapers, with clear differences in the language used when describing death. Differences in the use of graphic photographs were not as clear, though distinctions could still be made to a certain degree across national lines. In general, journalists’ approaches to how they treated death could also be traced back to some distinct cultural differences between Germany and Australia.

Cette recherche a pour objectif de comprendre le rôle des chaînes internationales d’information à l’ère de la mondialisation : la tension et l’harmonisation entre l’objectif de diplomatie publique de la chaîne internationale d’information et les principes journalistiques ; le rôle des chaînes internationales d’information pour l’espace public global dans le monde « trans-nationalisé ». Afin de répondre à ces questions, dans une perspective constructiviste, nous avons analysé les missions annoncées par les chaînes sélectionnées (CNN International, France 24, BBC World News, NHK World TV, Arirang TV et Al-Jazeera English) puis leur contenu réel : la programmation et le contenu journalistique. Les résultats d’analyse nous démontrent que les chaînes considèrent et réalisent implicitement leur rôle de diplomate public et soulignent explicitement les principes journalistiques. Enfin, nous avons trouvé que les chaînes internationales d’information fonctionnent comme une infrastructure de communication internationale, en réalisant un double objectif et une double identité à cause du croisement de deux acteurs principaux concernés au sein de la chaîne internationale d’information : le gouvernement et les professionnels du journalisme. De plus, les efforts qui peuvent montrer « l’objectivité » et « le respect des principes journalistiques » des chaînes internationales conduisent ces dernières à jouer un rôle dans la sphère publique internationale, notamment grâce aux émissions participatives et interactives, ainsi que par les dispositifs d’interaction et de discussion. / This research aims to understand the role of international 24-hour TV news channels in the era of globalization: the tension and balance between the role of the international news channel for public diplomacy and the respect for journalistic principles; the role of international news channels for the global public space in the transnationalised world. In order to answer these questions, we analysed their missions announced by the selected channels (CNN International, France 24, BBC World News, NHK World TV, Arirang TV and Al-Jazeera English) and their media content with a constructivist perspective. The results show that the channels implicitly realize their role for public diplomacy and explicitly emphasize the journalistic principles. Finally, we found that international news channels work as an international communications infrastructure phenomenally with dual goal and a dual identity. In addition, the result shows that the international 24-hour TV news channels try to play a role as international public sphere through participatory and interactive programs.

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This thesis highlights the sociopolitics of English as a dominant/colonial language by focusing on the linkage between language, power, and race. Grounded in critical language theory, comparative education theory, and anti-racism research methodology, this research examines the inextricable relationship between language, power, and race. With this in mind, this thesis argues that language, specifically English, is not a neutral tool of communication but a highly contentious issue that is deeply embedded in sociopolitical ideologies and practices. The contexts of Japan and Trinidad and Tobago are used to illustrate how colonialism continues to impact English language policy, practice, and perceptions. In sum, this research aims to bridge the gap between critical language theory, comparative education theory, and anti-racism studies in a way that (1) highlights the complexity of language politics, (2) explores ideological assumptions inherent in the discourse of the "native" language, and (3) underscores the overlooked ubiquity of race.

This thesis highlights the sociopolitics of English as a dominant/colonial language by focusing on the linkage between language, power, and race. Grounded in critical language theory, comparative education theory, and anti-racism research methodology, this research examines the inextricable relationship between language, power, and race. With this in mind, this thesis argues that language, specifically English, is not a neutral tool of communication but a highly contentious issue that is deeply embedded in sociopolitical ideologies and practices. The contexts of Japan and Trinidad and Tobago are used to illustrate how colonialism continues to impact English language policy, practice, and perceptions. In sum, this research aims to bridge the gap between critical language theory, comparative education theory, and anti-racism studies in a way that (1) highlights the complexity of language politics, (2) explores ideological assumptions inherent in the discourse of the "native" language, and (3) underscores the overlooked ubiquity of race.