The issue associated with the migration of foreigners, with the positive and negative aspects that inevitably bring, is a phenomenon that can not be left unnoticed by the authorities, regardless of whether they are migrants residing at the territory of the Czech Republic legally or illegally. Especially nowadays, when most countries are in the global economic crisis, it is the issue that deserves proper attention (with due regard for the possible impacts on the internal security of the Czech Republic, the economy, the social sphere and the citizens´ behaviour). The Czech Republic is aware of the risks associated with the high flow of immigrants. As a proof of that is, that this area has been evaluated as one of the possible non-military threats (or crisis situations) and as such it was defined in the crisis planning as a part of the Plan called {\clq},The Migration Wave of a Large Extent`` drawn by the National Security Council. This work on the topic of The Influence of Both Legal and Illegal Migration on the Internal Security of the Czech Republic and the Crisis Management contains an interpretation of the basic concepts and the development trends in the field of migration in the theoretical part and it also defines the authorities resposinble for solving of the individual issues related to the migration of foreigners. The practical part contains a situational analysis of the presence of foreigners in the South-Bohemian Region compared with the Czech Republic and also the rate of criminal activities committed by foreigners also compared with the Czech Republic as a whole. The research was conducted between the years of 2003 and 2009.

O patrimônio biocultural imaterial (PBI) é composto por três grandes grupos de recursos bioculturais imateriais (RBIs), a saber, recursos da diversidade biológica (biodiversidade), conhecimentos tradicionais (CTs) e expressões culturais tradicionais (ECTs). Há muito, o PBI dos países em desenvolvimento e de suas comunidades tradicionais vem sendo apropriado sistematicamente pelas instituições dos países industrializados, por meio da reivindicação de direitos de propriedade intelectual sobre produções intelectuais deles derivadas. Desde a década de 60, sem sucesso, os países em desenvolvimento vêm se empenhando em alcançar a adoção de regimes internacionais, apropriados à proteção dos RBIs. Com a entrada em vigor do Acordo sobre Aspectos dos Direitos de Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio da Organização Mundial do Comércio (Acordo TRIPS), em 1995, os países em desenvolvimento se viram na situação de terem de conceder proteção legal a produções intelectuais derivadas de RBIs, ainda que estes tenham sido obtidos ilicitamente. Em contra-resposta, tais países se articulam em negociar regimes internacionais de proteção das diversas categorias de RBIs, no âmbito da Conferência das Partes da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica (CCDB), da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) e da Organização Mundial da Propriedade Intelectual (OMPI). As propostas negociadas nesses foros se assentam sobre o obsoleto regime de propriedade intelectual e são julgadas adequadas a proteger os RBIs, porquanto se mostram hábeis a reprimir sua apropriação indébita por terceiros não-autorizados. Contudo, os negociadores dos países em desenvolvimento ainda não atentaram que os RBIs não se confundem com as produções intelectuais geradas no seio da sociedade ocidental, pois contam com três dimensões peculiares, a saber, as dimensões humana, ambiental e cultural, além da dimensão imaterial. Partindo do imperativo de salvaguardar, simultaneamente, as múltiplas dimensões do PBI, o presente trabalho propõe um quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável, competente a desempenhar o papel de um tipo ideal, composto pelos elementos fundamentais que qualquer regime de proteção dos RBIs deve encerrar. A aplicação do quadro conceitual viabiliza a identificação das fraquezas e fortalezas das principais propostas de regimes internacionais em negociação/construção; permitiu ainda identificar as virtudes e fraquezas de mecanismos de proteção calcados em direitos de propriedade, direitos de quase-propriedade, regimes de responsabilidade e regras de pliability. Por fim, a aplicação do quadro conceitual de desenvolvimento sustentável ensejou a identificação de um arranjo legal e institucional apto a tutelar o PBI, de modo a promover, simultaneamente, a repressão de sua apropriação indébita (i), o uso amplo e facilitado de grande parte dos RBIs para fins produtivos (ii); a geração de recursos materiais em favor da conservação/restauração da biodiversidade e da melhoria da qualidade de vida das comunidades tradicionais (iii), e a proteção de alguns valores culturais centrais, conservados pelas comunidades tradicionais (iv). / Intangible biocultural heritage (IBH) is made up of three groups of intangible biocultural resources (IBRs), namely, biological resources (BR), traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCEs). Historically, institutions based in industrialized countries have systematically misappropriated the IBH belonging to communities in developing countries by means of claiming Intellectual Property Rights over products derived. Since the 1960s, developing countries have unsuccessfully endeavored to reach international agreements suitable for protecting IBRs. After the Agreement on Trade- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement) came into effect in 1995, those countries have been obliged to grant legal protection to intellectual products derived from IBRs, even if those products resulted from acts of misappropriation. In response to this challenge, developing countries came together to negotiate international regimes to protect the different categories of IBRs at the Conference to the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP-CBD), before the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) as well as at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Their proposals, however, are rooted in the anachronistic intellectual property paradigm, ill-suited with respect to providing adequate tools to protect those resources. The negotiators representing the interests of developing countries have not realized yet that they should not treat IBRs in the same fashion as typical intellectual products originating from Western countries, provided IBRs are categorically distinct, featuring three particular dimensionshuman, environmental and culturalnot present in intellectual property as traditionally understood, in addition to the traditional intangible intellectual element. With the end of safeguarding the multiple dimension of IBH, the present work proposes na ideal sustainable development framework based upon the essential elements that any international regime devoted to protect IBH should embrace. The application of the sustainable development framework reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the most relevant proposals of international regimes currently under construction on the international level. Furthermore, it identifies the advantages and disadvantages of legal mechanisms based on property rights, quasi property rights, liability rules, and pliability rules. Finally, the application of this sustainable development framework outlines a concrete legal and institutional arrangement, capable of simultaneously (i) protecting IBRs against acts of misappropriation, (ii) fostering the wider and facilitated use of IBRs for productive purposes, (iii) generating economic resources in favor of the conservation/restoration of natural ecosystems and the improvement of the quality of life of local communities, (iv) as well as safeguarding certain core cultural values of traditional communities.

À la lumière du droit international, la présente thèse a pour objet de proposer une voie médiane entre l'exercice des droits de l'État sur les ressources naturelles, découlés du principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles, et la protection des droits de l'homme de sa population (et notamment des populations locales et des peuples autochtones) affectée directement par l'exploitation de ressources naturelles. Ayant pour but de mettre en question la place actuelle du principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles et de contribuer à la sauvegarde des droits de l'homme dans ce cadre, il sera proposé une relecture contemporaine du principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles, consacré en droit international, il y a plus de cinquante ans, par la Résolution de l'Assemblée générale des Nations Unies 1803 (XVII) de 1962. Par le biais de cette relecture contemporaine, i! serait possible d'admettre que le principe de la souveraineté permanente sur les ressources naturelles peut conférer à État des droits relatifs à la jouissance de ressources· naturelles dans son territoire et, simultanément, des obligations relatives aux droits de l'homme dans le cadre de l'utilisation des ressources naturelles. / In the light of international law, this work aims at showing that there is an "intermediate way" between the exercise of State's rights over natural resources, issuing from the principle of State sovereignty over natural resources, and the protection of human rights of the State's population (especially local population or indigenous peoples) directly affected by the exploitation of natural ,esources. In order to question the current scope of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources and to contribute to human rights protection in this context, our aim is to endorse a contemporary interpretation of the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources, recognized, more than fifty years ago, by the United Nations General Assembly's Resolution 1803 (XVII) of 1962. By this contemporary interpretation, it would be possible to conceive that the principle of permanent sovereignty over natural resources can confer to the State rights related to the enjoyment of natural resources in its territory and, at the same time, can confer obligations to such State related to the human rights of its population in the context of use of natural resources.

Des liens étroits se développent entre les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement, du fait de leur rencontre et de leur coexistence en droit international. Cette recherche veut mettre en évidence les articulations qui les caractérisent dans cet ordre juridique. Les rapports qui en découlent trouvent dans la contexture et le rôle des normes y constituent le produit des sources juridiques, le fil conducteur de leur double conception structurelle et fonctionnelle telle qu’elle résulte de l’analyse des normes concernées ainsi que de celle de la jurisprudence pertinente. La conception structurelle des rapports articule les liens résultant de l’aspect d’ensemble des normes considérées, pendant que la conception fonctionnelle réunit les liens découlant du fonctionnement ou de l’utilisation desdites normes. Dans cette perspective, les rapports entre les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement s’inscrivent dans une logique relationnelle dialectique, permettant de dégager la cohérence de leur évolution de la différenciation vers la complémentarité. Ainsi, en dépit des distinctions fondamentales qui résultent des rapports formels, les droits de l’Homme et l’environnement développent d’un point de vue fonctionnel, des relations de fertilisation mutuelle. L’environnement y gagne en termes de renforcement de son régime de protection, tandis que les droits de l’Homme en tirent profit par la reconnaissance de nouveaux droits. / Links between human rights and the environment are developing, because of their meeting and their coexistence in international law. This research aims to highlight the joints that characterize this law. The resulting reports are in the texture and the role of standards there are the product of the legal sources, the driver of their structural and functional design that doubles as a result of the analysis of relevant standards as well as over that of the relevant case law. Structural design reports based links resulting from the overall appearance of the standards considered during the design meets functional linkages arising from the operation or use of such standards. In this perspective, the relationship between human rights and the environment are part of a dialectical relational logic, to generate coherent evolution of differentiation towards complementarity. Thus, despite the fundamental differences that result from formal reports, human rights and the environment develop a functional point of view, relations of mutual fertilization. The environment wins in terms of strengthening its protection scheme, while human rights in benefit for the recognition of new rights.

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This thesis aims at the development of the Czech asylum policy from the year 2000 to the year 2016. Asylum policy is an area that isn't in the center of the public concern for most of the time and only few actors take part in this policy. However, we can say that currently, because of the events such as the refugee crisis, the asylum policy is becoming a very ongoing topic and plays a crucial role in the public discourse. For this and other reason, in this thesis I am researching the development of asylum policy, explanation and description of changes that have happened. The development of asylum policy in the period is analyzed first the terms of practical changes, that are caused by the legislative or important events. This consists of the identification of particular periods, as well as their characteristic features. The analysis is also made in the theoretical perspective: Punctuated Equilibrium Theory (PET) and frame theory are used. The PET is suitable for explaining changes in the policy process, that can possibly occur after long periods of stability. Framing is an important feature of the PET. For the purpose of this thesis, framing is also used as a method of analysis of the negotiations in the parliamentary debates that concern the legislative of the asylum policy. The frames that are used...

Depuis plusieurs années, les États membres de l’Union européenne (UE) se soumettent à des politiques restrictives, en matière d’asile, qui les contraignent à respecter leur engagement de protéger les personnes qui fuient la persécution. Plusieurs politiques de dissuasion de l’UE sont controversées. Certaines ont d’abord été élaborées dans différents États, avant que l’UE ne mette en place une politique commune en matière d’asile. Certaines des ces politiques migratoires ont été copiées, et ont un effet négatif sur la transformation des procédures d’asile et du droit des réfugiés dans d’autres pays, tel le Canada. En raison des normes minimales imposées par la législation de l’UE, les États membres adoptent des politiques et instaurent des pratiques, qui sont mises en doute et sont critiquées par l’UNHCR et les ONG, quant au respect des obligations internationales à l'égard des droits de la personne. Parmi les politiques et les pratiques les plus critiquées certaines touchent le secteur du contrôle frontalier. En tentant de remédier à l’abolition des frontières internes, les États membres imposent aux demandeurs d’asile des barrières migratoires quasi impossibles à surmonter. Les forçant ainsi à s’entasser dans des centres de migration, au nord de l’Afrique, à rebrousser chemin ou encore à mourir en haute mer. / For many years, EU member states have imposed strict controls on asylum and have often failed to respect their commitment to provide protection to persons fleeing persecution. Many of the controversial EU policies of deterrence have been developed by different member states and implemented on an EU level. Some of those policies have been copied and brought negative changes to the refugee law system in other countries, such as Canada. Under the minimal standards imposed by the EU legislation, the states are adopting and putting in place policies and practices whose compliance with the international human rights obligations is questionable and criticized by the UNHCR and NGOs. Some of the most controversial policies and practices put in place are in the area of border control. Aiming to compensate for the abolishment of internal borders, EU member states are imposing nearly insurmountable barriers to asylum seekers who find themselves suffocating in migration centres in North Africa, turned back or left to die at high sea.

Legal regulation of the status of persons with special needs in the EU Asylum directives (Abstract) By the very nature of their status, applicants for international protection and recognized refugees are among the most vulnerable persons. Within this group, there is also a subgroup of persons with special problems, risks and needs that make them even more vulnerable. This subgroup of persons with special needs is provided special protection within the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). The foundation of this special protection consists of three legal acts commonly referred to as asylum directives - the Reception directive, the Qualification directive and the Procedural directive, adopted between 2003 and 2005 The legal status of persons with special needs is an important topic in the current discussion on the amendments to the Asylum directives and the general development of the CEAS system. The Dissertation "Legal regulation of the status of persons with special needs in EU Asylum directives" has an ambition to contribute to this core discussion on the future content of the European asylum acquis. The paper analyses EU regulations and related national laws relevant to the treatment of this group of applicants for international protection as defined in art. 17 para. 1 of the Reception directive. Based on...

Depuis plusieurs années, les États membres de l’Union européenne (UE) se soumettent à des politiques restrictives, en matière d’asile, qui les contraignent à respecter leur engagement de protéger les personnes qui fuient la persécution. Plusieurs politiques de dissuasion de l’UE sont controversées. Certaines ont d’abord été élaborées dans différents États, avant que l’UE ne mette en place une politique commune en matière d’asile. Certaines des ces politiques migratoires ont été copiées, et ont un effet négatif sur la transformation des procédures d’asile et du droit des réfugiés dans d’autres pays, tel le Canada. En raison des normes minimales imposées par la législation de l’UE, les États membres adoptent des politiques et instaurent des pratiques, qui sont mises en doute et sont critiquées par l’UNHCR et les ONG, quant au respect des obligations internationales à l'égard des droits de la personne. Parmi les politiques et les pratiques les plus critiquées certaines touchent le secteur du contrôle frontalier. En tentant de remédier à l’abolition des frontières internes, les États membres imposent aux demandeurs d’asile des barrières migratoires quasi impossibles à surmonter. Les forçant ainsi à s’entasser dans des centres de migration, au nord de l’Afrique, à rebrousser chemin ou encore à mourir en haute mer. / For many years, EU member states have imposed strict controls on asylum and have often failed to respect their commitment to provide protection to persons fleeing persecution. Many of the controversial EU policies of deterrence have been developed by different member states and implemented on an EU level. Some of those policies have been copied and brought negative changes to the refugee law system in other countries, such as Canada. Under the minimal standards imposed by the EU legislation, the states are adopting and putting in place policies and practices whose compliance with the international human rights obligations is questionable and criticized by the UNHCR and NGOs. Some of the most controversial policies and practices put in place are in the area of border control. Aiming to compensate for the abolishment of internal borders, EU member states are imposing nearly insurmountable barriers to asylum seekers who find themselves suffocating in migration centres in North Africa, turned back or left to die at high sea.

The international protection of human rights is a theme that since the second half of the twentieth century has gained ground in Law studies. Starting on the ideological shift operated after the Second World War, the issue was initially founded in the existence of legal norms that are situated above states, in addition to rescue ethical bases long forgotten by the international law. In this context, it had been developed the so-called International Protection Systems as symbols of these new concern of international society, among which stands out in Brazil the Inter-American System of Human Rights. Its structure has a jurisdictional organ, the Inter-American Court, which acts in the resolution of human rights violations committed by one of the States submitted to it, appearing as ultimate guarantor of human rights in the Americas. The contributions of international protection and specifically of the Inter-American System to Brazil has been positives. It happens that the judgments of the Inter-American Court, although the legal technique gives them binding force and mandatory power, have suffered of a deficit of effectiveness in Brazil, which is revealed in cases that the country has already been convicted. This deficit is linked to lack of awareness Brazilian State regarding the paramount importance of human rights and the absence of coercive ways available to the Court to impose its decisions. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / A proteção internacional dos direitos humanos é temática que desde a segunda metade do século XX vem ganhando espaço nos meios jurídicos. Tendo como marco a guinada ideológica operada após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, a questão assenta-se inicialmente na existência de normas jurídicas que estão acima dos Estados, além de resgatar bases éticas há muito tempo esquecidas pelo direito internacional. Nesse contexto se desenvolvem os chamados Sistemas Internacionais de Proteção como símbolos dessa nova preocupação da sociedade internacional, dentre os quais se destaca na realidade brasileira o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Sua estrutura conta com um órgão jurisdicional, a Corte Interamericana, que atua na resolução de violações de direitos humanos cometidas por algum dos Estados a ela submetidos, figurando como última instância garantidora dos direitos humanos no continente americano. As contribuições da proteção internacional e especificamente do Sistema Interamericano ao Brasil têm sido positivas. Ocorre que as sentenças proferidas pela Corte Interamericana, apesar de a técnica jurídica lhes conferir obrigatoriedade e força vinculante, têm sofrido com um déficit de efetividade no Brasil, revelado nos casos em que o país já foi condenado e que se encontra ligado à falta de conscientização do Estado brasileiro quanto à importância superior dos direitos humanos e à ausência de meios coercitivos a dispor da Corte para impor suas decisões.