i Abstract Liberalism encompasses many disciplines. Individual freedom, free-market capitalism, republican form of government, and rule of law are considered to be among its main pillars. The Thesis illustrates an original analysis of three partial "liberal" theories of International Relations (IR) - referred to as "approaches" because of their interdisciplinarity - and their main scholars' considerations vis-à-vis important selected elements of global politics, with peace as the general background. The three analyzed approaches are Economic Liberalism, Democratic Peace Theory, and Democratic Realism. Keeping into account their differences, traditions, and purposes, the approaches are operationalized through five subchapters - institutions, free-market, international law, conflict intervention, and nationalism - to prove their compatibility, non-contradiction, and possible juxtaposition vis-à-vis these features. Despite some "empirical differences", while looking at the selected-IR issues, the approaches have "common threads", and this is visible when the three frameworks and their top-selected scholars are confronted with the elements. After a general introduction on liberalism, a definition of peace in IR, and a quick overview of Peace Studies, the three approaches are presented in their theoretical...

The Organizational-Cybernetic Approach to International Institutions Michal Parízek Abstract of the dissertation One of the key tasks of the institutionalist research in international relations should be to explore how the functioning of international institutions can be enhanced through alterations of their design, where design is understood as the only factor that can have a direct causal effect on the institutions' functioning and that, at the same time, is at least in principle amenable to conscious manipulation. The task of this dissertation is to elaborate on whether this can be at all done and, if yes, how exactly and under what conditions. To deal with these problems, I present what is best labelled as the organizational-cybernetic approach, a theoretical and conceptual framework based on insights from the field of organizational cybernetics. Building on the organizational-cybernetic framework, I outline the concept of information transmission capacity as the right dependent variable for the study of how design impacts on functioning of institutions. Subsequently I present the viable system model, an organizational- cybernetic model that identifies on a general level all the key information channels necessary for viability of any governance scheme. Using this approach, we can proceed in the...

International governance is increasingly defined by multilevel governance; with short-term projects, transnational cooperation between different groups, and unclear institutional space. In this situation, a key issue is the resilience of governance arrangements or the ability of governance arrangements to respond to political and ecological shocks to the system. Using international biodiversity governance, this study explores the question: What social and political processes produce resilient governance? This study argues that the key to understanding resilient governance is the network structure within and outside of the governance arrangement. Modular network structures are able to generate ideas from multiple sources, able to solve political problems on small scales, and able to insulate institutions from political contagion. Centralized network structures, in contrast, often result in top-down learning, politicization of the entire governance arrangement, and inability to adapt in response to problems. Those governance arrangements with limited network structures are unlikely to learn at all. The network structure theory argues that network dynamics are shaped by the structure and result in different learning and different adaptive outcomes. This argument is made in the context of international biodiversity governance which presents has a number of cases of resilience in difficult to explain cases. Chapter 2 and Chapter 3 look at the network impacts in 10 different international biodiversity governance arrangements. Chapter 4, Chapter 5, and Chapter 6 explore these dynamics in the context of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor (MBC) and the Caribbean Challenge. These empirical cases present a complex and robust analysis showing that network structures, more than the governance institutions or national context, shape the resulting impact of governance arrangements. The implication of this finding is that effective institutions also need resilient modular networks in order to have lasting environmental impacts. Strong institutions can be constrained by centralized networks which limit learning opportunities following shocks. This study thus complements studies of effectiveness in international relations by providing a crucial dynamic piece of the overall situation. Response to shocks is shown to be shaped by network structure and importantly by early learning and network connections. Without these, effectiveness can be disrupted by political or environmental shocks.

No description available.

No description available.

Analysts have had a long fascination with moments of significant change and discontinuity in political relations. Studies of “exogenous shocks,” “critical junctures,” “historical events,” “policy windows,” and “punctuated equilibria” have occupied a prominent place in qualitative assessments of policy and institutional change. Yet, despite analysts’ interest, these turning points remain poorly understood. Leading theoretical treatments are overwhelmingly descriptive, offering little in the way of explanatory capacity. Introducing the concept of Temporal Focal Points, my thesis provides a temporal extension to Thomas C. Schelling’s focal point hypothesis. Temporal Focal Points—definite, exceptional phases along the temporal continuum—precipitate a convergence of expectations among actors in time that heightens the likelihood of agreement. Convergent expectations are a crucial means of overcoming temporal coordination problems among actors. By facilitating a spike in analytical activity, political entrepreneurship, and bargaining intensity, actors are able realize joint gains opened up by past shifts in key parameters. Prominent temporal signposts allow actors to recognize that existing institutional arrangements are not an equilibrium. I test the plausibility of this theory through an analysis of the record of change at four distinct phases of the history of the United Nations environment regime from 1962-1992, including the 1972 Stockholm conference, the 1982 Nairobi conference, the UN General Assembly’s response to the Brundtland report, and the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.

This paper is a law thesis that is based on a combined theoretical framework of Green Legal Theory (GLT) and Theories of International Regimes (TIR). GLT has a broad conception of ‘law’. It is based on the argument that ‘laws’ exist at different levels and in different forms, and that ‘legal laws’ are themselves manifestations of regulatory dynamics that are embedded in institutions and processes; and cultural logics that generate and support those laws. TIR examines the negotiation, development, formation, and sustenance of international regimes. The paper is a critical analysis of, especially, the combined effects of capitalist laws and the liberal democratic system of state-based governance. This allows me to highlight the underlying factors/dynamics that are responsible for the continuing inability to address climate change because of the mandated pursuit of energy security (i.e. the regulatory imperative). The analysis revolves around four key global actors, which are the multinational corporations (MNCs), the state, civil society (Non-governmental Organizations), and global institutions. First, I discuss the growing economic and political powers of MNCs in a liberalized and deregulated system, and establish the need for a better regulatory system. Second, I criticize the territorial sovereignty principle and deconstruct the contemporary system of national governance, while highlighting the need to relax the Westphalian system for global constitutionalism. Third, I analyze two approaches to globalization, and make a case against ‘globalization from above’ while arguing for ‘globalization from below’. I also highlighted the crucial role non-governmental organizations have begun to play in global governance. Fourth, I make a critical analysis of inter-state relations in global institutions to show the underlying factors that have compromised the level of cooperation needed to address the conundrum. Finally, based on all of the issues that I analyze in the paper, I propose some foundational principles, and a specific strategy, that would help to propel the needed re-form in global governance, to help to restore its ability to address global problems / Graduate / 0398 / 0616 / ikulasi@yahoo.com

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1461750 bytes, checksum: ab64dcbe19beb2ea8db8f0f1c81d90e5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis aims to analyze the international protection of human rights in the scope of International Institutions, based on a case study on their effectiveness in relation to internally displaced people in Colombia. It begins from the idea that the intrastate conflict wave, which emerged especially after the end of the Cold War, increased the complexity and persistence of forced migration that is particularly characterized by the flow of internal displacement. Within this conjuncture, the phenomenon of the internal displacement in Colombia is put in evidence, since the armed conflict that lingers in that territory for almost five decades contributed to make Colombia the State with the major number of displaced people in the world. In this opportunity, knowing that there is not a system or an international agency specifically focused on protecting those people, this study seeks to answer the central question: what are policies and issues in international protection in favor of internally displaced Colombians? Therefore, in a previous moment it discusses about the phenomenon of internal displacement in Colombia, emphasizing the causes and consequences of this problem; In sequence, it searches the instruments of the International Right that provide guarantees for the internally displaced people, and then it analyzes the performance of the International Institutions concerning to Colombian forced displacement, such as the protective ways in assistance to the internally displaced people in both national and international spheres. In general, the method of approach employed in this research is the deductive one, since it starts from wider perceptions of International Right and International Institutions to the study of the protection system in benefit to internally displaced people related to Colombian conjuncture. Face to those points, it is argued that the international protection to the internally displaced people in Colombia is limited and flawed due to the absence of consistent coordination and resources, and because of insufficient planning added to a selective and negligent performance. / A presente dissertação pretende analisar a proteção internacional dos direitos humanos, no campo de atuação das Instituições Internacionais, tendo como base um estudo de caso sobre a sua efetividade em relação aos deslocados internos na Colômbia. Assim, parte-se da ideia de que a onda de conflitos intraestatais, que emergiu especialmente após o final da Guerra Fria, acentuou o quadro de complexidade e persistência da migração forçada, configurada, em particular, pelo fluxo do deslocamento interno. Dentro dessa conjuntura, coloca-se em evidência o fenômeno do deslocamento interno na Colômbia, uma vez que o conflito armado, que perdura no território por quase cinco décadas, contribuiu para torná-la o Estado com a maior cifra de deslocados no mundo. Neste ensejo, sabendo que não há um regime ou uma agência internacional especificamente voltada à proteção destas pessoas, procura-se responder a questão central do nosso estudo: quais as políticas e os problemas na proteção internacional dos deslocados internos colombianos? Assim sendo, no primeiro momento, discute-se o tema relativo ao fenômeno do deslocamento interno na Colômbia, lançando luzes à discussão sobre as causas e consequências desta problemática; logo após, averígua-se os instrumentos do Direito Internacional que fornecem garantias aos deslocados, para só então analisar a atuação das Instituições Internacionais no tocante ao problema do deslocamento forçado colombiano e debater acerca das formas de proteção aos deslocados internos, nos âmbitos nacional e internacional. De forma geral, o método de abordagem empregado, nesta pesquisa, é o dedutivo, uma vez que parte-se de percepções mais abrangentes do direito internacional e das instituições internacionais para estudar o sistema de proteção aos deslocados internos a partir do estudo da conjuntura colombiana. Frente aos pontos levantados, sustenta-se que a proteção internacional aos deslocados internos na Colômbia é limitada e apresenta falhas, pela ausência de uma coordenação consistente, de recursos e planejamentos insuficientes e por ser seletiva e negligente.

[pt] Com o fortalecimento do agrupamento BRICS, diversos mecanismos de diálogo foram estabelecidos entre os países. A principal iniciativa institucional constituída neste âmbito foi a fundação do Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento (NBD), que visa mobilizar recursos para projetos de infraestrutura e desenvolvimento sustentável. Porém, é importante destacar o arranjo estabelecido em torno dos grupos empresariais, que inicialmente se traduziu na criação do Fórum Empresarial do BRICS, e posteriormente se materializou na formação do Conselho Empresarial do BRICS (CEBRICS), com o intuito de promover os laços comerciais, de negócios e de investimento entre as comunidades empresariais dos cinco países. Se por um lado, as pesquisas sobre a atuação do NBD são realizadas em diversos âmbitos acadêmicos, por outro lado, o estudo sobre o conselho empresarial não vêm recebendo tanta atenção da academia. A partir de uma revisão de literatura sobre Estado, mercado e instituições dentro da área de Economia Política Internacional, a presente pesquisa visa compreender as convergências entre estes dois arranjos, a fim de examinar as dinâmicas entre o banco e o conselho, sob à ótica de reflexões marxistas e gramscianas sobre as relações entre o Estado e os grupos empresariais. Nesse sentido, indaga-se em que medida setores, projetos e temas estratégicos expressados no CEBRICS são convergentes com a forma de atuação e os projetos financiados pelo NBD. Para isso, realizamos uma pesquisa documental nos relatórios disponibilizados, uma análise detalhada dos projetos do banco, bem como entrevistas com atores representativos. O conselho será interpretado como um arranjo que traduz as demandas e os interesses dos grupos empresariais do BRICS. O NBD será compreendido como o principal esforço institucional realizado pelos Estados do BRICS em busca de internacionalizar demandas e forças sociais em forma de um arcabouço institucional multilateral. / [en] With the strengthening of the BRICS grouping, several dialogue mechanisms have been established among the countries. The main institutional initiative was the founding of the New Development Bank (NDB), which aims to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects. However, it is also important to highlight the arrangement established around the business groups of these countries, which initially led to the creation of the BRICS Business Forum, and later materialized in the formation of the BRICS Business Council (BBC), which aims to promote commercial, business, and investment ties between the business communities of the five countries. If, on the one hand, research on the work of the NDB is carried out in various academic spheres, on the other hand, the study of the business council has not received as much attention from the academy. Based on a literature review on discussions about the state and capitalism within the field of International Political Economy, this research aims to understand the possible points of contact between these two arrangements, in order to examine the dynamics between the bank and the council, from the perspective of Marxist and Gramscian reflections on the relations between the state and business groups. In this sense, we ask to what extent sectors, projects, and strategic themes expressed in BBC converge with the way of acting and the projects financed by the NDB. To this end, we conducted documental research on the reports made available, a detailed analysis of the bank s projects, and interviews with representative actors. The council will be interpreted as an arrangement that translates the demands and interests of the BRICS business groups as a whole. In turn, the NDB will be understood as the main institutional effort made by the BRICS states to internationalize social demands and forces in the form of a multilateral institutional framework.

Au XXème siècle, les puissances mondiales sorties victorieuses de la Seconde guerre mondiale ont établi une nouvelle institution internationale, l’ONU. La Charte des Nations Unies, texte constitutif de l’ONU, a été signée à San Francisco le 26 juin 1945, à la fin de la Conférence des Nations Unies pour l’institution internationale, et est entrée en vigueur le 24octobre 1945.Suite à l’adoption de la résolution 3190 (XXVIII) de l’Assemblée générale le 18décembre 1973 faisant de l’arabe une langue officielle, la traduction de la Charte des Nations Unies en arabe a été effectuée. Traduire le message de la langue-culture source (quelle qu’elle soit) vers la langue-culture cible arabe se dit ta‘rīb.L’internationalisation du droit a accentué le besoin de ta‘rīb au sein de l’ONU. Ta‘rīb devient un instrument important pour la communication internationale. La traductologie, discipline mère de la traductologie juridique, est appelée à rendre compte des traits spécifiques de la traduction institutionnelle, notamment ta‘rīb de la Charte des Nations Unies entre deux espaces culturels différents que sont : la langue-culture source exprimée en anglais et en français et la langue-culture cible exprimée en arabe. Cela nous a amené à la question centrale de notre problématique qui est à savoir :Comment traduire vers l’arabe, ta‘rīb, la Charte des Nations Unies entre deux espaces culturels différents ?Dans cette recherche, nous réfléchirons à la spécificité de la traduction dans le cadre d’institution internationale et éluciderons les enjeux de ta‘rīb au sein de ce type d’institution.En premier lieu, notre questionnement nous pousse à remettre en cause la traduction en arabe sur lequel se fonde la conception de ta‘rīb des textes juridiques internationaux, en ouvrant une pensée à la pratique de la traduction en arabe au sein de l’institution. En deuxième lieu, nous démontrons comment la Charte des Nations Unies a été traduite en arabe au sein de l’ONU. En troisième lieu, nous exposons les outils nécessaires pour un traducteur en arabe, mu‘arrib, au sein des institutions internationales afin d’améliorer la qualité de ta‘rīb des textes juridiques internationaux dans les institutions internationales telles que l’ONU, pour enfin explorer de nouvelles solutions pour ta‘rīb des textes juridiques internationaux, notamment ta‘rīb de la Charte des Nations Unies. / In the 20th century, the world powers that came out victorious from the Second World Warhave established a new international institution : the United Nations. The Charter of the United Nations, the constitutive text of the United Nations, was signed in the end of the United Nations Conference and took effect on the 24th of October 1945.Following the adoption of the General Assembly Resolution 3190 (XXVIII) on the 18th of December 1973, Arabic became an official language of the United Nations. The UN Charterwas translated into Arabic, that is there was a process of ta’rib of the Charter (the process of translating any language-culture source into Arabic is called ta‘rīb). The internationalisation of the law have greatly increased the need to ta‘rīb in the United Nations, and ta‘rīb is becoming an important instrument in international communication. Translation studies, the principal field of legal translation, is called to account for specific features of institutionaltranslation, particularly ta‘rīb of the United Nations Charter between two different cultural spaces linked to the language-culture source expressed in English and French and the language-culture target, Arabic. We can thus formulate our central question : How to ta‘rīb(translate into Arabic) the Charter of the United Nations between two different cultural spaces ? In this research we will discuss specific features of institutional translation by especially focusing on ta‘rīb in United Nations. This will first bring us to question the process of translation into Arabic on which the conception of ta‘rīb of international legal texts is based, which will lead to the the practice of translating into Arabic in the institution. We willthen show how the United Nations Charter is translated into Arabic in the United Nations,which will then allow us, in a third moment, to highlight the necessary tools for a translator into arabic, mu‘arrib, in the international institution in order to improve the quality of ta‘rībof international legal texts in the United Nations. And, finally, we will explore new solutions for ta‘rīb of international legal texts, particularly ta‘rīb of the Charter of the United Nations.