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Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy can lead to myriad poor physical and psychological outcomes for both mother and child. There is a paucity of research examining IPV risk factors for rural pregnant women and the course of specific types of IPV throughout pregnancy. The current project investigated the prevalence of IPV and the risk factors for different types of IPV in an Appalachian sample that contained pregnant women from rural and non-rural locations (Study 1). Additionally, for women reporting IPV, the different types of IPV were examined throughout the course of their pregnancies (Study 2). Study 1 included 1063 pregnant womenparticipating in the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS) program. IPV prevalence was measured using a modified Hurt Insult Threaten Scream (HITS) screen administered at entry into prenatal care, and rural status was defined using Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes based on the participants’ ZIP codes. Self-report prevalence rates during pregnancy were 26% for psychological, 2% for physical, and 1% for sexual IPV. With the exception of one woman, all women that reported physical or sexual violence also reported experiencing psychological violence occurring at the same time (3.5%). Chi-squared analyses indicated that rural pregnant women were not significantly more likely to experience any of the types of IPV compared to non-rural pregnant women.Furthermore, logistic regression analysis supported previous literature findings that pregnant women who are younger, have an unplanned pregnancy, have high levels of stress, and have low levels of social support, are at a greater risk of experiencing anytype of IPV during pregnancy compared to those without these risk factors. To investigate IPV over the course of pregnancy, Study 2 participants included a TIPS participant subsample of 337 pregnant women who indicated they had experienced IPV at any timeduring their current pregnancy. The modified HITS screen was administered up to four times throughout the course of pregnancy, with responses coded based on gestational age at the time of assessment (first trimester, first half of second trimester, secondhalf of second trimester, and third trimester). Generalized estimating equation logistic models indicated that women who experienced IPV at some point during pregnancy were most likely to experience IPV during the third trimester. These results speak to the importance of screening for all types of IPV multiple times throughout the course of pregnancy. If multiple screens do not occur as the pregnancy progresses, some women may not be identified as having experienced IPV, and therefore miss opportunities toassuage the possible negative health outcomes due to IPV. Information obtained from the current research is valuable to prenatal health care providers who need to be aware of IPV risk factors, and that different types of IPV, especially psychological IPV,can occur at any time during pregnancy.

This attempt to validate the brief AAS and WAST against the gold-standard CTS2 resulted in sensitivities of 34.8% (AAS) and 45.5% (WAST) for physical IPV; however both identified a much smaller number of cases of sexual violence than the CTS2 in a rural pregnant population.

Introduction: More than 324,000 women per year are identified as having experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy. Correctly identifying women experiencing all forms of IPV is necessary to inform the development and implementation of interventions to prevent and address IPV. The Abuse Assessment Screen (AAS) and Women Abuse Screening Tool (WAST) were designed to quickly identify violence against women, but clinical practice and research are hindered by the lack of validity date for these and other similar screening tools. The purpose of the current study was to compare and validate the brief AAS and WAST against the longer well-validated Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS2) in a rural pregnant population. Methods: Participants in the Tennessee Intervention for Pregnant Smokers (TIPS) program (N=540) completed several questionnaires during a prenatal visit,including the AAS, WAST, and CTS2. The AAS questions: “within the last year have you been hit slapped or physically hurt by someone?” was used for physical violence comparison with the corresponding CTS2 subscale, and “within the last year has anyone forced you to have sexual activities” was used for sexual violence comparison with the corresponding CTS2 subscale. The WAST was compared to the CTS2 subscales using the two questions “has your partner ever abused you physically” and “has your partner ever abused you sexually?” In addition, a third comparison was made between the CTS2 psychological abuse subscale and the WAST question, “Has your partner ever abused you emotionally?” There are no questions on the AAS that specifically addresses psychological abuse to use for comparison to the WAST and CTS2. Results: Prevalence of any form of IPV, as indicated by answering “yes” to any of the IPV assessment questions, was 45% for the AAS, 74% for the WAST, and 80% for the CTS2. According to the CTS2 subscales, the prevalence of physical, sexual, and psychological violence within the last year was 21%, 19%, and 76% respectively. Taking the CTS2 results as standard, sensitivity on the AAS for physical violence was 35%, and for sexual violence was 2%. Sensitivity on the WAST for physical violence was 46%, for sexual violence was 1%, and for psychological violence was 29%. Conclusions and Implications: The WAST performed better at identifying cases of physical violence than the AAS, while the two screening tools performed similarly in identifying cases of sexual violence. However, neither IPV screen identified a large number of sexual violence victims. Because the WAST includes questions regarding psychological abuse in addition to physical and sexual abuse, the WAST captured more cases of any form of IPV compared to the AAS. These results suggest that the WAST should be used with caution as a stand-alone assessment of IPV, and that the AAS should not be used as a stand-alone assessment for physical or sexual violence in this pregnant population.

Bakgrund: Våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer anses vara ett av de allvarligaste hoten mot kvinnors hälsa och är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem. Våld kan definieras på olika sätt vilka innefattar fysisk, sexuell eller psykisk skada. Våldsprocessen skildrar hur våldet gradvis normaliseras för kvinnan vilket i sin tur leder till konsekvenser som kan påverka hälsan negativt för henne. Hur relationen mellan sjuksköterska och patient kan gynnas genom olika faser beskrivs. Sjuksköterskan har en betydande funktion och ett ansvar i hälso- och sjukvården med våldsutsatta kvinnor. Syfte: Syftet med detta examensarbete är att beskriva hur kvinnor som blivit utsatta för intimt partnervåld erfar möten med allmänsjuksköterskor inom hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: Metoden som har använts i denna litteraturbaserade studie är en integrerad sammanställning av kvalitativ forskning. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer fyra teman, att sjuksköterskan är aktivt lyssnande, bemötandets betydelse för relationen, när sjuksköterskans omvårdnad är bristande och behovet av sjuksköterskans respekt för autonomin. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskor bör alltid fråga om våldsutsatthet, ge adekvat omvårdnad och undersöka både objektiv och subjektiv hälsa. Vikten av att eftersträva en god relation uppnås genom empati och genom att vara en engagerad lyssnare. Kvinnor har ett stort behov av respekt för autonomin. / Background: Violence against women in close relationships is considered one of the most serious threats to women's health and is a global public health problem. Violence can be defined in different ways which include physical, sexual or psychological harm. The process of violence depicts how the violence is gradually normalized for the woman, which in turn leads to consequences that can negatively affect her health. How the relationship between nurse and patient can be improved through different phases is described. The nurse has a significant function and responsibility in health care with women exposed to violence. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to describe how women who have been exposed to intimate partner violence experience meetings with general nurses in healthcare. Method: The method used in this literature-based study is an integrated compilation of qualitative research. Results: In the results, four themes emerge, that the nurse is active listener, the importance of the treatment for the relationship, when the nurse's care is lacking and the need for the nurse's respect for autonomy. Conclusion: Nurses should always ask about exposure to violence, provide adequate care and examine both objective and subjective health. The importance of pursuing a good relationship is achieved through empathy and being an engaged listener. Women have a great need for respect for autonomy.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) impacts the lives of millions of individuals. Previous studies frequently cite family-of-origin aggression as a risk factor for later experiences with IPV. The current study sought to identify factors that explain and moderate risk for dating psychological aggression (DPA) in college adults, and gender differences in those associations. Participants (464 women, 142 men) aged 18 to 37 years, who were in a current romantic relationship lasting at least 3 months, completed measures of past psychological aggression in the family-of-origin (PAF), current emotion dysregulation, and DPA perpetrated in current intimate relationships. Emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between PAF and current DPA; however, differences among specific types of PAF and gender were noted. Results support an intergenerational transmission of family aggression and suggest that parent–child gender dyads influence this process. The findings also provide evidence that higher levels of drinking are associated with increased emotion dysregulation.

Bakgrund: Partnerrelaterat våld och sexuellt våld är de vanligaste former av våld som drabbar kvinnor globalt. I Sverige polisanmäldes 23 200 fall av misshandel av kvinnor över 18 år under år 2020. Statistiken visar att våldsutsatta kvinnor använder sjukvården mer än icke-våldsutsatta kvinnor gör. Vårdgivaren bär ansvaret för att personalen inom hälso-och sjukvården har kunskap för att på bästa möjliga sätt hjälpa de våldsutsatta. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att utforska sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att identifiera kvinnor utsatta för partnerrelaterat våld. Metod: En litteraturstudie genomfördes, baserad på åtta kvalitativa studier. Studierna återfanns i fyra databaser, Web of Science, PubMed, Cinahl och PsycInfo. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudkategorier och åtta subkategorier. Huvudkategorierna var: 'Organisatoriska hinder' och 'Utmaningar i omvårdnad'. Konklusion: Sjuksköterskors tillvägagångssätt vid identifiering av partnerrelaterat våld brister. Det behövs bland annat ökad kunskap inom ämnet samt bättre förutsättningar inom organisationerna för att kunna identifiera och upptäcka partnerrelaterat våld. Vidare forskning behövs angående identifiering av partnerrelaterat våld för att öka chanserna att de våldsutsatta kvinnorna uppmärksammas. / Background: Intimate partner violence and sexual violence are the most common forms of violence that affect women globally. In Sweden, 23,200 cases of abuse of women over the age of 18 were reported in 2020. The statistics show that women exposed to intimate partner violence use healthcare more than non-abused women. The caregiver is responsible for ensuring that the staff in the health care have knowledge to help the victims in the best possible way. Aim: The aim of this literature study is to explore nurses' experiences of identifying women exposed to partner-related violence. Methods: A literature study was conducted, based on eight qualitative studies. The studies were found in four databases, Web of Science, PubMed, Cinahl and PsycInfo. Results: The analysis resulted in two main categories and eight subcategories. The main categories were: 'Organizational barriers' and 'Challenges in nursing'. Conclusion: Nurses' approaches in identifying intimate partner violence are flawed. Increased knowledge in the subject and better conditions within the organizations are needed to be able to identify and detect intimate partner violence. Further research is needed regarding the identification.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Psychology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Though it is difficult to determine the prevalence of intimate partner murder-suicide (IPMS), it does appear that this phenomenon is reported in different parts of the world. The psychological consequences of this phenomenon to the surviving family members have also been widely reported. The aim of the study was to conduct a psychological autopsy (PA) on male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS in a rural community in Limpopo Province. The research objectives were; 1) To understand the psychological intent, motives and behaviour of male perpetrators and female victims in IPMS; 2) to identify role played by male perpetrators and female victims in effecting their death; 3) To investigate multiple trajectories (that is, psychological, social, environmental and cultural/historical context) contributed to IPMS; 4) To identify other factors or events that may have triggered fatal behaviour of both male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS; 5) To understand circumstances around IPMS; 6) To develop guidelines to assist in responding to IPMS. The study was qualitative in nature. In particular, the case study design was used. Interpretative phenomenology approach was adopted. The study was informed by the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Purposive sampling used to select cases of intimate partner murder-suicide. Snowball sampling used to select participants and archival sampling was used to select archived record. Thematic Content Analysis (that is, inductive analysis) was used to identify patterns of meaning across the datasets in order to provide answers to the research objective. The research revealed five major themes. These themes are psychological profile of perpetrators, psychological profile of victims, multiple trajectories towards IPMS, possible triggers in IPMS and circumstance around IPMS. Research findings suggest that although IPMS came as a total surprise there were psychological intent, motive, behaviour on the part of male perpetrators and female victims. The study recommends the need for further PA studies to shed the light on the psychological intent of male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS. The psychological intent of male perpetrators and female victims of IPMS heighten the urgency for policy makers to develop IPMS prevention strategies and policies / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Science (NIHSS), and South African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA)

Abstrakt Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer är ett globalt samhälls- och folkhälsoproblem, där ungefär 30% av kvinnor världen över någon gång drabbas. Detta medför att sjuksköterskor med stor sannolikhet kommer att möta flertalet våldsutsatta kvinnor under sitt yrkesliv. Sjuksköterskor har en viktig roll vid identifieringen av våldsutsatthet vilket kräver hög kompetens inom området. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av sin yrkesroll och screening av kvinnor som utsatts för våld i nära relationer. Metod: En kvalitativ litteraturstudie med induktiv design genomfördes och baserades på åtta kvalitativa artiklar från databaserna Cinahl och PubMed. Artiklarna analyserades sedan med hjälp av Fribergs femstegsmodell. Resultat: Utifrån analysen identifierades tre kategorier samt sex subkategorier. Resultatet presenterades i tre kategorier som visade sjuksköterskors identifiering och hantering vid våldsutsatthet, sjuksköterskors utbildningsbehov och attityder till screening och sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta en våldsutsatt kvinna. Konklusion: Arbetet med våld i nära relationer upplevdes av sjuksköterskor som kompetens-, emotionellt- och tidskrävande. Sjuksköterskor hade behov av en utökad utbildning, tydligare struktur vad gäller arbetssätt och stöd från arbetsplats. / Abstract Background: Intimate partner violence is a global public health problem, affecting approximately 30% of women worldwide at some point. This means that nurses in all probability will meet a great number of women exposed to violence during their working lives. Nurses have an important role in identifying victims of violence, which requires a high level of competence in the area. Aim: The purpose was to describe nurses' experiences of their professional role and screening of women who have been subjected to intimate partner violence. Methods: A qualitative literature study with inductive design was conducted and based on 8 qualitative articles from the Cinahl and PubMed databases that were analyzed.  Results: Based on the analysis, three categories and six subcategories were identified. The results were presented in three categories that showed nurses' identification and management, nurses' training needs and attitudes to screening and nurses' experiences of meeting a woman exposed to intimate partner violence. Conclusion: The work with intimate partner violence was perceived by nurses as competence-, emotionally and time-consuming. Nurses needed an expanded education, a clearer structure in terms of working methods and support from the workplace.

It is estimated that approximately 25% of women and 7.6% of men report experiencing violence from their romantic partner during their lifetime. Additionally, in households where interpartner violence occurs, there are between 3.3 and 10 million children in the United States alone. It is important to understand the cycle of domestic violence that can occur, as it can inform us about expected outcomes across time. This study examined mothers' childhood exposure to their own parents' domestic violence. It was hypothesized that childhood exposure to domestic violence would be related to unhealthy intimate relationships and to the development of maladaptive parenting behaviors during adulthood. These experiences also were hypothesized to be related to the behaviors of the mothers' young children. For this study, 133 mothers with children who ranged in age from 1½- to 5-years participated. Results indicated that exposure to domestic violence in childhood was related significantly to the likelihood of experiencing interpartner violence later in life. Also, having a personal history of interpartner violence in adulthood was related to higher rates of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in mothers' young children. Further, findings demonstrated a relationship between mothers' parenting behaviors and behavior problems in their children. Future research is needed to investigate further the mediators and moderators in the relationship between mothers' childhood exposure to domestic violence and behavior problems in their young children to broaden the literature on this topic. This information may be critical for treatment planning and intervention development for families who experience domestic violence.