Les conséquences de la violence indirecte à l’école font de plus en plus la Une des médias. On réalise que ce type de violence est moins banal et inoffensif qu’on ne l’aurait cru et qu’il joue un rôle significatif dans la réussite scolaire. L’objectif de ce mémoire est de déterminer l’effet de la victimisation indirecte des élèves sur la perception du climat scolaire. Une cohorte de 2290 élèves de la première à la cinquième secondaire provenant de sept écoles situées en zone rurale et semi-rurale a participé à une étude visant à dresser le portrait de la violence dans les écoles du Québec. Les résultats démontrent que la victimisation indirecte est liée à une perception négative du climat scolaire dans son ensemble. Dans le groupe de victimes, la perception du climat scolaire est plus affectée que dans celui de la population générale. Ce type de victimisation affecte aussi plus négativement la perception des garçons de première, quatrième et cinquième secondaire, alors que chez les filles victimes, c’est en deuxième et troisième secondaire que le phénomène se produit. Toutefois, aucune différence entre les sexes n’est notée si l’ensemble de la population est considéré pour évaluer la perception qu’ont les élèves du climat scolaire. Cette recherche soulève des questionnements sur la relation bidirectionnelle des variables victimisation et perception du climat scolaire, ainsi que sur les effets spécifiques d’autres variables comme les caractéristiques personnelles de la victime (ex. : le sexe, l’orientation sexuelle, les croyances religieuses, l’apparence physique, etc.), la discrimination institutionnelle et le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école. Mots clés : Violence à l’école, victimisation, violence indirecte, climat scolaire. / The consequences of indirect violence on school students have recently become top stories in the media. It is becoming obvious that this kind of violence may not be as mild as it was first considered and that it plays an important role in school success. This study reveals the impact of indirect victimization has on a students’ perception of their school climate. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 2290 students ranging from secondary one to five from seven different high schools in rural and semi-rural zones. The sample was part of a national study meant to give a portrait of school violence in the Province of Quebec. Regression analysis stated that indirect victimization on students have a negative impact on their perception of different aspects of their school climate. A greater impact was noticed on the population of victimized students than on the general population of students. The results showed a greater negative impact on the secondary one, four and five boys and on the secondary two and three girls, but when considering the total population; no distinction was noted between the two genders. This research brings up numerous questions on the bidirectional relationship between the perception of a school’s climate and indirect victimization as well as the impact of other variables like personal traits, institutional discrimination, belonging and gender perception in this whole dynamic. Keywords: School violence, victimization, indirect violence, school climat.

La présente étude propose de documenter la prévalence de la cybervictimisation dans un échantillon représentatif de la population québécoise, le degré de convergence entre la cybervictimisation et les formes traditionnelles de victimisation par les pairs, les trajectoires de cybervictimisation pour divers groupes d'adolescents et les facteurs de risque qui y sont associés. L’échantillon composé de 1396 adolescents provient de l'Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (ÉLDEQ). Les diverses formes de victimisation par les pairs ont été mesurées à 12, 13 et 15 ans, et les facteurs de risque à 12 ans. La cybervictimisation présente une prévalence relativement faible à tous les âges étudiés en comparaison avec la victimisation traditionnelle. L’association entre la victimisation traditionnelle et la cybervictimisation est faible à 12 ans, et modérée à 13 et 15 ans. Ajoutons que deux groupes de jeunes empruntent des trajectoires différentes de cybervictimisation, soit une trajectoire faible et croissante, et une trajectoire modérée et croissante. Différents facteurs de risques sociodémographiques, individuels et environnementaux sont associés à ces trajectoires. Lorsque la variance partagée entre tous ces facteurs est prise en compte, le sexe féminin, les symptômes dépressifs et la victimisation traditionnelle peuvent prédire l’appartenance aux trajectoires. Ainsi, les jeunes visés par les cyberagresseurs seraient notamment ceux qui auraient déjà des difficultés d’adaptation et qui seraient la cible d'agressions de la part de leurs pairs en face à face. Ces résultats pourraient avoir des implications pour les interventions qui visent à diminuer la violence en milieu scolaire.

Psychological violence is mistreatment that is severe enough to influence the target person's health, to destroy his work or total career and overstrain his relationship with his family or friends. The impact of psychological violence has compelled many a company and organization to introduce policy to stop the serious consequences thereof. It seems not to be the case in the South African education. The mixed method research design was used in this study to investigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on the health of secondary school educators in the Free State. Strategies were proposed to reduce educators' experiences of psychological violence and the impact thereof on their health. Two measuring instruments were used in this study to collect the quantitative data, namely the Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the Symptoms Checklist. Both these measuring instruments were distributed amongst 727 secondary school educators at 82 schools in the five education districts of the Free State. The qualitative data collection was done with 32 educators. The sources of psychological violence, likewise in the literature, are management, learners and parents. Psychological violence often causes enormous stress and it leads to a situation where educators feel depressed and traumatised. The general aim of this study is to invsetigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on secondary school educators in the Free State. Some of the findings in this study are that there are not differences between men and women with regard to exposure to psychological violence; older educators experience more exposure to psychological violence; teaching experience, qualifications and ethnicity are indeed determining factors with regard to exposure. It is also possible, as appears from the findings, that here a minority group is exposed more to psychological violence. The results of both data sets, quantitative and qualitative, are mutually confirming. It was found in this study that secondary school educators indeed experience psychological violence. The assumption is that the findings of this study will help to strengthen information that will be useful for the enhancement of educator health at schools. / PhD (Educational Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Psychological violence is mistreatment that is severe enough to influence the target person's health, to destroy his work or total career and overstrain his relationship with his family or friends. The impact of psychological violence has compelled many a company and organization to introduce policy to stop the serious consequences thereof. It seems not to be the case in the South African education. The mixed method research design was used in this study to investigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on the health of secondary school educators in the Free State. Strategies were proposed to reduce educators' experiences of psychological violence and the impact thereof on their health. Two measuring instruments were used in this study to collect the quantitative data, namely the Revised Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ-R) and the Symptoms Checklist. Both these measuring instruments were distributed amongst 727 secondary school educators at 82 schools in the five education districts of the Free State. The qualitative data collection was done with 32 educators. The sources of psychological violence, likewise in the literature, are management, learners and parents. Psychological violence often causes enormous stress and it leads to a situation where educators feel depressed and traumatised. The general aim of this study is to invsetigate the nature and impact of psychological violence on secondary school educators in the Free State. Some of the findings in this study are that there are not differences between men and women with regard to exposure to psychological violence; older educators experience more exposure to psychological violence; teaching experience, qualifications and ethnicity are indeed determining factors with regard to exposure. It is also possible, as appears from the findings, that here a minority group is exposed more to psychological violence. The results of both data sets, quantitative and qualitative, are mutually confirming. It was found in this study that secondary school educators indeed experience psychological violence. The assumption is that the findings of this study will help to strengthen information that will be useful for the enhancement of educator health at schools. / PhD (Educational Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

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Ten years after the introduction of the new democratic political dispensation in 1994, violence in schools are as rife as before. There has been no significant decrease in school violence during this period. Violence has only increased and become part of people's everyday lives. School violence remains a serious problem for both learners and educators. Various factors contribute to school violence and it has become necessary to determine to what extent school violence influences the learners of South Africa. Education is available for everyone to utilize. For learners to achieve optimally, safe environments need to be created. In order to eradicate the problem of school violence, it is important to know what the concept school violence entails, which factors contribute to school violence and to what extent school violence has influenced the schools up to date. It is also important to keep track of international trends which promote health in schools globally. Health is undoubtedly linked to educational achievement. The World Health Organization has initiated a project to promote health and healthy lifestyles universally. To counteract the persisting violence in schools, the possibility of creating health promoting schools in South Africa deserves attention. In order to unravel the phenomenon of violence in schools, a qualitative method of research was used, with data being collected by means of focus-group interviews, through intentional sampling. The transcriptions were subjected to descriptive analysis. The findings of the research are presented with an overview of school violence in the West Rand region. Factors contributing to school violence in this region have been identified as: drug and alcohol abuse, gangsterism, gambling, intolerance and the influence of educators. Physical and Psychological violence are the two main categories of violence identified in this region with various sub-categories which include fighting, harassment, sexual abuse, intimidation and victimization which enhance the violence and violent behaviour in this region. A nation's wealth lies within the youth of a country. They assure the future and our children are the most important natural resources we possess, therefore we need to respond to the challenges -violent behaviour and crime in our schools. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

La présente étude s’est appuyée sur le modèle transactionnel de stress de Lazarus dans le but de s’intéresser aux mauvais impacts de la cyberintimidation sur les victimes de tels actes, ainsi qu’aux différents facteurs susceptibles de diminuer ou d’amplifier cet effet,comme les représentations cognitives, les aspects contextuels de la situation, ses propriétés stressantes et les stratégies d’adaptation adoptées par les victimes. Les analyses ont été réalisées à partir d’un échantillon de 844 victimes de cyberintimidation âgées de 14 à 21 ans, dont 700 filles. Ces participants ont été recrutés dans des groupes d’intérêt sur le site de réseautage social Facebook et ils ont complété un questionnaire en ligne portant sur la situation de cyberintimidation qu’ils ont vécue. Les résultats indiquent d’abord que les victimes de sexe féminin seraient prédisposées psychologiquement à être affectées plus négativement par des situations de cyberintimidation, qu’elles auraient tendance à subir des situations de cyberintimidation d’une plus grande gravité intrinsèque que celles des garçons et qu’elles choisiraient des stratégies d’adaptation d’une moins grande efficacité. Il est donc peu étonnant alors qu’elles subissent des conséquences d’une plus grande gravité à la suite de leur situation de cyberintimidation. Il appert également que les situations de cyberintimidation qui comprennent aussi de l’intimidation hors ligne auraient tendance à être d’une plus grande gravité intrinsèque que les situations de cyberintimidation qui se déroulent en ligne seulement. Enfin, les résultats d’analyses de pistes causales semblent montrer que le modèle transactionnel de stress de Lazarus permet d’analyser efficacement comment les situations de cyberintimidation peuvent avoir ou ne pas avoir d’impact sur les jeunes filles qui les subissent. Le plus important facteur de risque de la gravité des conséquences subies est l’adoption de la fuite en résultat de la situation, suivie de l’occurrence d’intimidation hors ligne, de l’adoption du contrôle de soi, de la variété de gestes, du sentiment de responsabilité, de la perception de durée de la situation et de la fréquence de victimisation par intimidation hors ligne dans le passé. La possession d’optimisme et d’estime de soi constituerait toutefois un facteur de protection important contre l’impact de la cyberintimidation sur les filles. / This study is based on Lazarus’ transactional model of stress in order to discover what impact cyberbullying has on young people and the various factors that may reduce or amplify this effect, such as cognitive representations, contextual aspects of the situation, its stress properties and the coping strategies adopted by the victims. Analyses are based on a sample of 844 cyberbullying victims aged 14 to 21 years, which includes 700 girls. These participants were recruited in groups on the social networking site Facebook and they completed an online questionnaire on the cyberbullying situation they have experienced. The results indicate first of all that female victims are more psychologically predisposed to be affected by situations of bullying, tend to experience cyberbullying situation that are more severe than those suffered by male victims and choose less effective coping strategies. It is little wonder then that they suffer more severe consequences in result of their cyberbullying situation. It also appears that instances of cyberbullying with offline bullying tend to be more severe then cyberbullying situations taking place online only. Finally, the results of path analyses suggest that the transactional model of stress of Lazarus can effectively analyze how cyberbullying situations may or may not have a negative impact on young female victims. The biggest risk factor for the severity of consequences is the adoption of the escape-avoidance coping strategy, followed by the occurrence of offline bullying during the situation, the adoption of the self-control coping strategy, the variety of cyberbullying acts, the victim’s level of self blame, the victim’s perception of the duration of the situation, and the frequency of offline bullying victimization. However, the possession of optimism and self-esteem reveals itself to be a significant protective factor against the impact of cyberbullying among girls.

Ten years after the introduction of the new democratic political dispensation in 1994, violence in schools are as rife as before. There has been no significant decrease in school violence during this period. Violence has only increased and become part of people's everyday lives. School violence remains a serious problem for both learners and educators. Various factors contribute to school violence and it has become necessary to determine to what extent school violence influences the learners of South Africa. Education is available for everyone to utilize. For learners to achieve optimally, safe environments need to be created. In order to eradicate the problem of school violence, it is important to know what the concept school violence entails, which factors contribute to school violence and to what extent school violence has influenced the schools up to date. It is also important to keep track of international trends which promote health in schools globally. Health is undoubtedly linked to educational achievement. The World Health Organization has initiated a project to promote health and healthy lifestyles universally. To counteract the persisting violence in schools, the possibility of creating health promoting schools in South Africa deserves attention. In order to unravel the phenomenon of violence in schools, a qualitative method of research was used, with data being collected by means of focus-group interviews, through intentional sampling. The transcriptions were subjected to descriptive analysis. The findings of the research are presented with an overview of school violence in the West Rand region. Factors contributing to school violence in this region have been identified as: drug and alcohol abuse, gangsterism, gambling, intolerance and the influence of educators. Physical and Psychological violence are the two main categories of violence identified in this region with various sub-categories which include fighting, harassment, sexual abuse, intimidation and victimization which enhance the violence and violent behaviour in this region. A nation's wealth lies within the youth of a country. They assure the future and our children are the most important natural resources we possess, therefore we need to respond to the challenges -violent behaviour and crime in our schools. / Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.

Mémoire en recherche-projet / L’intimidation à l’école est une problématique qui a principalement été abordée dans le domaine de la psychologie. Plusieurs programmes de lutte en sont issus, mais des études démontrent leur faible efficacité (Smith et al., 2004, Limber, 2011) et invitent les interventions futures à s’intéresser à des aspects plus généraux portant notamment sur le climat scolaire. Le design étant un processus écologique (Findeli, 2015), l’idée de s’interroger sur le climat scolaire nous a semblé particulièrement porteuse. Ainsi, la recherche-projet suivante a pour objectif de désindividualiser la problématique de l’intimidation à l’école en s’intéressant à l’affordance (Chemero, 2003) prosociale de l’environnement scolaire. Nous posons l’hypothèse que l’intimidation à l’école est un problème environnemental et nous cherchons à comprendre comment l’affordance peut s’avérer un concept pertinent pour les designers, afin de traiter de telles problématiques sociales. Les hypothèses de concepts que nous proposons amènent des pistes de solutions inédites à la problématique de l’intimidation à l’école. Celles-ci modifient les dispositions antisociales du milieu scolaire en offrant de nouvelles possibilités qui encouragent les comportements prosociaux. Ces modifications démontrent la pertinence pour le champ du design d’opter pour un regard écologique axé sur les possibilités. Nous suggérons d’ailleurs une façon de faire, notamment en utilisant le récit ethnographique afin de saisir les dispositions du milieu, puis les scénarios d’usage afin de démontrer l’expérience amenée par les nouvelles possibilités. Finalement, à la lumière de cette étude, nous posons l’hypothèse qu’il est essentiel de considérer la qualité de l’expérience offerte par ces nouvelles possibilités afin de maximiser les chances de réalisation d’une disposition. Penser l’expérience d’usage est l’expertise des designers, ce faisant, il s’agirait d’une démonstration supplémentaire de l’intérêt d’impliquer les designers dans les sphères sociales et des politiques publiques, afin d’amener les citoyens à adopter les changements de société visant le bien commun. / Bullying at school is an important problem that has mostly been addressed in the field of psychology. Several prevention programs have stemmed from it but studies demonstrate low efficiency (Smith et al., 2004, Limber, 2011) and suggest that future interventions consider broader issues like school climat. Design is an ecological process (Findeli, 2015), thereby the idea of questioning school climate seemed particularly interesting. The following research-project uses a holistic approach to the problem of bullying at school by focusing on the affordance of a pro-social school environment. We hypothesize that bullying at school is partly an environmental problem and we seek to understand how the theory of affordances can be a relevant basis for designers looking to address this social issue. The concepts that we offer suggest new solutions to the problem of bullying at school. They aim to modify antisocial dispositions within school environments by offering new opportunities that encourage pro-social behaviour. These modifications demonstrate that opting for an ecological vision based on possibilities is relevant to the field of design. We also suggest a way to apply this vision, which includes using ethnographic narratives to capture the situation’s dispositions and using scenarios to demonstrate the experience brought by new possibilities. Finally, in light of this study, we hypothesized that the quality of the experience offered by these new possibilities is of utmost importance to maximize the chances of individuals adopting them. Refining the user’s experience is a designer’s expertise and doing so is a further demonstration of the relevance of involving designers in rethinking our public and social spaces for the common good.

Les enjeux de santé mentale sont fréquents chez les adolescents et peuvent avoir des répercussions négatives durables sur leur santé globale. Plusieurs facteurs de risque prédisposant aux symptômes dépressifs dans cette population sont bien connus, tels qu’être une fille ou avoir étévictime d’intimidation. Le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école, quant à lui, apparaît être un facteur protecteur des symptômes dépressifs chez les adolescents. Son impact positif au sein de groupes vulnérables reste toutefois à vérifier. Le présent mémoire a trois objectifs distincts. Le premier est d’évaluer l’influence du sentiment d’appartenance sur les symptômes dépressifs chez les adolescents. Le deuxième est de vérifier si son influence varie chez les groupes plus vulnérables, tels que les filles, les victimes d’intimidation et celles cumulant ces deux vulnérabilités face aux symptômes dépressifs. Le troisième est d’examiner l’impact relatif hypothétique que pourraient atteindre des interventions favorisant le sentiment d’appartenance, l’élimination de l’intimidation ou de l’écart entre les sexes sur les symptômes dépressifs significatifs sur la base des associations trouvées précédemment. Pour répondre à ces questions, les données de la cohorte 2017-2018 de COMPASS-Québec de 17 367 élèves de 37 écoles secondaires de l’Est-du-Québec ont été utilisées (Chapitre 1). Les résultats suggèrent que le sentiment d’appartenance à l’école rapporté par les élèves a une influence positive face à leurs symptômes dépressifs, et que son influence semble d’autant plus importante pour les adolescents cumulant les vulnérabilités, tels que les filles intimidées. Toutefois, même en présence des plus hauts scores d’appartenance, cette influence pourrait être insuffisante chez les groupes les plus à risque de symptômes dépressifs. / Mental health issues are common in adolescents and can have a lasting negative impact ontheir overall health. Several risk factors for depressive symptoms in this population are wellknown, such as being a girl or being bullied. School connectedness appears to be a protective factor in adolescents’ depressive symptoms. However, its positive impact among vulnerable groups remains unknown. This master’s thesis has three distinct objectives. The first one isto assess the influence of school connectedness on depressive symptoms among adolescents.The second is to see if its influence varies among vulnerable groups, such as girls, victims of bullying and those who combine these two vulnerabilities. The third is to examine the hypothetical relative impact whether public health interventions aimed at increasing school connectedness, eliminating bullying or eliminating the gender gap could achieve on significant depressive symptoms based on the associations found above. To answer these questions, datafrom COMPASS-Quebec’s 2017-2018 cohort of 17,367 students from 37 high schools in Eastern Quebec were used ( Chapter 1). The results suggest that the students’ reported school connectedness has a protective influence on their depressive symptoms and its influence appears evengreater among young people cumulating vulnerabilities, such as bullied girls. However, evenwith the highest school connectedness scores, this influence may not be sufficient in the mostat-risk students for depressive symptoms.