The dissertation addresses the impact of the medieval notion of what scholastic theologians termed "invincible ignorance" upon later Spanish attitudes toward and actual treatment of their New World Indian subjects. Once sixteenth-century theologians expanded the range of topics of which "invincible" – and thereby excusable – ignorance could theoretically be had, official Spanish policy towards the pagan and culturally alien Native Americans became noticeably less inhumane and oppressive. This study adds significantly to our knowledge of the interaction between Native Americans and their European conquerors during the first century of Iberian settlement. First, it uncovers the ideological justification for the aforementioned shift in Spain's treatment of its Indian subjects. Second, this study successfully explains why Spanish attitudes towards the American Indians changed at the moment they did. Third, it provides an alternative to the largely discredited but inadequately replaced explanation that Spanish colonial administrators introduced more moderate policies because they increasingly abandoned the position that the Indians were not fully human. This dissertation, moreover, presents a critical contribution to our understanding of the genesis of the concept of individual human rights. As sixteenth-century theologians concluded that insurmountable ignorance constituted valid grounds to excuse some individuals for such "sins" as unbelief, idolatry, and human sacrifice, what became progressively obvious was that no single moral standard could be applied to all human beings, irrespective of upbringing and education. As a result, morality became more subjective and dependent upon the individual circumstances of the actor. Thus, in order to maintain a minimum of justice, what was morally "right" came to be seen in an increasingly direct relation to the individual. Although the connection between moral subjectivity and individual human rights has been well-established in the secondary literature, the underlying issue of invincible ignorance in relation to the problem of colonial conquest has so far not been recognized. Indeed, the very concept of "invincible ignorance" has never been systematically studied. This project reintroduces this critical notion to the center of the conversation.

A partir da seleção de textos dramáticos na obra de William Shakespeare e seus contemporâneos, escritos durante o período da guerra entre Inglaterra e Espanha (1585-1604), ou logo após, esta pesquisa pretende investigar as formas de dramatização das relações políticas entre as duas Coroas. Através da análise crítica das peças, poderemos compreender como se deu o impacto da guerra Anglo-Espanhola na sociedade elisabetana, e como esses dramaturgos puderam transformar eventos particulares do conflito militar em alegorias compreensíveis ao público, que incluía as esferas cortesãs e outras camadas sociais. Interessa-nos perceber o estabelecimento de um código dramático relativamente comum entre Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood e Thomas Dekker, utilizado para representar a guerra e o inimigo espanhol, explorando a apreensão de tensões coletivas na dimensão política da prática teatral. / This research aims to investigate the forms of dramatization that can be referred to the political relations between English and Spanish crowns, focusing on a selection of dramatic texts by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries written during the conflict in 1585-1604, or soon afterwards. We aim to investigate, through critical and historical analysis of these plays, how the Anglo-Spanish war affected Elizabethan society, and how these dramatists transformed the particular events of the military conflict into allegories that were understandable by the public. We are also interested in tracking the possible existence of a dramatic code within the works of Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, Thomas Heywood and Thomas Dekker, which was employed to represent the war and the Spanish enemy, and how this allowed the exploration of particular collective tensions and political dimensions within the theatrical space.

A partir da seleção de textos dramáticos na obra de William Shakespeare e seus contemporâneos, escritos durante o período da guerra entre Inglaterra e Espanha (1585-1604), ou logo após, esta pesquisa pretende investigar as formas de dramatização das relações políticas entre as duas Coroas. Através da análise crítica das peças, poderemos compreender como se deu o impacto da guerra Anglo-Espanhola na sociedade elisabetana, e como esses dramaturgos puderam transformar eventos particulares do conflito militar em alegorias compreensíveis ao público, que incluía as esferas cortesãs e outras camadas sociais. Interessa-nos perceber o estabelecimento de um código dramático relativamente comum entre Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, George Peele, Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Heywood e Thomas Dekker, utilizado para representar a guerra e o inimigo espanhol, explorando a apreensão de tensões coletivas na dimensão política da prática teatral. / This research aims to investigate the forms of dramatization that can be referred to the political relations between English and Spanish crowns, focusing on a selection of dramatic texts by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries written during the conflict in 1585-1604, or soon afterwards. We aim to investigate, through critical and historical analysis of these plays, how the Anglo-Spanish war affected Elizabethan society, and how these dramatists transformed the particular events of the military conflict into allegories that were understandable by the public. We are also interested in tracking the possible existence of a dramatic code within the works of Shakespeare, Thomas Kyd, Christopher Marlowe, George Peele, Thomas Heywood and Thomas Dekker, which was employed to represent the war and the Spanish enemy, and how this allowed the exploration of particular collective tensions and political dimensions within the theatrical space.

This research analyzes the crisis communications tactics employed by the National Football League at key points during the concussion crisis in relation to strategies recommended by models based on image restoration theory and situational crisis communications theory. The discrepancies between the NFL's tactics and recommended situational tactics, viewed in light of the financial and market increases for the league over the duration of the crisis, show the need for an additional component in accepted crisis communications models. Cultural ingrainment is posited as a component to be added to present models as a mitigating factor of organizational harm in cases of strong attribution of organizational responsibility. This addition of cultural ingrainment provides an explanation for the possibility of so-called “invincible brands.”

Orientador: Álvaro Luiz Hattnher / Banca: Fábio Akcelrud Durão / Banca: Orlando Nunes de Amorim / Resumo: O presente trabalho analisa a descentralização do paladino super-heróico na narrativa Invincible (2003), de Robert Kirkman. Para tanto, toma a personagem Super-Homem como arquétipo narrativo de super-herói e modelo criador do conceito paladinesco nos comic books e, por isso, recorta algumas das variadas histórias desta personagem que é narrada desde a década de 40. O enfoque da seleção foram as recriações e re-narrações do universo diegético do Homem de Aço, que, em conjunto com o estudo comparativo da narrativa gráfica de Kirkman, forneceram elementos para observar e comprovar a descentralização do conceito do super-herói paladino. O conceito de descentralização foi retirado das teorias sociais de Zygmund Bauman (2005) e de Stuart Hall (2009), acerca da crise de identidade do sujeito pós-moderno, e compreendido aqui como o deslocamento da identidade, sua liquidez. Portanto, sua aplicação como ferramenta de análise de narrativas é desenvolvida pela evidenciação das relações intertextuais que o universo de Invencível possui com as histórias do Super-Homem, dessa forma, demonstrando por meio das referências textuais, como a mudança dentro do paladino está relacionada a crise de identidade / Abstract: The present work analyses the super-heroic paladin decentralization in Robert Kirkman's narrative, Invincible (2003). Because of this, it takes the Superman character as the narrative archetype and the creator model of the paladin concept in the comic books, so it selects some of the many stories of this character narrated since the 40s. The re-creations and the retelling of the Man of Steel's diegetic universe were the focus of the selection to, in union with the comparative study of Robert Kirkman's graphic narrative, Invincible (2003), look and prove the super-hero paladin concept's decentralization in Kirkman's narrative. The decentralization concept is taken from the social theories of Zygmund Bauman (2005) and Stuart Hall (2009) about the post modern subject crisis and its understood here as the identity's displacement, it's liquidity. Therefore it's application as a tool to narrative analyses is developed by the demonstration of the intertextetual relationship that the Invincible universe shows towards Superman stories, thus showing by textual references how the paladin changing is related to the identity crisis / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-02-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:30:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 ribeiro_elp_me_sjrp.pdf: 846544 bytes, checksum: 693d123b58bb2fea0d1a5d857f5d5f67 (MD5) / A presente pesquisa buscou examinar a obra An Invincible Memory, que contém acentuada quantidade de marcadores culturais de determinada realidade extralingüística, com o objetivo de analisar as escolhas do autotradutor, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, ao transpor e transformar esses marcadores para o contexto da cultura de chegada, bem como identificar possíveis aspectos de normalização. Para a análise de marcadores culturais, a pesquisa apóiase na abordagem interdisciplinar proposta por Camargo (2004, 2005) envolvendo os estudos de tradução baseados em corpus de Baker (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), os estudos de lingüística de corpus de Berber Sardinha (2000, 2004), mais a inserção dos trabalhos sobre domínios culturais de Nida (1945) e de Aubert (1981), sobre modalidades tradutórias de Aubert (1984,1998), e sobre traços de normalização de Baker (1996) e de Scott (1998). Os resultados obtidos revelam que a maioria dos marcadores culturais podem ser classificados dentro do domínio da cultura material, com 43%, seguido pelo domínio da cultura social, com 29%, pelo domínio da cultura ideológica, com 15%, e pelo domínio da cultura ecológica, com 13%, o que espelha o contexto da obra. Também foi possível observar traços de normalização que indicam o uso de estratégias, de modo consciente ou inconsciente, por parte do tradutor, para conferir fluência ao texto traduzido e facilitar a leitura para o público de língua inglesa. / The present study aimed at investigating the work An Invincible Memory, which contains a great amount of cultural markers, in order to analyse the choices of the selftranslator, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, who transfers and transforms these cultural markers to the context of the translated text. This study also intends to identify possible normalization features. Our investigation is based on Camargo's interdisciplinary proposal (2004, 2005), which involves Baker's corpus-based translation studies (1993, 1995, 1996, 2004), and Berber Sardinha's corpus linguistics studies. Our work also includes Nida's (1945) and Aubert's (1981) works on cultural domains, Aubert's proposal (1984, 1998) for translation modalities, and Baker's (1996) and Scott's (1998) works on normalization features. The obtained results showed that great part of cultural markers can be classified as the material cultural domain, with 43%, followed by the social cultural domain, with 29%, the ideological cultural domain, with 15%, the ecological cultural domain, with 13%. The cultural domains point out the context of the source text. It was also possible to observe that normalization features tend to reveal, conscious or unconscious, the use of fluency strategies by the selftranslator, trying to make the translated text easier to read.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:18:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_gmm_me_sjrp.pdf: 1107453 bytes, checksum: b7c1601dff0b23fa733972829d44ecf6 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / O presente trabalho analisa a descentralização do paladino super-heróico na narrativa Invincible (2003), de Robert Kirkman. Para tanto, toma a personagem Super-Homem como arquétipo narrativo de super-herói e modelo criador do conceito paladinesco nos comic books e, por isso, recorta algumas das variadas histórias desta personagem que é narrada desde a década de 40. O enfoque da seleção foram as recriações e re-narrações do universo diegético do Homem de Aço, que, em conjunto com o estudo comparativo da narrativa gráfica de Kirkman, forneceram elementos para observar e comprovar a descentralização do conceito do super-herói paladino. O conceito de descentralização foi retirado das teorias sociais de Zygmund Bauman (2005) e de Stuart Hall (2009), acerca da crise de identidade do sujeito pós-moderno, e compreendido aqui como o deslocamento da identidade, sua liquidez. Portanto, sua aplicação como ferramenta de análise de narrativas é desenvolvida pela evidenciação das relações intertextuais que o universo de Invencível possui com as histórias do Super-Homem, dessa forma, demonstrando por meio das referências textuais, como a mudança dentro do paladino está relacionada a crise de identidade / The present work analyses the super-heroic paladin decentralization in Robert Kirkman‘s narrative, Invincible (2003). Because of this, it takes the Superman character as the narrative archetype and the creator model of the paladin concept in the comic books, so it selects some of the many stories of this character narrated since the 40s. The re-creations and the retelling of the Man of Steel‘s diegetic universe were the focus of the selection to, in union with the comparative study of Robert Kirkman‘s graphic narrative, Invincible (2003), look and prove the super-hero paladin concept‘s decentralization in Kirkman‘s narrative. The decentralization concept is taken from the social theories of Zygmund Bauman (2005) and Stuart Hall (2009) about the post modern subject crisis and its understood here as the identity‘s displacement, it‘s liquidity. Therefore it‘s application as a tool to narrative analyses is developed by the demonstration of the intertextetual relationship that the Invincible universe shows towards Superman stories, thus showing by textual references how the paladin changing is related to the identity crisis