The formation of Ge nanowires in V-grooves has been studied experimentally as well as theoretically. As substrate oxide covered Si V-grooves were used formed by anisotropic etching of (001)Si wafers and subsequent oxidation of their surface. Implantation of 1E17 Ge+ cm^-2 at 70 keV was carried out into the oxide layer covering the V-grooves. Ion irradiation induces shape changes of the V-grooves, which are captured in a novel continuum model of surface evolution. It describes theoretically the effects of sputtering, redeposition of sputtered atoms, and swelling. Thereby, the time evolution of the target surface is determined by a nonlinear integro-differential equation, which was solved numerically for the V-groove geometry. A very good agreement is achieved for the predicted surface shape and the shape observed in XTEM images. Surprisingly, the model predicts material (Si, O, Ge) transport into the V-groove bottom which also suggests an Ge accumulation there proven by STEM-EDX investigations. In this Ge rich bottom region, subsequent annealing in N2 atmosphere results in the formation of a nanowire by coalescence of Ge precipitates shown by XTEM images. The process of phase separation during the nanowire growth was studied by means of kinetic 3D lattice Monte-Carlo simulations. These simulations also indicate the disintegration of continuous wires into droplets mediated by thermal fluctuations. Energy considerations have identified a fragmentation threshold and a lower boundary for the droplet radii which were confirmed by the Monte Carlo simulation. The here given results indicate the possibility of achieving nanowires being several nanometers wide by further growth optimizations as well as chains of equally spaced clusters with nearly uniform diameter.

The Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research (IIM) is one of the six institutes of the Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD), and contributes the largest part to its Research Program \"Advanced Materials\", mainly in the fields of semiconductor physics and materials research using ion beams. The institute operates a national and international Ion Beam Center, which, in addition to its own scientific activities, makes available fast ion technologies to universities, other research institutes, and industry. Parts of its activities are also dedicated to exploit the infrared/THz free-electron laser at the 40 MeV superconducting electron accelerator ELBE for condensed matter research. For both facilities the institute holds EU grants for funding access of external users.

The Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research (IIM) is one of the six institutes of what was called Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (FZD) until the end of 2010, but since this year 2011 is called “Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)”. This change reflects a significant transition for us: it means that the research center is now member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers (HGF), i.e., a real government research laboratory, with the mission to perform research to solve fundamental societal problems. Often to date those are called the “Grand Challenges” and comprise issues such as energy supply and resources, health in relation to aging population, future mobility, or the information society. This Annual Report already bears the new corporate design, adequate for the time of its issueing, but reports results from the year 2010, when we were still member of the Leibniz Association (WGL). Our research is still mainly in the fields of semiconductor physics and materials science using ion beams. The institute operates a national and international Ion Beam Center, which, in addition to its own scientific activities, makes available fast ion technologies to universities, other research institutes, and industry. Parts of its activities are also dedicated to exploit the infrared/THz freeelectron laser at the 40 MeV superconducting electron accelerator ELBE for condensed matter research. For both facilities the institute holds EU grants for funding access of external users.

This thesis involves the study of dust particles trapped in silica aerogel for fusion dust diagnostics purpose. The low velocity impact experiments are done by implanting predefined dust particles into silica aerogel by using a springpiston air gun. The impact experiment results show that the hypervelocity impact model may not suitable for describing the fusion characteristic dust particles. The samples made by impact experiment are analyzed by ion microbeam analysis methods: Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and Particle-induced X-ray Emission spectrometry (PIXE). The elements of dust particles are well identified by the X-ray spectra. The X-ray maps clearly show the dust shape. RBS and NRA spectra of an individual particle or a specific region show the depth information of the trapped particles, which is useful for determining the dust velocities. For the interpretation of ion beam analysis result, simulation of dust particles for RBS and NRA are done. The accessible depth for ion beam analysis in silica aerogel can be several hundred micrometers, which is adequate for dust diagnostics.

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Content: Preface Selected publications Statistics (Publications and patents, Concluded scientific degrees; Appointments and honors; Invited conference contributions, colloquia, lectures and talks; Conferences, workshops, colloquia and seminars; Exchange of researchers; Projects) Doctoral training programme Experimental equipment User facilities and services Organization chart and personnel

Radioactive ion beam production by Isotope Separator On Line method (ISOL) has motivated the construction of several nuclear facilities over the world. The method consists in impinging solid target material with beams of stable nucleus. Radioactive nuclei produced during the collision are stopped in the target material and must diffuse out of it as fast as possible to transform them into ions before their radioactive decay. The release time must thus be as short as possible to avoid their losses. The release of the nuclei depends on several parameters, which are related to the chemistry of the atoms in the target matrix, to the geometry and micro-structure of the target, and to its temperature. In the case of targets made of grains, we assumed that an optimum grain size of the grains existed. To make possible its easy determination, we aimed to calculate it analytically. Thus we have built a description of the propagation of the atoms in the target material, while conserving the different physico-chemical parameters and avoiding the use of adjustable parameters. The description of the propagation process will be presented as well as the assumptions. Finally, the optimum grain size will be given for the radioactive Ar atoms out of graphite.

Environ 50% des patients recevant un traitement contre le cancer bénéficient de la radiothérapie. La radiothérapie conventionnelle consiste à utiliser des rayons X de haute énergie capables de traverser les tissus et de traiter des tumeurs situées en profondeur de façon non-invasive. Malheureusement, les rayons X ne font pas la distinction entre les tumeurs et les tissus sains, qui peuvent donc être endommagés. Cette non-sélectivité est à l’origine de graves effets secondaires, voire du développement de cancers secondaires. Par conséquent, l’amplification des effets radiatifs au sein de la tumeur par rapport aux tissus environnants représente un défi majeur.L’hadronthérapie (traitement par faisceaux de protons ou d’ions carbone) est considérée comme l’une des techniques les plus prometteuses car, contrairement aux rayons X, la quantité d’énergie déposée atteint son maximum en fin de trajectoire. Lorsque le faisceau est réglé de manière à ce que ce maximum atteigne la tumeur, aucun dommage n’est causé aux tissus situés au-delà. Un autre avantage majeur est que les ions lourds sont plus efficaces pour traiter les tumeurs radiorésistantes. L’utilisation de cette technique est cependant restreinte du fait des dommages – plus faibles mais néanmoins significatifs – causés aux tissus normaux situés sur la trajectoire du faisceau d’ions en amont de la tumeur. Afin d’améliorer les performances de l’hadronthérapie, l’équipe a développé à l’ISMO une nouvelle stratégie combinant l’utilisation de nanoparticules (NPs) métalliques avec l’irradiation par faisceaux d’ions. L’utilisation de NPs a pour but non seulement d’amplifier les effets des rayonnements dans la tumeur mais également d’améliorer l'imagerie médicale à l’aide des mêmes agents (théranostic). Les NPs possèdent une chimie de surface permettant leur fonctionnalisation avec des ligands capable d’améliorer la biocompatibilité, la stabilité ainsi que la circulation sanguine et l’accumulation dans la tumeur. L’équipe a déjà démontré que les petites NPs d’or et de platine (≈ 3 nm) avaient la capacité d’amplifier les effets causés par les faisceaux d’ions carbone médicaux en présence d’oxygène. Cependant, les tumeurs radiorésistantes sont susceptibles de contenir des régions hypoxiques. Il est donc urgent de quantifier et de caractériser l’influence de l’oxygène sur l’effet radio-amplificateur. Le but de ma thèse était d’étudier l’influence de l’oxygène lors d’irradiations par des faisceaux d’ions médicaux en présence de NPs d’or et de platine. Pour cela, deux lignes de cellules cancéreuses humaines radiorésistantes ont été testées: HeLa (col de l’utérus) et BxPC-3 (pancréas). Plusieurs techniques d’irradiation ont été utilisées : des faisceaux d’ions carbone et hélium générés par « passive scattering » et des faisceaux d’ions carbone générés par « pencil beam scanning ». Les principaux résultats de cette étude sont les suivants. En condition oxique (concentration d’O₂ = 20%), une amplification des effets radiatifs a été observée pour les deux types de NPs (à concentration de métal égale). Ce phénomène se réduit à mesure que la concentration d’oxygène diminue mais reste significatif jusqu’à 0.5%. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les deux lignes cellulaires. Il est intéressant de noter que la dépendance à l’oxygène varie en fonction de la technique d’irradiation utilisée. Une tentative d’explication de l’influence de l’oxygène par des processus moléculaires est proposée. Des perspectives de développements ultérieurs sont suggérées. / About 50% of the cancer patients who are treated benefit from radiation therapy. Conventional radiotherapy consists of high energy X-rays traveling through the tissues, so that deeply sited tumors are treated in a non-invasive way. Unfortunately, X-rays are not tumor selective and healthy tissues may be damaged. This lack of selectivity is responsible for severe side effects and/or secondary cancers. Hence, improving the differential of radiation effects between the tumor and surrounding tissues remains a major challenge. Particle therapy (treatment by protons or carbon ion beams) is considered as one of the most promising technique because, by opposition to X-rays, the energy deposition of ions is maximum at the end of their tracks. When the beam is tuned so that the maximum reaches the tumor, there is no damage induced in tissues siting after the tumor. Another important added value is that heavy ions are more efficient to treat radioresistant tumors. The use of this modality is however restricted by the low but significant damage that is induced to normal tissues located at the entrance of the track prior to reaching the tumor. To improve the performance of particle therapy, a new strategy based on the combination of high-Z nanoparticles with ion beam radiation has been developed by the group at ISMO. This approach aims at using nano-agents not only to increase radiation effects in the tumor but also to improve medical imaging with the same agent (theranostic). Nanoparticles present a remarkable surface chemistry, which allows functionalization with ligands able to improve biocompatibility, stability as well as blood circulation and accumulation in tumors. The group already demonstrated the efficiency of small (≈ 3 nm) gold and platinum nanoparticles to amplify the effects of medical carbon ions in normoxic conditions (in the presence of oxygen). However, radioresistant tumors may host hypoxic regions. It is thus urgent to quantify and characterize the influence of oxygen on the radio-enhancement effect. The goal of my thesis was to study the influence of oxygen on medical ion radiation effects in the presence of gold and platinum nanoparticles. This was performed using two radioresistant human cancer cell lines: HeLa (uterine cervix) and BxPC-3 (pancreas). Different radiation modalities were used: carbon and helium ion beams delivered by a passive scattering delivery system and carbon ion beams delivered by a pencil beam scanning system. The major results of this work are the following. In oxic conditions (O₂ concentration = 20%), an enhancement of ion radiation effects was observed for the two nanoparticles (at the same concentration in metal). This effect decreased with the oxygen concentration but remained significant for a concentration of 0.5%. No significant difference was found between the cell lines. Interestingly, the oxygen-dependence varied with the type of radiation. An attempt to explain the effect of oxygen by molecular processes is proposed. Perspectives of further developments are suggested.

Everything in the universe is made up of elements from the periodic table. Each element has its own role that it plays in the formation of things it makes up. For instance, pencil lead is graphite. A series of honeycomb-like structures made up of carbon stacked on top of one another. Carbon’s neighbor to the left, boron doesn’t like to form such stacked honeycomb-like structures. But, what if there was a way to make boron act like carbon so it did like to form such structures? That question is the basis of the electronic transmutation concept presented in this dissertation. Electronic transmutation states that an element, such as boron, can behave structurally like carbon (form stacked honeycomb structures) if you make them valence (outer most) isoelectronic (“iso”- same; “electronic”- electrons), so both would have the same number of outer most electrons. As a result, chemists would have a new tool to aid in the rational design of new materials.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19724号 / 工博第4179号 / 新制||工||1644(附属図書館) / 32760 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料化学専攻 / (主査)教授 平尾 一之, 教授 三浦 清貴, 教授 田中 勝久 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM