The first chapter of this thesis describes the motivation behind using room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) in gas sensor research and reviews current applications of RTILs in various sensors. The second chapter describes electrochemical polymerization of aniline in room temperature 1-butyl-3-methylimmidazolium ionic liquids without addition of any acid. It is shown that the polymerization of aniline in BMI(BF4) does require small but controlled amounts of water whereas the polymerization in BMI(PF6) and in BMI(TF2N) does not require any water addition. The third chapter describes the construction of reference electrodes for RTIL applications that have a known and reproducible potential versus the ferrocene/ ferrocenium couple. They are based on reference electrodes of the first kind, Ag/Ag+ couple type, or of the second kind, based on Ag/AgCl in M+Cl-. The stability, reproducibility, and temperature behavior of the two reference systems have been characterized. The fourth chapter describes the electrochemical preparation and spectral analysis of gold clusters by adding gold atoms one-by-one through polyaniline s ability to form a strong complex with chloroaurate at the protonated imine sites. Our results confirm that both the amount and the size of gold clusters affects the properties of the composite material. The fifth chapter describes the development and characterization of a CHEMFET sensing layer based on a composite of CSA-doped polyaniline (PANI), and the room temperature ionic liquid BMI(TF2N) for the sensing of ammonia gas. The work function responses of the cast films with and without IL are analyzed by step-wise changes of ammonia gas concentration from 0.5 to 694 ppm in air as a function of the mole fraction of IL to PANI. The PANI CSA/BMI(TF2N) layers shows enhanced sensitivities, lower detection limit and shorter response times. The final chapter describes the preparation and characterization of field-effect transistors with mixed ionic-electronic conductors that have been created by varying the ratio of room temperature ionic liquid and emeraldine salt of polyaniline. Transistor with high electronic conductivity (32mol% ES-PANI) and Au gate contact exhibited theoretical behavior of an IGFET; whereas, the purely ionic gate behaved irreproducibly, indicating that a capacitive divider has been formed in the gate.

Les piles à combustible microbiennes (PCMs) sont des dispositifs bio-électrochimiques qui utilisent des biofilms bactériens électroactifs afin de catalyser des réactions d'oxydoréduction anodique et/ou cathodique pour générer de l'énergie électrique. Afin de promouvoir le développement et la connexion des biofilms, points clé dans les performances des PCM, la surface de l'anode de graphite est fonctionnalisée par des unités pyridine. Celles-ci sont greffées de façon covalente via la réduction électrochimique de cations diazopyridinium, formés in situ à partir de précurseurs amine, en s'inspirant de la méthode d'électrogreffage des sels d'aryle diazonium. Cela permet d'obtenir une interface très robuste. En comparant la réactivité de différents dérivés aminopyridine et les propriétés des couches greffées résultantes, la réduction des cations para-diazopyridinium conduit à des films fins et compacts, bien adaptés pour favoriser l'adhésion bactérienne et le transfert d'électrons entre la surface de l'anode et les bactéries électroactives. La présence d'unités pyridine immobilisées en surface de l'anode permet un développement plus rapide du biofilm et des performances accrues de la PCM pour des biofilms jeunes. Par comparaison, une anode modifiée par des multicouches de polyphénylène puis colonisée par un biofilm bactérien se révèle moins efficace pour la catalyse de l'oxydation de l'acétate. La nature et les propriétés physicochimiques de l'électrolyte sont également un paramètre important dans le développement du biofilm bactérien. Les liquides ioniques à température ambiante présentent des propriétés uniques, notamment en termes de solvatation, et leur utilisation dans des applications biotechnologiques a récemment émergé. Toutefois, leurs effets sur les biofilms bactériens restent encore peu connus. L'ajout d'une sélection de liquides ioniques hydrophiles et hydrophobes à base de cations imidazolium ou pyridinium dans l'anolyte, même en très faible quantité, ou immobilisés à la surface de l'anode inhibe le développement du biofilm. / Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) are bio-electrochemical devices based on electroactive bacterial biofilms which catalyze the electron transfer both at the anode and cathode to generate electrical power. To enhance the biofilms development and to improve the biofilm-electrode connection, being both key features in the performance of the MFC, the graphite anode was functionalized by pyridine units. In order to ensure a robust interface, pyridine units are grafted covalently through the electrochemical reduction of diazopyridinium cations in situ formed from aminopyridine precursors, following the well-known electrografting method for aryl diazonium salts. By comparing the reactivity of various aminopyridine derivatives and the resulting grafted layers properties, the para-diazopyridinium cations reduction results in a thin and compact layer, which is the best suited for promoting bacterial adhesion and favorable electron transfer between the anode surface and electroactive bacteria. The presence of pyridine units immobilized on the anode surface leads to a faster biofilm development together with increased MFC performances for young biofilms. In contrast, anode modified with polyphenylene multilayers and then colonized by a bacterial biofilm has been proved to be less effective for the catalysis of acetate oxidation. On the other hand, the nature of the electrolyte and the physicochemical properties are also important parameters for the bacterial biofilm development. Room temperature ionic liquids have unique properties, particularly in terms of solvation, and their use in biotechnological applications has recently emerged. However, their effects on bacterial biofilms remain little known. The addition of a selection of hydrophilic and hydrophobic ionic liquids based on imidazolium or pyridinium cations in the anolyte, even in very small quantities, or immobilized at the anode surface inhibited the biofilm development.

Dans ce travail, nous avons modifié deux carbones activés (grain AC et tissu T0) par divers traitements chimique (H2O2, NaOCl et un traitement thermique sous azote) et par des traitements ultrasonores à 20 et 500 kHz en présence de différents solvants (eau ultrapure, peroxyde d'hydrogène et acide formique). Ces carbones (bruts et modifiés) ont été caractérisés du point de vue de leur chimie de surface et de leur texture. Nous avons étudié l'adsorption d'ibuprofène (IBP) aux différents pH et températures. Le processus d'adsorption de l'IBP sur (AC ou T0) est avéré endothermique à pH 3. L'oxydation par NaOCl crée des groupes phénoliques qui défavorisent l'adsorption d'IBP tandis que l'oxydation par H2O2 augmente la teneur en groupe carbonyles et carboxyles responsable d'une contribution à l'adsorption de l'IBP. Le traitement ultrasonore de AC a augmenté son adsorption d'IBP par rapport au charbon brut. La cinétique d'adsorption de deux liquides ioniques synthétisés (LI1 : bromure de 4-tertiobutyl-1-propylpyridinium et LI2 : bromure de 4-tertiobutyl-1(2-carboxy-ethyl)pyridinium ) sur T0 est beaucoup plus rapide que la cinétique d'adsorption de l'IBP à pH 7,5. La compétition d'adsorption sur T0 entre les trois molécules (IBP et les deux liquides ioniques) a montré que l'IBP s'adsorbe en plus grande quantité sur le T0 que le LI1 et le LI2. / In this work, two activated carbons (granular AC and fabric T0) were modified either by chemical treatment (H2O2, NaOCl and thermal treatment under N2) or by ultrasonic irradiation at 20 kHz or 500 kHz in different solvents (UHQ water, H2O2 and HCOOH). The raw and modified materials were characterized by different methods. We studied the ibuprofen (IBP) adsorption at different pH and temperatures. The adsorption of IBP by (AC or T0) was an endothermic process at pH 3. Oxidation with NaOCl creates phenol groups that led to a decrease of the adsorption uptake while oxidation by H2O2 increases the carbonyl group content and carboxyl that induce an increase in the adsorption of IBP. The ultrasonic treatment of AC increases the adsorption capacity of ibuprofen in comparison with the raw AC. The adsorption of the two ionic liquids (LI1 : the 4(tert-butyl)-1propylpyridinium bromide and LI2 : 4(tert-butyl)-1(2-carboxy-ethyl)pyridinium bromide ) onto T0 was found much faster than the adsorption kinetic of IBP at pH 7.5. The competitive adsorption of mixture of IBP and the two ionic liquids showed that IBP is the most adsorbed by T0.

Alguns Agentes Farmacêuticos (AF) sólidos podem ser otimizados através de ajustes nas propriedades físicas, permitindo maior controle na solubilidade, estabilidade, biodisponibilidade e farmacocinética. Líquidos iônicos, sais que se apresentam líquidos à temperaturas inferiores a 100º C, representam uma classe de substâncias utilizadas como possível estratégia no planejamento e otimização de fármacos, através da escolha de íons ativos biologicamente. Neste trabalho foram investigadas interações entre pares iônicos formados pelos ânions acetilsalicilato (ASP) e ibuprofenato (IBU), em combinação com os cátions biologicamente ativos, benzil-decil-dimetil-amônio (BDDA) e didecil-dimetil-amônio (DDA) com a membrana biológica formada por palmitoil-oleil-fosfatidil-colina (POPC), pelo método de Dinâmica Molecular. A partir de otimizações geométricas e distribuições de cargas, estabeleceram-se topologias para os íons, definindo-se parâmetros ausentes no campo de força AMBER. Inicialmente simularam-se os pares iônicos solvatados e também sistemas contendo líquidos iônicos puros. Essas simulações indicaram adequada distribuição de cargas para os íons e forneceram informações a respeito da estrutura do líquido, formado por pares iônicos, como densidade e distâncias entre grupos de átomos. As simulações contendo sistemas completos (íons, POPC e água) indicaram que no sistema IBUDDA o par iônico é mantido, enquanto que nos outros sistemas ocorrem maiores variações nas distâncias entre os íons. O sistema ASPDDA apresenta indícios de fuga do ânion através da bicamada. Nos sistemas ASPBDDA e IBUBDDA, apesar da variação das distâncias mínimas, os íons mantêm-se no interior da membrana no tempo simulado. Nos sistemas IBUDDA, IBUBDA e ASPBDDA o grupo carboxilato dos ânions demonstra proximidade e preferência pelo grupo colina da POPC, enquanto que o grupo contendo o nitrogênio do cátion aproxima-se preferencialmente do grupo fosfato da POPC. / Some pharmaceutical agents (AF) solids may be optimized through adjustments in physical properties, allowing greater control on the solubility, stability, bioavailability and pharmacokinetics. Ionic Liquids, salts which are liquids at temperatures lower than 100 ° C, represent a class of substances used as a possible strategy in the design and optimization of drugs through the choice of biologically active ions. In this study were investigated interactions between ion pairs formed by the acetylsalicylate (ASP) and ibuprofenate (IBU) anions, in combination with the biologically active cations benzalkonium (BDDA) and didecyldimethylammonium (DDA) with the biological membrane palmitoyloleylphosphatidylcholine (POPC) by molecular dynamics method. From geometric optimizations and charge distributions, have established topologies for the ions, defining missing parameters in the AMBER force field. The ion pairs were simulated under vacuum and solvated as well as systems containing pure Ionic Liquids. These simulations showed suitable charge distribution for ions and provided information about the structure of the liquid formed by ion pairs, such as density and distances between groups of atoms. The simulations containing entire systems (ions, water and POPC) indicated that in the system IBUDDA the ion pair is maintained while in other systems transients distancing occur between ions. The system containing ASPDDA indicates leakage of the anion through the bilayer. In systems ASPBDDA, IBUDDA and IBUBDDA, despite the variation of minimum distances, the ions remain within the membrane in simulated time. In IBUDDA, IBUBDDA and ASPBDDA the carboxylate group of the anions demonstrate nearness and preference for POPC choline group, whereas the group containing the nitrogen cation preferentially approximates of the POPC phosphate group.

Os cimentos de ionômero de vidro são biomateriais constituídos de polímeros ácidos, vidro básico (ionizável) e água, sendo usados amplamente no campo odontológico, como materiais restauradores ou ainda como cimentadores de bandas ortodônticas. Estes compostos podem ser suscetíveis a formação de biofilmes por espécies de Candida na sua superfície em função da rugosidade associada a colonização fúngica do meio bucal. Pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de biomateriais funcionais tem buscado desenvolver compostos de alta eficácia e baixa toxicidade que sejam capazes de inibir a formação de biofilmes sobre superfícies biológicas. Considerando a busca por novos biomateriais, foi desenvolvido um estudo ex vivo com o objetivo de modificar a estrutura de um cimento de ionômero de vidro comercialmente disponível (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) através da inserção do sal imidazólico cloreto de 1-nhexadecil- 3-metilimidazol comparado ao cloreto de cetilpiridínio para compor um novo composto com atividade antibiofilme. O sal imidazólico e o cloreto de cetilpiridínio foram acrescentados diretamente ao pó do ionômero de vidro na proporção de 10 ppm p/p. A partir desta adição inicial, foi realizada a reação de polimerização do ionômero, obtendo corpos de prova (CP) medindo 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, os quais foram divididos em 03 grupos: CP1, constituído do ionômero na formulação original (controle de crescimento de biofilme); CP2, constituído do ionômero acrescido com o cloreto de cetilpiridínio (referência) e CP3, constituído do ionômero acrescido do sal imidazólico. Foram testadas nove cepas de Candida não albicans resistentes ao antifúngicos usuais, sendo três cepas de C. glabrata (RL22, RL24 e RL25), três cepas de C. tropicalis (57A, 72A e 72P) e três cepas de C. parapsilosis (RL11, RL20 e RL32), todas depositadas no Laboratório de Micologia da UFRGS. Avaliou-se a resistência a deformação plástica pelo teste de microdureza; a atividade antibiofilme pela avaliação de inibição de crescimento na superfície dos CP por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e avaliação de hipoalerginicidade pelo teste da membrana cório-alantoide. O teste de microdureza não apresentou diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os três grupos, com valor médio de 44.2 HV para o CP1, 43.5 HV para o CP2 e 43,1 HV para o CP3. A avaliação da superfície dos CP através da análise de microscopia eletrônica demonstrou haver inibição completa da formação do biofilme de todas as cepas testadas. O teste da membrana cório-alantoide indicou que o ionômero de vidro na sua composição original, bem como acrescido dos dois compostos testados, demonstrou ser hipoalergênico. Considerando os dados apresentados, podemos concluir que a adição do sal imidazólico na formulação do ionômero de vidro promoveu a ação antibiofilme contra cepas multirresistente sem perda nas características de microdureza e hipoalergenicidade. / Glass ionomer cements are biomaterials composed of acid polymers, basic glass (ionizable) and water, being widely used in dentistry, as restorative materials or as orthodontic bands. These compounds may be susceptible to biofilm formation on their surface by Candida species because of the roughness associated with fungal colonization of the oral cavity. Research on antifungal drugs development has focused on the synthesis of new compounds, that present effective action and low toxicity that are able to inhibit the formation of biofilms on biological surfaces. Considering the demand for biomaterials with antibiofilm activity, an ex vivo study was developed with the objective of modifying the structure of a commercially available glass ionomer cement (Ketac® Cem Easymix 3M) by insertion of the imidazole salt 1-n-hexadecyl-3- methylimidazole chloride compared to the cetylpyridinium chloride to make a novel compound with antibiofilm activity. The imidazole salt and cetylpyridinium chloride were added directly to the glass ionomer powder at a ratio of 10 ppm w/w. From this initial addition, the ionomer polymerization reaction was performed, obtaining test specimens (TS) measuring 5 mm Ø × 3 mm h, divided into three groups; i) TS1, composed only of GIC (growth control reference); ii) TS2, glass ionomer and cetylpyridinium chloride added directly to the powder (drug reference); and iii) TS3, glass ionomer and imidazolium salt using the same procedure. Nine strains of nonalbicans Candida, resistant to usual antifungals, were used; three C. glabrata strains (RL22, RL24 and RL25), three C. tropicalis strains (57A, 72A and 72P) and three C. Parapsilosis strains (RL11, RL20 and RL32), all the strains are deposited in the Mycology Collection at UFRGS. The plastic deformation was evaluated by the microhardness test; the antibiofilm activity by the evaluation of inhibition of growth on the surface of the specimens by scanning electron microscopy and evaluation of hypoallerginicity by the test of the chorioallantoic membrane. The plastic deformation evaluation showed no significant difference among the three groups, with a mean value of 44.2 HV for TS1, 43.5 HV for TS2 and 43,1 HV for TS3. Evaluating the biofilm formation on TSs, all the isolates form biofilm on TS1 (reference). On the other hand, both TS2 and TS3 were able to inhibit surface biofilm growth. The allergenicity evaluation of the three TSs showed no evidence of tissue alteration, considering that the eggs’ chorioallantoic membrane remained intact. Considering the presented data, we can conclude that the addition of the imidazole salt in the glass ionomer formulation promoted the antibiofilm action against multiresistant strains without loss in the characteristics of microhardness and hypoallergenicity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The synthesis of thirteen 3-(R1), 4-(R2) and 5-(R3)-substituted 1-cyanoacetyl-5-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazoles from the cyclocondensation reaction of 4-alkoxy-3-alken-2-ones [R3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)(OR), where R3 = CF3, CCl3, CHCl2, CO2Et; R2 = H, Me; R1 = H, Me, Et, Pr, Pentyl, c-Hexyl, Ph, and R = Me, Et] with cyanoacetohydrazide is reported. This reaction was carried out in different methodologies, firstly using water like solvent and following with ionic liquid ([BMIM]BF4). The results showed that when the ionic liquid was used as reaction media, the reaction time was drastically decreased and the yield was improved. 4,5-Dihydropyrazole (R1 = Me, R2 = H, R3 = CF3) was used as an important building block to the synthesis of cyanoenaminopyrazole from the condensation reaction with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal. Benzilidene cyanoacetohydrazide was also employed to the synthesis of a series of seven 1- benzilidenepyrid-2-ones from the cyclocondensation reaction with 4-alkoxy-1,1,1-trifluoro-3-alken-2-ones [CF3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)(OR), where R2 = H, Me; R1 = Me, Pr, Butyl, c-Hexyl, Ph, 4-MePh, e R = Me, Et]. The attainment of these compounds was only possible when the reaction was carried out in ionic liquid [BMIM]BF4. / Neste trabalho é descrita a síntese de uma série de treze 1-cianoacetil-5-hidróxi-4,5-diidro-1H-pirazóis 3-(R1), 4-(R2) e 5-(R3) substituídos a partir da reação de ciclocondensação de 4-alcóxi-3-alquen-2-onas [R3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)(OR), onde R3 = CF3, CCl3, CHCl2, CO2Et; R2 = H, Me; R1 = H, Me, Et, Pr, Pentil, c-Hexil, Ph, e R = Me, Et] com cianoacetoidrazida. Esta reação foi realizada por duas metodologias diferentes, primeiramente utilizando água como solvente e, em um segundo momento, em líquido iônico ([BMIM]BF4). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o líquido iônico [BMIM]BF4 demonstrou ser um importante meio reacional, proporcionando uma drástica redução no tempo da reação, bem como um aumento nos rendimentos. O 4,5-diidropirazol (R1 = Me, R2 = H, R3 = CF3) foi utilizado como um importante bloco precursor para a síntese do derivado cianoenaminopirazol através da reação de condensação com N,Ndimetilformamida dimetilacetal. A benzilideno-cianoacetoidrazida também foi empregada na síntese de uma série de sete 1-benzilidenopirid-2-onas através de uma reação de ciclocondensação com 4-alcóxi-1,1,1-trifluor-3-alquen-2-onas [CF3C(O)C(R2)=C(R1)(OR), onde R2 = H, Me; R1 = Me, Pr, Butil, c-Hexil, Ph, 4- MePh, e R = Me, Et]. A obtenção destes compostos foi possível apenas quando o líquido iônico [BMIM]BF4 foi utilizado como meio reacional.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6018.pdf: 3012606 bytes, checksum: 9ae3e289d5f93c0bcdb9dc90e59c2bc8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-25 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / New alternatives to the use of polymeric membranes as solid electrolyte in fuel cells have been considered , in order to find solutions to recurrent obstacles that limit the performance of these cells, the dependence of the ionic transport due to the water content of the membrane and low thermal stability of the current polymers used . In this investigation, we sought an alternative, by studying the incorporation of imidazolium salts into polycarbonate (PC) matrix and the subsequent formation of membranes via casting. Characterizations that aimed to establish structure-property correlations by FTIR, DSC, TGA, DMTA, Water Vapor Permeation (WVT), Sorption and Desorption and Methanol Permeation were performed. The results indicated that the presence of different ionic liquids (IL) into the PC matrix significantly alter the structural and membrane transport characteristics analyzed. / Novas alternativas ao uso de membranas poliméricas como eletrólito sólido em células a combustível têm sido buscadas, visando encontrar soluções a recorrentes empecilhos que limitam o desempenho dessas células, como a dependência do transporte iônico em função do teor de umidade da membrana e a baixa estabilidade térmica dos atuais polímeros utilizados. Nesta investigação, buscou-se uma alternativa, estudando-se a incorporação de sais de imidazolina em matriz de policarbonato (PC) e a subsequente formação de membranas via casting. Caracterizações que visaram estabelecer correlações estrutura-propriedades foram realizadas através FTIR, DSC, TGA, DMTA, permeação ao vapor de água (WVT), Sorção e Dessorção e Permação ao Metanol. Os resultados indicaram que a presença dos diferentes líquidos iônicos (LI) na matriz de PC altera significativamente as características estruturais e de transporte nas membranas analisadas.

abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs), or low-temperature liquid salts, are a class of materials with unique and useful properties. Made up entirely of ions, ILs are remarkably tunable and diverse as cations and anions can be mixed and matched to yield desired properties. Because of this, IL/water systems range widely—from homogeneous mixtures to multiphasic systems featuring ionic liquid/liquid interfaces. Even more diversity is added when particles are introduced to these systems, as hard particles or soft-matter microgels interact with both ILs and water in complex ways. This work examines both miscible ionic liquid/water mixture and two-phase, immiscible ionic liquid/water systems. Extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are utilized in conjunction with physical measurements to inform theoretical understanding of the nature of these systems, and this theoretical understanding is related to practical applications—in particular, the development of a low-temperature liquid electrolyte for use in molecular electronic transducer (MET) seismometers, and particle self-assembly and transport at ionic liquid/liquid interfaces such as those in Pickering emulsions. The homogenous mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide and water is examined extensively through MD as well as physical characterization of properties. Molecular ordering within the liquid mixture is related to macroscopic properties. These mixtures are then used as the basis of an electrolyte with unusual characteristics, specifically a wide liquid temperature range with an extremely low lower bound combined with relatively low viscosity allowing excellent performance in the MET sensor. Electrolyte performance is further improved by the addition of fullerene nanoparticles, which dramatically increase device sensitivity. The reasons behind this effect are explored by testing the effect of graphene surface size and through MD simulations of fullerene and a silica nanoparticle (for contrast) in [BMIM][I]/water mixtures. Immiscible ionic liquid/water systems are explored through MD studies of particles at IL/water interfaces. By increasing the concentration of hydrophobic nanoparticles at the IL/water interface, one study discovers the formation of a commingled IL/water/particle pseudo-phase, and relates this discovery to previously-observed unique behaviors of these interfaces, particularly spontaneous particle transport across the interface. The other study demonstrates that IL hydrophobicity can influence the deformation of thermo-responsive soft particles at the liquid/liquid interface. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Chemical Engineering 2016

Le tantale est un métal à utilisation stratégique notamment dansle domaine de l'électronique et des implants biomédicaux,domaines qui requièrent la réalisation de dépôts de tantale encouches minces. L’objectif de cette thèse est de déposer par voieélectrochimique et à température ambiante du tantale métalliqueà partir d'un sel de tantale solubilisé dans un électrolyte liquideionique qui possède à la fois les propriétés d’un solvant et d’unélectrolyte. Ils ont une fenêtre électrochimique large qui les rendprometteurs pour l’électrodéposition des matériaux réfractairescomme le tantale. Nous avons établis au cours de cette thèse denouvelles connaissances sur les propriétés physico-chimiques etde transport de l’électrolyte formé du sel de tantale TaF5 et duliquide ionique [BMPyr][TFSI]. Ces études corrélées à desanalyses électrochimiques et des analyses de la morphologie etde la composition élémentaire du dépôt ont conduit à proposerun mécanisme de réduction du sel de tantale pentavalent entantale métallique. Du tantale métallique sous une formeamorphe existe dans les couches profondes du dépôtaccompagné de résidus du liquide ionique enfermé dans lespores des couches déposées. / Tantalum is a metal of strategic uses such as in the field ofelectronics and biomedical implants. These fields require thedeposition of thin metallic tantalum films on different substrates.The aim of this thesis is to perform tantalum electrodepositionfrom tantalum salt at room temperature using room temperatureionic liquids as electrolytes. Tantalum electrodeposition isimpossible in aqueous solutions; therefore ionic liquids are thebest choice for this application because of their largeelectrochemical window. Room temperature ionic liquidsaccomplish both the roles of a solvent and an electrolyte. Theirperspectives are encouraging for the electrodeposition ofrefractory metals as tantalum. We have established in this thesisnew knowledge about the physicochemical and transportproperties of the electrolyte formed by tantalum salt TaF5 andthe room temperature ionic liquid [BMPyr][TFSI]. These studiescorrelated with electrochemical analysis, morphology andelemental composition analysis of the layers deposited served usin the understanding of the reduction mechanism of tantalumsalt into its metallic form. An amorphous metallic form oftantalum exists in deeper layers of the deposit in addition toresidues of the ionic liquid trapped in the pores of the layers.

Neste trabalho, serão apresentados o comportamento eletroquímico e espectro-eletroquímico dos polímeros condutores poli(sulfeto de fenileno fenilenamina) (PPSA) e poli(anilina) (PANI) no líquido iônico bis(trifluorometanosulfonil)imideto de 1-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio (BMMITFSI). Os experimentos eletroquímicos em BMMITFSI mostram que o PPSA apresenta dois processos redox reversíveis sem sinais de perda de eletroatividade e mostram também a obtenção da PANI pela polimerização eletroquímica da anilina com os dois processos redox típicos das transformações em leucoesmeraldina ↔ esmeraldina ↔ pernigranilina, sem a necessidade de adição de ácidos e sem nenhum sinal de degradação em potenciais elevados. Os experimentos de UV-Vis e Raman Ressonante evidenciaram a estabilização das estruturas oxidadas formadas em líquido iônico tornando este fato a principal razão para o comportamento reversível dos processos redox de ambos os polímeros. Os experimentos de resistência in situ da PANI, demonstraram que a pernigranilina obtida em potenciais elevados é mantida na forma condutora. Estes fenômenos observados em ambos os polímeros indicam que a alta atmosfera iônica do BMMITFSI, estaria estabilizando as estruturas mais oxidadas (dicátions) em potenciais elevados, o que evita a degradação e perda de eletroatividade do PPSA e permite a condutividade da PANI na forma pernigranilina sal. / In this work, the electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical behavior of Poly(phenylenesulfide phenyleneamine) (PPSA) and polyaniline (PANI) conducting polymers in a room temperature ionic liquids, 1-butyl-2-3-dimethylimidazolium bis(trifluorometanessulfonil)imide (BMMITFSI) is presented. Electrochemical experiments of a PPSA in BMMITFSI show two reversible redox processes without loss of electroactivity. Aniline polymerization to obtain PANI films with typically two redox processes due to leucoemeraldine ↔ esmeraldine ↔ pernigraniline transformations was also carried out in the absence of acids, and even cycling till high positive potentials, no degradation signals were observed. UV-Vis and Resonance Raman studies show the stabilization of dications in BMMITFSI as the main reason to the reversible redox behavior observed on both conducting polymers and the in-situ resistance measurements corroborated the stabilization of pernigraniline salt at high oxidation potentials in the conducting form of PANI. These results obtained in room temperature ionic liquid shows that the high ionic medium given by the BMMITFSI would shield the positive charges, which would stabilize the dication species at high potentials, avoiding the degradation and loss of electroaticity of PPSA and allowing charge transport on pernigraniline salt.