O armazenamento de energia em larga escala é um dos maiores desafios que temos que sanar em médio prazo para que tenhamos um impacto importante na matriz energética. As baterias aparecem como fortes candidatas para esta função, porém, é preciso melhorar todos os componentes das baterias, como eletrodos e eletrólitos, para aplicação em larga escala. Líquidos Iônicos (LIs) são interessantes alternativas para a utilização como eletrólito em bateria, pois abrem ampla possibilidades, como a utilização de ânodos metálicos e operação em alta temperatura. Sendo assim, este trabalho apresenta o estudo do uso do LI bis(trifluorometanosulfonil)imideto de N-n-butil-N-metilpiperidínio ([BMP][Tf2N]) na eletrodeposição de Mg utilizando vários procedimentos eletroquímicos e analíticos. A deposição/dissolução de Mg é irreversível quando há água (50 mmol L-1) no sistema, e uma reversibilidade de apenas 7,4 % em sistemas mais secos (5 mmol L-1). Imagens de MEV e espectros de EDS mostram que há Mg na superfície do eletrodo, porém é indicada a formação de um filme passivador. Além disso, também foi estudado o comportamento eletroquímico de Cu no LI [BMP][Tf2N], que apresenta um ânion com boa capacidade de coordenação e no LI tetracianoborato de N-n-butil-N-metilpiperidínio ([BMP][B(CN)4]), que apresenta um ânion com baixa capacidade de coordenação. A propriedade de coordenação tem grande influência na oxidação e corrosão do metal, enquanto que no [Tf2N] há corrosão por pitting e não há passivação do metal, o uso do [B(CN)4] leva a precipitação do sal Cu[B(CN)4], causando a passivação do metal. Além disso, mesmo em baixa concentração de água, há formação de óxido durante a oxidação do metal nos dois LIs. Como a água afeta o comportamento eletroquímico dos LIs, foi realizado um estudo das propriedades físico-químicas do LI bis(trifluorometanosulfonil)imideto de 1-n-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio ([BMMI][Tf2N]) e sua mistura com Li+ com diferentes quantidades de água. A presença de Li+ causa um grande aumento na capacidade do LI hidrofóbico em absorver água. Experimentos sugerem que há uma quebra nos agregados Li+-ânion, que foi confirmado por dinâmica molecular (DM). Ainda, a água apresenta grande modificação nas propriedades como densidade, viscosidade e condutividade iônica, sem contar que os resultados experimentais sugerem uma quebra na regra de Walden em altas temperaturas. Por fim, foi avaliado a estrutura local do LI tetracianoborato de 1-n-butil-2,3-dimetilimidazólio ([BMMI][B(CN)4]), para entender como é a interação entre o ânion de baixa capacidade de coordenação e o Li+. A distância entre os ânions e o Li+ é maior do que no caso do [Tf2N], indicando assim uma menor interação entre estes dois. A utilização de LIs como eletrólitos para baterias se apresenta como alternativa promissora, porém ainda demanda estudos para encontrar o melhor sistema. / Energy storage at large scale is one of the most important challenges that needs to be solved in medium term to have an important impact in the electrical grid. Batteries seem to be strong candidates for this function, however, it is needed to improve all battery components, as electrodes and electrolytes, to be applied in large scale. Ionic Liquids (ILs) are interesting alternatives to be used as electrolyte in a battery, since they open a wide range of possibilities, as the use of metallic anodes and operation at high temperature. This work presents the study of electrodeposition of Mg using the IL N-butyl,methyl-piperidinium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ([BMP][Tf2N]) by several electrochemical and analytical techniques. The deposition/dissolution is irreversible in presence of high water concentration (50 mmol L-1), and a small reversibility of 7.4 % in dryer system (5 mmol L-1). EDS spectra show Mg presence in the electrode surface, however it is also observed the formation of passivating film. Besides this, it was also studied the electrochemical behavior of Cu in the IL [BMP][Tf2N], which presents a strong coordinating anion and in the IL N-butyl,methyl-piperidinium tetracyanoborate ([BMP][B(CN)4]), which presents a weak coordinating anion. It was observed that the oxidation and corrosion of Cu depends strongly on the anions coordinating properties, while on [Tf2N] it was observed pitting corrosion and no metal passivation, the use of [B(CN)4] leads to salt (Cu[B(CN)4]) precipitation, causing the metal passivation. It was also observed that even at low water concentration there is the formation of oxide in both ILs. As the water affects the electrochemical behavior of the ILs, it was realized a study of the physicochemical properties of the IL 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bis((trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl)imide ([BMMI][Tf2N]) and its mixture with Li+ with different amounts of water. The Li+ presence provokes a huge increase in the water absorption ability of the hydrophobic IL. Experiments suggest that there is a break in the Li+-anion aggregates, which was confirmed by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In addition, water causes important changes in properties as density, viscosity and ionic conductivity; moreover, the experimental results suggest a break in the Walden\'s rule at high temperatures, due to aggregates modification. Lastly, it was evaluated the local structure of the IL 1-Butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetracyanoborate ([BMMI][B(CN)4]), to understand how a weak coordinating anion and the Li+ interact. It was showed by MD simulations that this property results in a bigger distance between anion and Li+ than in the case of [Tf2N], indicating a lower interaction between both. The use of ILs as electrolytes for batteries is a promising alternative, however it is needed more studies to find the best system.

O sistema peróxi-oxalato consiste na reação entre ésteres oxálicos e peróxido de hidrogênio, na presença de um catalisador básico e/ou nucleofílico e de um composto fluorescente com baixo potencial de oxidação (ACT), resultando em uma emissão eficiente de quimiluminescência. O sistema é amplamente utilizado em diversas aplicações analíticas, entretanto, sua aplicação é limitada devido às dificuldades de sua adaptação em meios aquosos. Nesse trabalho foram realizados estudos cinéticos da reação peróxi-oxalato em uma mistura binária de 1,2-dimetóxietano/água (1/1) em tampão fosfato (pH 6, 7 e 8), utilizado-se os ésteres oxalato bis(2,4,6-triclorofenila) (TCPO), oxalato de bis(4- metilfenila) (BMePO) e oxalato de bis(4-nitrofenila) (BNPO). A partir da dependência da constante de velocidade de decaimento da intensidade de emissão (kobs) com a concentração de peróxido de hidrogênio e do tampão fosfato obteve-se evidências da ação do fosfato como catalisador básico específico na reação de TCPO. Porém, os resultados indicam também que na reação de BMePO o fosfato age principalmente como catalisador ácido. A reação peróxi-oxalato (TCPO, H2O2, ACT e imidazol) foi realizada também em meio de 80% de líquidos iônicos. Três líquidos iônicos contendo o cátion 1-butil- 3-metilimidazólio (bmim) com os contra-íons tetrafluroborato, hexafluorofosfato e hexafluoroantimonato foram utilizados obtendo-se valores de kobs maiores em bmimPF6, seguida do meio em bmimBF4e por fim em bmimSbF6. Os rendimentos quânticos determinados alcançaram valores de quase 20% em meio de bmimSbF6, além disso, foram obtidas evidências experimentais de que o mecanismo CIEEL esteja envolvido no passo de quimi-excitação da reação peróxi-oxalato nestes meios / The peroxyoxalate system consists in the reaction of oxalic esters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of basic and/or nucleofilic catalysts and a fluorescent compound with low oxidation potential (ACT), resulting in efficient chemiluminescence emission. This system is widely utilized in various analytical applications; however, its use is limited due to the difficulties to adapt it to aqueous media. In this work, kinetic studies of the peroxyoxalate reaction were performed in phosphate buffered (pH 6, 7 and 8) binary 1,2-dimethoxyethane/water mixtures (1/1), using the oxalate esters bis(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO), bis(4- methylphenyl) oxalate (BMePO) and bis(4-nitrophenyl) oxalate (BNPO). Evidence for the action of the phosphate as a specific base catalyst in the reaction of TCPO was obtained from the dependence of the emission decay rate constant (kobs) on the hydrogen peroxide and phosphate buffer concentration. However, the results also indicate that phosphate acts mainly as an acid catalyst in the reaction of BMePO. The peroxyoxalate reaction (TCPO, H2O2, ACT and imidazole) was also performed in 80 % of ionic liquids. Three ionic liquids containing the cation 1-butyl- 3-methylimidazolium (bmim) with contra-ions tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate and hexafluoroantimonate were used obtaining higher rate constant values for bmimPF6, followed by bmimBF4 media and finally bmimSbF6. The quantum yields determined reached almost 20% in the medium bmimSbF6, additionally, experimental evidence was obtained for the occurrence of the CIEEL mechanism in the chemiexcitation step of the peroxyoxalate reaction in these media

Simulações por Dinâmica Molecular (MD) de eletrólitos poliméricos baseados em poli (oxietileno), POE, e líquidos iônicos derivados do cátion 1-alquil-3-metilimidazólio e ânion hexafluorfosfato foram realizadas. Os parâmetros do potencial intermolecular e intramolecular foram obtidos de simulações MD prévias, a partir de um modelo de átomos unidos para POE e cátions imidazólio, ou seja, átomos de hidrogênio não são considerados explicitamente. Investigação sistemática da concentração de líquido iônico (LI), temperatura, e comprimento da cadeia 1-alquil, [1,3-dimetilimidazólio]PF6 e [1-butil-3-metilimidazólio]PF6, bem como seus efeitos sobre a estrutura de equilíbrio foram realizadas, constatando completa dispersão dos líquidos iônicos na matriz polimérica. Foram observadas mudanças conformacionais na cadeia de POE, devido à interação POE-LI. Além disso, os sistemas apresentaram ordem em escala intermediária (IRO) similar aos eletrólitos poliméricos de sais inorgânicos simples. Estes resultados foram motivadores para realização de ensaios experimentais com de poli (etileno glicol) dimetil éter, PEGdME, e hexafluorfosfato de 1-butil-3-metilimidazólio, caracterizado por análises térmicas TG e DSC, difração de raio-X e espectroscopia por impedância eletroquímica. Correlações com a previsão teórica foram reveladas, em especial quanto à coordenação POE-LI, que ocorre principalmente na fase amorfa. Condutividades da ordem de 10-3 S.cm-1 a altas temperaturas foram observadas. O estudo computacional sobre a dinâmica dos sistemas revelou mobilidade iônica em POE/[bmim]PF6 maior que em POE/[dmim]PF6, além de mostrar que a adição de líquido iônico ao polímero causa diminuição na dinâmica das cadeias de POE. Condutividades calculadas para POE/[bmim]PF6 estão em concordância qualitativa com as obtidas para o sistema PEGdME-[bmim]PF6. A redução dos pares iônicos frente aos eletrólitos poliméricos de sais inorgânicos é a distinta evolução no tempo da função de van Hove para ânions e cátions, bem como a razão κ/κNE maior, por exemplo, em comparação ao sistema POE- LiClO4. / Molecular dynamics simulations of polymer electrolytes based on poly (oxyethylene), POE, and ionic liquids derived from 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate were performed. We used united atom models, i.e. hydrogen atoms of the PEO chain and 1,3-dialkylimidazolium cations are not explicitly considered. All of the potential parameters for intramolecular terms can be found in previous MD simulations of POE-LiCLO4 and ionic liquids systems. A systematic investigation of ionic liquid concentration, temperature, and the 1-alkyl-chain length, [1,3-dimethylimidazolium]PF6, and [1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium]PF6, effects on resulting equilibrium structure is provided. It is shown that the ionic liquid is dispersed in the polymeric matrix and conformational changes on PEO chains upon addition of the ionic liquid are identified. Long-range correlations are assigned to non-uniform distribution of ionic species within the simulation box. Experimental data were obtained from thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy from poly (ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether, PEGdME, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Correlations with previous theoretical results were revealed and coordination of the IL by the polymer occurs mainly in the amorphous phase. It has been obtained ionic conductivity κ ~ 10-3 S.cm-1 for polymer electrolytes at high temperatures. Ionic mobility in PEO/[bmim]PF6 is higher than in PEO/[dmim]PF6 and the structural relaxation in PEO/[dmim]PF6 and PEO/[bmim]PF6 also indicated that the material containing the smaller cation [dmim]+ exhibits more significant slowing down on the dynamics of PEO chains. Clear indications of reduced strength in ion correlations are the distinct time evolution of van Hove correlation functions for anions and cations, and the higher κ/κNE ratio in comparison with, for instance, the PEO/LiClO4.

Orientador: Marisa Masumi Beppu / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T04:13:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cunha_BrunodaSilva_M.pdf: 5239524 bytes, checksum: a10ce0fe52590b8a60cd2236ffaf0e74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A contaminação do meio ambiente por metais tóxicos tem levado ao desenvolvimento de pesquisas que busquem adsorventes que possibilitem a retirada em concentrações baixas ("refinada") destes metais com boa eficiência. A quitosana é um polímero natural já estabelecido na literatura como um material que tem a capacidade de adsorver íons metálicos. Transformações químicas, físicas ou a combinação com outros materiais são alternativas utilizadas como mecanismo de viabilizar melhorias. Associar quitosana com outros materiais já é uma técnica utilizada atualmente, porém, devido às necessidades de adequação as tendências de conservação dos ecossistemas e viabilidade de processo, fazem-se necessário o uso de substâncias mais corretas ambientalmente e com uma boa eficiência. Uma classe pouco conhecida por muitos pesquisadores são os líquidos iônicos, estas substâncias possuem propriedades únicas e podem ser aplicados para diferentes fins, inclusive a captura de íons metálicos de sistemas contaminados. Esta pesquisa busca avaliar o efeito dos líquidos iônicos (Formiato de 2-Hidroxietilamônio, Butirato de n-metil-2-Hidroxietilamônio e Hexanoato de n-metil-2-Hidroxietilamônio) combinado às esferas de quitosana porosas na adsorção de íons cobre. Foram realizados estudos cinéticos, isotérmicos e a determinação dos parâmetros termodinâmicos para um melhor entendimento dos sistemas. Os resultados cinéticos demonstram que para todos os sistemas a etapa limitante da taxa de adsorção é a quimissorção e que é necessário um período de 100 horas para se alcançar um equilíbrio. O estudo de isoterma define uma adsorção monocamada com sítios energeticamente homogêneos para as esferas de quitosana e o sistema com o Butirato de n-metil- 2-Hidroxietilamônio adicionado, já para os sistemas com os líquidos iônicos Formiato de 2- Hidroxietilamônio e Hexanoato de n-metil-2-Hidroxietilamônio é definida uma adsorção multicamada com sítios energeticamente heterogêneos. A mudança de energia livre de Gibbs demonstra a natureza espontânea de todos os sistemas. A técnica EXAFS confirmou que a adsorção de íons Cu2+ se dá nos grupos amino e hidroxilas, embora não tenha sido possível diferenciá-los e apresenta modificações nas esferas de coordenação indicando mudanças no mecanismo de adsorção. Concluiu-se que a adição de líquidos iônicos em esferas porosas de quitosana aumentou a capacidade de adsorção de íons Cobre (II) / Abstract: Contamination of the environment by toxic metals has led to the development of research on changes in the properties and characteristics of materials that allow satisfactory efficiency for a withdrawal "refined" these metals. Chitosan is a natural polymer as defined in the literature as a material that has the ability to absorb metal ions. Chemical, physical transformations or combination with other alternative materials are used as a mechanism to enable improvements. Join chitosan with other materials is a technique already widely used, however, because the needs of fitness trends in ecosystem conservation and sustainability of the process, it is necessary the use of substances and more environmentally correct with a good efficiency. A class little known by many researchers are ionic liquids, these substances have unique properties and can be applied for different purposes, including the capture of metal ions doped systems. This study aims to assess the effect of ionic liquids (2-hydroxyethylammonium formate, n-methyl-2- hydroxyethylammonium butyrate and n-methyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium hexanoate) combining the chitosan beads in the adsorption of copper ions. Kinetic studies were carried out, isothermal and determination of thermodynamic parameters for a better understanding of the systems. The kinetic results show that for all systems the rate limiting step for adsorption and chemisorption is that it takes a period of 100 hours to reach equilibrium. The study defines an adsorption isotherm monolayer with energetically homogeneous sites for systems sphere of chitosan and with nmethyl- 2-hydroxyethylammonium butyrate added, for systems with ionic liquids 2- hydroxyethylammonium formate and n-methyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium hexanoate is assigned a multilayer adsorption with energetically heterogeneous sites. The change free energy of Gibbs demonstrates the spontaneous nature of all systems. The EXAFS technique confirmed that the adsorption of Cu2+ occurs in the amino and hydroxyl groups, although it was not possible to differentiate them from each other, showing changes in the coordination spheres indicating changes in the adsorption mechanism. It was concluded that the insertion of ionic liquids in porous beads of chitosan increased the adsorption of ions copper (II) / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Martín Aznar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:48:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Barbosa_MarianaRicken_M.pdf: 3140781 bytes, checksum: ce61206a4ab10df4d9f58d21d2faa257 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os líquidos iônicos são compostos químicos cujas propriedades termofísicas têm sido estudadas a fim de aplicá-los em diversos processos, tais como o de separação. No caso da destilação, para realizar o projeto, otimização e a operacao do sistema, necessita-se conhecer o equilíbrio liquida-vapor, cujo calculo pode ser realizado por equações de estado cúbicas. Essas expressões contêm parâmetros de atração e repulsão que são dependentes de propriedades críticas, as quais não são possíveis de determinar experimentalmente para os líquidos iônicos, mas podem ser estimadas por grandezas mensuráveis, como, por exemplo, a velocidade do som. Neste trabalho, as propriedades críticas, temperatura de ebulição e os termos atrativo e repulsivo de equações de estado cúbicas para os líquidos iônicos baseados no íon imidazólio [C2mim] [EtSO4], [C2mim] [NTf2], [C6mim] [NTf2], [C5mim] [NTf2], [C4mim] [PF6], [C2mim] [PF6], [C6mim] [PF6], [C8mim] [NTf2], [C8mim] [PF6], [C8mim] [BF4], [C4mim] [BF4], [C6mim] [BF4] e [C4mim] [NTf2], foram determinados a partir de dados de velocidade do som, volume molar e capacidades caloríficas, minimizando uma função objetivo atraves do algoritmo genético PIKAIA. As frações molares da fase liquida do equilíbrio liquida-vapor de sistemas binários incluindo imidazólios foram calculadas pelo software Phase Equilibrium 2000 e comparadas com os dados experimentais. Os líquidos iônicos com anions [BF4]- e [NTf2]- apresentaram resultados similares de ELV para a maioria das equações de estado e regras de mistura quando se utilizou os valores de temperatura normal de ebulição, pressão e temperatura criticas obtidos pelo processo de otimização e pelo método de contribuição de grupo proposto por Valderrama e Rojas (2009). Para os imidazólios contendo íons [PF6]- e [EtSO4]-, os desvios médios relativos para as frações molares na fase liquida foram menores quando se utilizaram as propriedades termofísicas calculadas por velocidade do som e regra de mistura de van der Waals / Abstract: Ionic liquids are chemical compounds whose thermophysical properties have been studied in order to apply them in a large amount of processes, for example, separation process. In case of distillation, one needs to know liquid-vapor equilibria whose determination can be done through cubic equations of state in order to design, optimize and operate the system. In those equations, there are attractive and repulsive parameters which are dependent on critical properties that, for ionic liquids, cannot be experimentally determined but can be estimated by measurable variables, such as speed of sound. In this work, the critical properties, boiling temperature and the attractive and repulsive parameters of cubic equations of state for ionic liquids based on imidazolium [C2mim] [EtSO4], [C2mim] [NTf2], [C6mim] [NTf2], [C5mim] [NTf2], [C4mim] [PF6], [C2mim] [PF6], [C6mim] [PF6], [C8mim] [NTf2], [C8mim] [PF6], [C8mim] [BF4], [C4mim] [BF4], [C6mim] [BF4] e [C4mim] [NTf2], were determined using speed of sound, molar volume and heat capacities data, minimizing an objective function using PIKAIA genetic algorithm. Liquid mole fractions of binary liquid-vapor equilibria with imidazolium were calculated by Phase Equilibrium 2000 software and then compared with experimental data. Ionic liquids with [BF4]- and [NTf2]- anions showed similar results for most of the equations of state and mixing rules when the normal boiling temperature, critical pressure and temperature were used and estimated by an optimization procedure and group contribution method proposed by Valderrama and Rojas (2009). Imidazolium-based ionic liquids with [PF6]- and [EtSO4]- ions had the smallest relative mean deviations of liquid mole fractions when the thermophysical properties were calculated by speed of sound and the van der Waals's mixing rule were used / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Afin de s’affranchir de contraintes liées à l’utilisation de milieux conventionnels, l’électroreduction du CO2 a été étudiée en milieux liquides ioniques. L’activité de l’interface électrode - électrolyte a été examinée par techniques électrochimiques et les produits de réactions formés après électrolyses sous contrôle potentiostatique, ont été analysés par techniques chromatographiques et spectroscopie RMN. L’ensemble des informations obtenu lors de ces analyses a permis de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels de l’électroréduction du CO2 en milieux liquides ioniques. Au travers de ce travail, l’influence de la composition du liquide ionique sur l’électroréduction du CO2 conduite à une électrode d’or a pu être étudiée, en recourant à des liquides ioniques constitués de différents cations (imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, pipéridinium et tétraalkylammonium) et du même anion [NTf2]-. En milieu [BMIm][NTf2], la présence du proton acide H-2 du cation [BMIm]+ favorise la formation de CO, principal produit formé à l’électrode d’or polycristallin. Cependant, la réduction du cation [BMIm]+ apparaît comme une réaction compétitive, produisant non seulement du carbène, mais également des dimères hydrogénés et un monomère. La différence de sélectivité de ces produits observée à différents matériaux d’électrode a pu être interprétée sur base des capacités différentes des surfaces métalliques à adsorber l’hydrogène. En présence de ces produits générés électrochimiquement, le CO2 est indirectement converti produisant en partie un adduit. Dû fait de la faible chargée transféree durant électrolyse en milieu [N1,1,1,3][NTf2] et des grandes surtensions nécessaires à la réduction du CO2 en milieu [PMPip][NTf2], l’électroréduction du CO2 a été poursuivie en détail en milieu [BMPyrr][NTf2].En milieu [BMPyrr][NTf2], la réduction du cation n’apparaît plus comme une réaction compétitive, et CO peut être formé sélectivement avec d’excellentes efficacités faradiques, sans consommation des protons du liquide ionique. Dans ce milieu, la formation de CO est seulement inhibée à des potentiels plus négatifs par la formation d’oxalate, la dégradation de l’anion [NTf2]- et par la corrosion cathodique de l’électrode d’or. De plus, le présent travail a montré que la sélectivité pour la formation de CO et d’oxalate est affectée par la nature du matériau d’électrode, grâce à l’utilisation d’une surface de cuivre. A une électrode de cuivre polycristallin, la présence d’une source de proton, telle que H[NTf2], permet également la formation de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, telle que le méthane ou l’acide formique.A une électrode d’or polycristallin, la formation d’adduits en présence de CO2 n’a pas seulement été observée en milieu [BMIm][NTf2], mais également après ajout d’un co-réactant, telle que des bipyridines, en milieu [BMPyrr][NTf2]. Le mécanisme de réaction diffère cependant selon la structure de la bipyridine. / To avoid limitations encountered in conventional media, the electroreduction of CO2 has been studied in ionic liquids. The activity of the ionic liquid - electrode interface was examined by electrochemical techniques and the reaction products were analysed after controlled-potential electrolysis, by chromatographic techniques and NMR spectroscopy. The information obtained by these analysis have contributed to a better understanding of the reaction pathways of the electroreduction of CO2 in ionic liquids media. In this work, the influence of the ionic liquid composition on the electroreduction of CO2 conducted at gold electrodes was studied by resorting to ionic liquids composed of different cations ( imidazolium, pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and tetraalkylammonium) and the same anion [NTf2]−. In [BMIm][NTf2], the presence of acidic H-2 proton on the [BMIm]+ cation favours the formation of CO, main product formed at Au (poly). However, the reduction of the [BMIm]+ cation appears as a competitive reaction, producing not only carbene, but also hydrogenated dimers and a monomer. The selectivity of these electrogenerated products observed at various electrode materials, has been interpreted taking into account the distinct H-adsorption abilities of the metallic surfaces. In the presence of these electrogenerated products, CO2 is indirectly converted into an adduct. In ammonium-based ionic liquids, the electroreduction has been investigated in detail only in [BMPyrr][NTf2], since inhibition of the charge transfer and a high overpotential for the reduction of CO2 were observed in [N1,1,1,3][NTf2] and [PMPip][NTf2], respectively.By contrast, in [BMPyrr][NTf2], presenting no reduction reaction of the cation in competition with the CO2 electroreduction at Au (poly), the formation of CO can be selectively formed with excellent faradaic efficiency and without consumption of the RTILs protons. The selectivity for the formation of CO only decreases at more negative potentials, since the formation of oxalate, the decomposition of the [NTf2]- anion and a cathodic corrosion of the gold electrode may also take place. It has been shown that the selectivity for the formation of CO and oxalate is affected by the nature of the electrode material, using a copper surface. At Cu (poly), the presence of an additional source of proton, such as H[NTf2], to [BMPyrr][NTf2] also provides the formation of methane or formic acid.At Au (poly), the formation of adducts in the presence of CO2 has not only been observed in [BMIm][NTf2], but also after the addition of co-reactant, such as bipyridines, in [BMPyrr][NTf2]. The reaction mechanism differs, however, according to the structure of bipyridine. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This work describes the synthesis of a series of pyrazoles from enaminoketones (RC(O)CH=CHNMe2 where R = hexyl, dimethoxymethyl, Ph, 4-Me-C6H4 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-O2N-C6H4, thien-2-yl, fur-2-yl, pyrrol-2-yl, pyridin-2-yl) and N-tert-butilhidrazine hydrochloride. In order to get the best reaction media, reactions were carried out in different ionic liquids such as: [BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][Br], [OMIM][BF4], [BMIM][PF6], [DBMIM][Br], [DBMIM][BF4], [BMIM][OH], [BMIM][SCN], [HMIM][HSO4] and [HMIM][CF3CO2], with different physical and chemical. The behavior of each type of ionic liquid was discussed and the best yield for the cyclocondensation reactions studied was obtained using [BMIM][BF4]. Furthermore, also was a series of pyrazoles from the enones ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OR1], where R1 = Me, Et and R = H, Me, Ph, 4-Me-C6H4, 4-MeOC6H4, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, fur-2-yl, thien-2-yl and naphthalen-2-yl) and hydrochloride N-tert-butilhydrazine in the presence of pyridine was obtained. The products were obtained as a mixture of isomers. In some cases, it was possible to separate the isomers by washed with hexane. One of the crystalline compounds was analyzed by X-ray diffraction to confirm its structure. / Este trabalho descreve a síntese de uma série de pirazóis a partir da reação de enaminonas (RC(O)CH=CHNMe2 onde R = hexil, dimetoximetil, Ph, 4-Me-C6H4, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, 4-O2N-C6H4, tien-2-il, fur-2-il, pirrol-2-il, piridin-2-il) com cloridrato de N-tert-butilhidrazina. A fim de estabelecer as melhores condições para a reação, foram testados diferentes líquidos iônicos ([BMIM][BF4], [BMIM][Br], [OMIM][BF4], [BMIM][PF6], [DBMIM][Br], [DBMIM][BF4], [BMIM][OH], [BMIM][SCN], [HMIM][HSO4] e [HMIM][CF3CO2]) com propriedades físicas e químicas diferentes. O comportamento de cada tipo de líquido iônico foi discutido e o melhor rendimento para a reação de ciclocondensação estudada foi obtido utilizando [BMIM][BF4]. Além disso, foram sintetizados N-tert-pirazóis a partir da reação de enonas trifluormetiladas ([CF3C(O)CH=C(R)(OR1], onde R1 = Me, Et e R = H, Me, Ph, 4-Me- C6H4, 4-MeO-C6H4, 4-F-C6H4, 4-Cl-C6H4, 4-Br-C6H4, fur-2-il, tien-2-il e naftil) com cloridrato de N-tert-butilhidrazina na presença de piridina e LI. Os produtos foram obtidos como uma mistura de isômeros. Em alguns casos foi possível a separação da mistura isomérica por lavagem com hexano. Um dos compostos cristalinos foi analisado por Difratometria de Raios-X para confirmar a sua estrutura.

L'hyperthermie magnétique est une technique de traitement de cancers en plein essor. Cette conversion d'une énergie électromagnétique en énergie thermique par des nanoparticules soumises à une excitation magnétique oscillant à haute fréquence est étudiée depuis près de deux décennies mais elle est encore mal décrite pour des systèmes complexes.Le travail présenté ici s'attache à compléter la connaissance de ce phénomène en reliant l'état de dispersion de nanoparticules à leurs propriétés d'hyperthermie.Tout d'abord sont présentés la caractérisation et le contrôle de dispersions dans des milieux complexes tels qu'un liquide ionique ou une matrice polymère.En effet, l'obtention d'une dispersion colloïdalement stable dans un liquide ionique soulève de nombreux défis. Une étude approfondie du rôle de la charge de surface des particules, contrôlée à l'aide du pH dans un liquide ionique protique, a permis de mieux comprendre le rôle du solvant et la nature des interactions dans ce type de milieu.En outre, disperser finement des nanoparticules hydrophiles dans une matrice hydrophobe telle qu'une matrice siliconée est également une tâche délicate et une méthode nouvelle d'évaporation d'émulsion ferrofluide-dans-matrice polymère est présentée ici, ainsi que l'étude des dispersions ainsi obtenues.Enfin est exposée une étude du pouvoir chauffant de nanoparticules dans des états de dispersion variés, faisant notamment intervenir une méthode de mesure développée dans le cadre de cette thèse. Ces résultats soulignent l'influence de l'agrégation des particules qui provoque une baisse significative de leur échauffement ainsi que le rôle clef de la compacité des agrégats formés. / Magnetic hyperthermia is a promising therapeutic technique against cancer. It consists in turning electromagnetic energy into heat thanks to nanoparticles that are excited by a radiofrequency oscillating magnetic field. Although this phenomenon has been studied for more than two decades, it remains poorly described. This work aims at filling the gap of knowledge about magnetic hyperthermia through the study of the correlations between the dispersion state and the heating efficiency of the particles. The characterisation and the control of dispersions in complex media such as ionic liquids or a polymer matrix is dealt with in the first part. Obtaining a colloidally stable dispersion in an ionic liquid proves indeed a challenging task. The particles surface charge can be controlled in a protic ionic liquid by tuning the pH. A thorough study of the influence of this parameter allowed a better insight into the role of the solvent and the nature of the interactions. Furthermore, the formation of a fine dispersion of hydrophilic nanoparticles in a hydrophobic silicon matrix is also a ticklish task. A new method is presented here, that consists in the evaporation of a ferrofluid-in-polymer matrix emulsion. The dispersion state of the resulting materials is then characterised.The heating efficiency of particles showing different dispersion states is studied in the last part. It includes results obtained with a new measurement method developed in the scope of this thesis. These results highlight that the particles aggregation causes a decrease of their heating properties. They also evidence the key role of the aggregates compactness in this respect.

La synthèse et caractérisation de deux nouveaux liquides ioniques à base de cholinium nommés N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N, N-dimethyl-N-octylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8linChol]+[NTf2]- et N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-N, N-dimethyl ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8ramChol]+[NTf2]- ont été synthétisés et caractérisés par 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-FTIR et ESI-MS. Les propriétés thermodynamiques comme l’énergie d’activation pour le flot visqueux, le volume molaire et l’entropie molaire ont été déduits de mesures de la masse volumique et de la viscosité. Ces calculs ont montré que les liquides ioniques possédant des chaînes alkyles ramifiées sont plus ordonnés que ceux qui ont des chaînes alkyles linéaires. L’étude des propriétés d’extraction du liquide ionique ramifié et du liquide ionique linéaire montre qu’ils sont capables d’extraire respectivement 98,6% et 40,5% d’Ag(I) à pH 5. L’extraction d’Ag(I) avec un liquide ionique dérivé du phosphonium (2,4,4 dimethyl(penthyl) phosphinate de trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium a également été étudié. Cette étude montre en particulier que 80 à 85% de l’Ag(I) pet être extrait à un Ph 3 par ce liquide ionique dilué dans un kérosène modifié ou non par du decan-1-ol. La spectroscopie infrarouge montre que l’extraction provient probablement de l’anion protonné du liquide ionique. / Synthesis and characterization of two new cholinium-based ionic liquids, named N-(2-hidroxyethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-octylammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8linCol]+[NTf2]- and N-(2-hidroxyethyl)-N-(2-ethylhexyl)-N,N-dimethyl-ammonium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide [C8ramCol]+[NTf2]- has been developed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, ATR-FTIR y ESI-MS. Properties as the viscous flux activation energy, the volume or the molar entropy have been calculated from the experimental data on density and viscosity. Calculations showed that the ramified ionic liquid possess a higher degree of structural order when compared with the linear ionic liquid. Also, their capacity for the recovery of Ag (I) was determined and an extraction level of 98.6% for the linear and 40.5% for the ramified ionic liquid was found. Maximum extraction was found at pH 5.0 with an important selectivity on the extraction of Ag (I) and Cu (II) towards Fe (III). Ag (I) extraction with a phosphonium-based ionic liquid (2,4,4 dimethyl(penthyl) phosphinate de trihexyl(tetradecyl) phosphonium) was also tested. Extraction tests were developed at different concentration values when dissolved in kerosene or kerosene plus decan-1-ol. An extraction level of 80 to 85% was determined with the different mixtures at a maximum recovery pH of 3.0. Spectroscopic characterization (ATR-IR) showed the protonation of the anion in the ionic liquid forming the acid specie. This specie is probably the responsible for the extraction of silver. The formation of a dimeric specie was found in the 31P NMR and the value of the formation constant was calculated.

Abstract This study concentrates on the preparation and characterization of some ionic liquids and their use in dimerization reaction of 2-methylpropene. Ionic liquids consist of cations and anions, and are commonly understood as green solvents. By definition their melting points should be lower than 100 °C. Prepared ionic liquids were used as catalytic solvents in dimerizations of 2-methylpropene to a high octane compound, isooctene. The monograph consists of two parts: the literature survey and the practical work. The literature survey reviews the preparation and characterization of ionic liquids as well as their environmental aspects, such as toxicity, biodegradability and recyclability. In addition, the acid catalyzed dimerization of butenes is discussed together with the dimerizations of light olefins carried out in ionic liquids. The practical work consists of three entities: The environmentally benign preparation of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids under microwave activation, the characterization of ionic liquids and the use of the ionic liquids in the dimerization reaction. Ionic liquids absorb efficiently microwave irradiation and the most beneficial aspect in the microwave-assisted preparations was the considerably shortened reaction time compared to the conventional methods. In addition to the microwave-assisted preparations, [Cnmim][InCl4] ionic liquids were prepared successfully without microwave irradiation. A special attention was paid to the characterization of ionic liquids since impurities are known to affect on the properties of the ionic liquids. Ionic liquids were analysed with the following methods: 1H and 13C NMR, MS(ESI+ and ESI-), GC and elemental analysis. Characterization of ionic liquids was done by determining the thermal stability, the melting point and the crystal structure of each solid ionic liquid. The determination of the liquid range of ionic liquid is necessary in order to know the temperature limits for each ionic liquid. Novel InCl3-based ionic liquids revealed to be the more efficient than Brønsted acidic ILs as a catalytic reaction media in the dimerization of 2-methylpropene. It was preferable to apply [C6mim]Cl/InCl3 (x(InCl3) = 0.55) as a catalytic IL since then the conversion of 2-methylpropene and the product distribution revealed to be good. In order to maximize the production and the separation of dimers reaction should be carried out continuously at temperature high enough, such as 160 °C. Neutral InCl3-based ionic liquid did not catalyze reaction of 2-methylpropene, but it had to be acidic x(InCl3) > 0.5. Excess of InCl3 did not leach out from the IL and the recycling of IL was possible.