A Ilíada de Homero é geralmente caracterizada como um poema que trata da Guerra de Tróia, que teria acontecido mais de 500 anos antes da composição de tal poema, e teria sido transmitido através da tradição oral, até o momento em que foi escrito pela primeira vez. Esperava-se, portanto, que os fatos narrados pelo poeta correspondessem aos achados arqueológicos encontrados para o Período Micênico, mas o que se encontra na Ilíada é uma mistura de elementos da sociedade micênica e da sociedade contemporânea a Homero, ou seja, o século VIII a.C. O estudo da relação entre documentos arqueológicos dos períodos Micênico, Proto-Geométrico e Geométrico, compreendidos entre 1550 e o final do século VIII a.C., e a Ilíada de Homero é composto por duas categorias de fontes distintas, a arqueológica e a escrita, esta como resultado de uma tradição oral que a precedeu. A presente dissertação tem como foco apresentar as informações que se podem depreender da Ilíada de Homero que, de alguma forma, contribuíram para a interpretação arqueológica e se, de tal confronto, surgiram controvérsias entre os dois tipos de fontes, levando a uma reflexão sobre a questão da continuidade e da ruptura de elementos culturais próprios da Civilização Micênica e que, de certa maneira, se refletem nos períodos posteriores em pauta. / The Iliad of Homer is generally seen as a poem about the Trojan War, which took place more than 500 years before the composition of such poem, and transmitted by oral tradition down to the moment it was written for the first time. It was hoped, therefore, that the facts narrated by its poet matched the archaeological finds for the Mycenaean Period; instead what is found in the Iliad is an ensemble of the elements of the Mycenaean society and the one contemporary to Homer, which is considered to be the eighth century B.C. The study of the relation between the Mycenaean, Proto-Geometrical, and Geometrical archaeological finds, dating from 1550 to the end of the eighth century B.C., and the Iliad of Homer is based on two different categories of sources, namely the archaeological and the literary ones, the last one being the result of an oral tradition which had preceded it. The present dissertation focuses on showing the information that can be derived from the Iliad of Homer that somehow has contributed to the archaeological interpretation and whether controversies were raised between those two kinds of sources from such a comparison, leading to a reflection about the question of either continuity or rupture of the cultural elements proper to the Mycenaean Civilization and that, in a certain way, are reflected on the later periods concerned.

The aim of this essay is to evaluate the hypothesis that Öland and Gotland shared a superregional weapon burial custom during the older part of the Scandinavian iron age by comparing the weapon graves and a selection of graves on two cemeteries one from each isle. The essay concludes that the weapon graves on Öland and Gotland (or at least the examined cemeteries) was not connected by a super-regional weapon burial custom.

Cette thèse doctorale porte sur les lieux et les processus de fabrication de la céramique dans le Golfe de Tarente entre les VIIIe et VIe av. J.-C. Le sujet a été abordé par une analyse archéologique des vestiges des installations actuellementconnues. L’enquête prend pour cadre historique le phénomène « précolonial », au sein duquel il est possible d'évaluer les éventuels changements opérés dans l'artisanat potier au moment de l'arrivée de groupes grecs sur les côtes méridionales de l'Italie. Le cadre géographique choisi permet de proposer un modèle de fonctionnement des espaces productifs à l’âge du Fer.Dans ce contexte, le site de l'Incoronata trouve une place particulière en raison de l'important atelier de potiers qui y a étémis au jour, et qui couvre chronologiquement deux siècles d’occupation du site (VIIIe-VIIe s. av. J.-C.), caractérisé parune première phase oenôtre suivie d'une seconde à caractère « mixte », gréco-indigène.Ce travail reprend la documentation complète d'un site archéologique pour exposer une véritable méthodologie d'investigation des espaces artisanaux de l'âge du Fer et de l'époque archaïque, depuis les fouilles anciennes jusqu'à l'analyse contextuelle minutieuse des structures et de l'ensemble de leur mobilier. Ces deux derniers aspects ont toujours été considérés de manière indissociable. Cette analyse fine, à laquelle participent des méthodologies empruntées à d'autres champs disciplinaires – dont le protocole d'étude a parfois été « réinventé » –, permet de proposer une reconstitution de l'organisation topographique et fonctionnelle des ateliers et de restituer le processus de fabrication de la poterie. Elle suggère, en outre, une lecture partiellement nouvelle des modalités de contacts entre indigènes et Grecs le long de la côte ionienne de l'Italie du Sud, notamment à travers l’emploi de la notion de la circulation des artisans. / This doctoral thesis deals with the sites and different stages of ceramic production in the Gulf of Taranto between the 8th and 6th centuries B.C. We propose an integrated analysis of the archaeological remains of workshops.The historical framework of this work relates to the « precolonial » phenomenon, which can exhibit possible changes inpottery craft at the time of the arrival of Greek groups on the southern coasts of Italy. Furthermore, we propose a model forthe spatial dynamics of production within this specific geographical framework during the Iron Age.This research focus on the important pottery workshop excavated in the Incoronata site, which is associated with multipleoccupations that cover two centuries of occupation (8th-7th B.C.), with a first Oinotrian phase and a second « mixed »Greco-indigenous cultural phase.This work represents a complete documentation of the site, including archaeological features and the associated artefacts,which is part the thorough methodology used to investigate craft spaces from both Iron Age and archaic period. We thereforepropose a spatial analysis of pottery production involving the reconstruction of topographical and functional aspects ofworkshop organization as well as technical characteristic that are part of the process of pottery production. Eventually, weconsider the mobility of craftsmen along the Ionian coast of southern Italy and advocate for new interpretations of culturalcontacts between indigenous natives and Greeks in the region.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis investigates the technology of twenty-six complete vessels from the ceramic assemblages of K2 and Mapungubwe in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, from the early second millennium (AD 1000 - AD 1300). Mapungubwe is a significant pre-colonial archaeological site of social and political complexity, which lead to the emergence of one of the first known states in southern Africa. Ceramics are commonly associated with these nationally significant sites and have served mainly as chronological and regional markers to determine the cultural sequence of the Shashe Limpopo Confluence Area. Previous studies on these ceramics have paid little consideration to ceramic technology, as research for decades has focused largely on stylistic typologies. Non-invasive methods, compositional materials analysis, and macroscopic analysis provide a broad technological characterization of physical evidence left by the potter on the complete vessels, and are used to interpret aspects of the chaîne opératoire or sequence of ceramic manufacture. Though primary traces of forming and shaping techniques have often been erased by secondary forming processes such as smoothing, scraping, wiping and finishing, the fundamental technology of the vessels can nevertheless be elucidated based on a range of technical variables. This study is the first of its kind in South African archaeology, where complete vessels from a valuable research assemblage are used as a basis for understanding ceramic technology. The results enhance archaeological views of Iron Age ceramic technology, which are pertinent to the interpretation of how the ceramics were manufactured and contributes to a wider understanding of social and technical choices made by potters and related social implications. Vessels from the K2 and Mapungubwe ceramic repertoire serve to answer questions about ceramic research that relate to (a) characterization of complete archaeological ceramics, (b) evidence of technology (c) compositional data of the vessels (d) to provide anatomical data on the technological and morphological attributes of ceramic manufacture. The preliminary results point to evidence of local manufacture of K2 and Mapungubwe ceramics by means of the analysis of four steps in the chaîne opératoire: fabric, forming, firing and finishing. Tentative conclusions further demonstrate technological continuity and variability of raw materials for ceramic manufacture at K2 and Mapungubwe. The broader archaeological perspective, which emerges is one of an expanding technological society, changing technical commonalities, forms and decorative styles, and in the process, making if only subtle technological choices in the manufacture process of early second millennium AD Iron Age ceramics. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Anthropology and Archaeology / unrestricted

This thesis proposes that we can better understand Greek society in the Archaic Period by evaluating the purposes of their interactions with Egyptian material culture and through a greater appreciation of Egyptian political and cultural history in the Third Intermediate and Late Period. The thesis combines an examination of the Egyptian and Egyptianising objects from Greek graves and sanctuaries with a study of Egyptianising motifs in Greek painted pottery and sculpture. With this evidence, the thesis primarily addresses questions of agency and of consumption. It aims to demonstrate that Greek interactions with Egypt are not defined by Phoenician intermediaries or by the foundation of Naucratis late in the seventh century. Instead, it is argues that the development of personal connections between the elite of certain Greek states and the rulers of Egyptian kingdoms in the eighth century could explain the escalation of Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture during the Archaic Period and the regional variability of these interactions. The thesis also highlights the stark differences between Greek interactions with Egyptian and Egyptianising material in different media and in different consumption areas. In their sanctuaries, the Greeks used Egyptian faience, stone, and bronze objects alongside Greek-produced imitations of these objects in order to define aspire to the status of being a member of the elite while accessing a magical potency associated with Egyptian material culture. In other media, however, the Greeks reject imitation of Egyptian subjects and iconography, and instead we find processes of interaction which use Egyptian material culture but do not refer to it explicitly. Therefore it is concluded that Greek interactions with Egyptian material culture not only draws attention to Greek connectivity with surrounding cultures, and the Greek association of Egypt and magical potency, but can also help us to reflect upon different forms of elite-elite and elite-non-elite interaction and self-identification in the Archaic Period.

Depuis les premières fouilles de la nécropole tumulaire de Vergina dans les années 1950, nos connaissances sur les pratiques funéraires de l’âge du Fer en Macédoine se sont profondément renouvelées. Si le tertre funéraire collectif demeure un trait caractéristique du nord de la Grèce, les nombreuses découvertes faites depuis une trentaine d’années témoignent en réalité d’une richesse et d’une grande diversité de rituels et de types de tombes dans cette vaste région située entre les Balkans et l’Egée. A partir d’un corpus de nécropoles datées entre le XIe et le VIIe siècle avant notre ère, situées entre le versant oriental du Pinde et la région de Drama, nous proposons un état de la question des modes funéraires en nous interrogeant sur cette diversité particulièrement remarquable en Macédoine. Ce travail nous permet d’établir une carte funéraire complexe, constituée de plusieurs régions aux pratiques spécifiques, qu’on peut comparer avec le mobilier abordé sous l’angle des thématiques et des idéologies funéraires dont la logique spatiale est différente. / Since the first excavations in the burial mounds cemetery in Vergina during the 1950s, the new discoveries and different works led in Macedonia have yielded important new data, updating our vision of the burial customs during the Iron Age. The burial mounds, characteristic of northern Greece are not anymore the only known type of cemetery. The data analysis depicts a rich and eclectic representation of the burial practices in this vast area between the Balkans and the Aegean Sea. Based on a catalogue of cemeteries dated from the 11th to the 7th century B. C., located between the eastern slopes of the Pindus range and the region of Drama, we propose a survey of burial customs and question this diversity which is particularly striking in Macedonia. As a result, we propose a complex funerary map of several regions with their own features that can be compared with the funerary ideologies and beliefs reflected in the burial gifts, whose distribution pattern are different.

This dissertation explores social, cultural and political changes in the region later known as ‘Phoenicia’ during the period of approximately 1300-900 BC. By applying modern approaches to theoretical questions such as the nature of social change, identity, migration and how such phenomena are represented in the archaeological record, this dissertation aims to provide a discussion of Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Phoenicia based on a more solid methodological foundation than has often been the case previously. As well as better illuminating social change occurring within Phoenicia itself, it is hoped that the methodological observations and comparative value of the case-study presented here will prove useful for discussions of the wider social changes occurring in the East Mediterranean at this time. A key observation of this research is that past narratives have placed too much emphasis on the role of external powers such as the Egyptian ‘empire’ or ‘Sea People’ invaders in driving Levantine social change in this period. This dissertation stresses the critical importance of local responses to foreign influence and charts the balance between active choice and constraint by circumstances in shaping the development of the Phoenician polities. It is argued that the most important forms of change which can be identified in the archaeological and written records relate to the construction of identities, especially those of the Phoenician élites. These take the form of a move away from legitimation and identity-negotiation based on foreign contacts, towards greater emphasis on more local, Levantine features. The consequences of this change, it is argued, are felt within social, political, economic, religious and other spheres of life.

Centrée sur l’étude des activités visant à produire du métal (extraction et traitement des minerais), cette thèse cherche à mieux caractériser l’évolution de la production de métal (cuivre, plomb, argent, fer) entre le IVème s. av. n. è. et le Vème s. de n. è. en Languedoc occidental (Aude, Hérault, Sud de l’Aveyron). Il s’agit en particulier de s’interroger sur la situation de l’économie minière au second âge du Fer et l’impact technique et socio-économique de la conquête romaine sur cette activité à partir de la fin du IIème s. av. n. è. Cette thèse comprend trois volets. Dans un premier temps, une lecture critique des données recueillies depuis les années 1960-1970 par l’archéologie du métal apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les nombreux décalages engendrés par une documentation de qualité inégale. Elle montre la nécessité d’une nouvelle étude archéologique englobant deux des principales régions minières du Languedoc occidental, le versant sud de la Montagne Noire et les Corbières (Aude). Présentée dans un second volet, cette étude combine une approche extensive, reposant sur un large travail prospectif, et une analyse détaillée de plusieurs sites de production, faisant appel à l’archéométrie. Elle précise la chronologie et l’organisation des activités minières et métallurgiques, les modalités techniques d’exploitation des gisements et la nature des métaux produits. Dans un troisième volet, la mise en perspective de l’ensemble des résultats obtenus avec l’évolution économique et socio-politique du Languedoc occidental entre le IVème s. av. n. è. et le Vème s. de n. è. permet de proposer un scénario global de l’histoire de l’économie minière dans l’espace considéré. / This Ph-D thesis is focuses on the study of the production of metal (extraction and processing of ores). Its aim is to specify the evolution of the metal production (copper, lead, silver, iron) between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AC in Languedoc occidental (Aude, Hérault, south of Aveyron). We want to wonder more particularly on the situation of mining economy during the second Iron Age and the technical and economical impact of the Roman conquest on this activity from the end of the 2nd century BC. This thesis includes three parts. At first, an analysis of the bibliography (1960-2000) give a new perspective about the documentation and its problems. It shows the necessity to engage a new archaeological study in two of most importants mining region of Languedoc occidental : the south hillside of the Montagne Noire and the Corbières (Aude). Introduced in the second part of the Ph-D thesis, this study combine an extensive approach, based on a large scale survey, and an archaeological and archaeometrical analysis of some production sites. This study specify the chronology and the organisation of mining and metallurgical activities, the technical methods of miners and metallurgists and the metals produced. In a third part, the confrontation of the results with the economical and political evolution of the Languedoc occidental between the 4th century BC and 5th century AC allows to propose a global scenario of the history of the metal production in the considered area.

This thesis is dedicated to an archaeogenetic study of five prehistoric individuals. The sample material comes from central Yakutia, also called Sakha Republic, in the north-eastern part of Russia. The main focus of this study has been the analysis of five mitochondrial genomes, retrieved from osteological material (human bones and teeth), having an estimated age of 6845 BP to 2490 BP. The dates fall within Neolithic, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. A brief presentation for each individual’s archaeological profile and interpretation of the burial will be provided. While a series of interpretive tests with the mitochondrial DNA material were performed and the results are presented. The neolitization of the north-eastern Eurasia will also be discussed. The correlation between the Neolithic Age, Bronze Age and Early Iron Age populations will be proposed, as well as their connections to modern populations.