Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_alberto_dos_santos_bonetti.pdf: 632323 bytes, checksum: 5b0e19098405c857a8d1671afab07e50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-28 / The present work had how I aim to obtain informations on current situation of producers irrigated rice (orizum sativum l.), suppliers-partners of the Agroindústria Pirahy Food, in Saint western Borja-frontier of the Rio Grande do Sul, carried out through pesquiza carried out with producers of irrigated rice located in the local authorities of Saint Borja, Itaqui, Bed, in the western frontier of the Rio Grande do Sul, harvest 2006-2007. These informations were analysed as for productivity, use of the land, area of cultivation, access, system of cultivation, dimenssion machines, type of sowing, equipment of pulverizizacao, it plots of harvest, type, dimenssion and of energy of the system of irrigation, system of evaluation of the of the fertility and correction of the acidity of the ground, use, use, you cultivate, density and time of sowing, realization of Integrated Handling of Nuisances, control of nuisances and diseases, time of harvest, I handle powders-harvests, drying and storage, and realization and control of costs of production and realization of qualification of colabroradores in the lavouras. They allowed the obtained results to end that the middle productivity from 7 to 8 tons per hectare; 66 % of the producers uses leased lands and or partnerships; 84 % of the producers cultivates even 400ha; 88 % of the producers happens least cultivation and in 9 % they associate the least cultivation to a conventional one; the access roads of 80 % of the producers it has easy access itself when haste is taking place in the harvest time; 72 % carries out the dimensionamentos of machines in accordance with the area of cultivation; 98 % uses machines of movement and preparation of the ground, 87 % of the producers uses sowing in line; the totality they used land equipment and he was seeing 76 % carries out repression of the water of irrigation; they used techniques of dimension of the system of irrigation; 78 % used only electric energy as energetic fountain of the system of irrigation; 87 % carries out analysis of ground for each productive cycle; 71 % carries out analysis and correction of the ground for each productive cycle; 82 % when 13 % was supervised, 5 % registered, basic. In Bed 100 % of the producers uses certified seeds; 89 % carries out analysis of germination and energy of seeds for each productive cycle; 40 % to cultivate BRIrga 409 and 8 % BRIrga 409 and 14 % uses others you cultivate; 93 % of the producers carries out the sowing in October and November; 84 % does not carry out MIP; 41 % carries out the control of nuisances in powders-emergences the remainder in daily pay and powdersemergences; 21 % uses the cultural and chemical control of diseases and the remainder uses only chemical control; 87 % carries out control in the maturing of Field or after the maturing of field; 100 % carries out handling powders-harvests in the property or in in third; 25 intermittent % and 14%silos, the remainder uses handling powders-harvests in third; 41 % carries out handling powders-harvests in the property uses brick warehouses, the wooden remainder or mixture; 77 % carries out the control of costs in the rural property; 91 % of the producers of irrigated rice carries out courses of training, qualification and requalificacao for the owner and collaborators. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar o perfil dos produtores arroz irrigado (Oryza sativa L.), fornecedores da Agroindústria Pirahy Alimentos, sediada na cidade de São Borja - fronteira oeste do RS. Para tal foi aplicado, para cada um dos parceiros, um questionário contendo perguntas dirigidas a obtenção de informações sobre a atual situação do sistema de produção de arroz irrigado por eles adotado. Este questionário foi aplicado aos produtores localizados nos municípios de São Borja, Itaqui, Alegrete, na safra 2006-2007. As informações obtidas permitiram caracterizar o uso da terra, área de cultivo, acesso a área de cultivo, sistema de cultivo, dimensionamento de máquinas, tipo de semeadura, equipamento de pulverização, máquinas de colheita, tipo de energia do sistema de irrigação, sistema de avaliação e de correção da fertilidade do solo, cultivares, densidade e época de semeadura, forma de controle de pragas e doenças, época de colheita, manejo pós-colheita, secagem, armazenamento e produção de cada um dos produtores. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a produtividade média é de 7 a 8 toneladas de arroz por hectare; mais de 80% dos produtores utilizam áreas arrendadas de até 400 ha e de fácil acesso; o cultivo mínimo é empregado por 88% dos produtores; apenas 72% dos produtores realizam dimensionamentos de máquinas de acordo com a área de cultivo; 87% dos produtores utilizam semeadura em linha; somente 27% utilizam exclusivamente máquinas próprias para colheita; a principal fonte de energia é a elétrica (78 %); mais de 10% dos produtores não realizam análise de solo em cada ciclo produtivo; 82% dos produtores utilizam sementes fiscalizadas, 89% realizam análise de germinação e vigor de sementes para cada ciclo produtivo; a cultivar mais empregada é a BR Irga 409 com 40% de utilização; a semeadura é realizada por 93% dos produtores durante os meses de outubro e novembro; o controle integrado de pragas é realizado por apenas 16% dos produtores; o controle químico de doenças e pragas é realizado por 81% dos produtores; dois terços dos produtores colhem o arroz com umidade entre 20 e 24%; aproximadamente 50% dos produtores realizam secagem própria, sendo esta realizada principalmente em secadores intermitentes; 77% avaliam o custo de produção; 91% dos produtores investem em qualificação própria e de seus colaboradores e apenas 5% dos produtores não contam com assistência técnica profissional.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The culture of irrigated rice generates a great impact to the environment, both in the amount and the quality of waters. In this study, a methodology was developed and validated for the determination, in waters, of residues of the herbicides imazethapyr, bispiribac-sodium and pyrazosulfurom ethyl and of the fipronil insecticide, including its main metabolites: desulfynil, sulfide and sulfone. The herbicides were determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection (HPLC-DAD), using a mobile phase of acetonitrile:water (55:45, v/v) and a stationary phase of Phenomenex C18. Fipronil and its metabolites were determined by Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detection (GC-ECD) using a DB-5 apolar column. For the pre-concentration of the samples, a solid phase extraction (SPE) with C18 cartridges of 500 mg was used. The herbicides were eluted with dichloromethane:methanol (65: 35, v/v) and fipronil and its metabolites were eluted with hexan:isopropanol (3:1, v/v). The parameters of validation of the method include analytical curve, linearity, limits of detection (LOD) and of quantification (LOQ), precision in terms of repetitivity and intermediate precision and accuracy (recovery). All the analytical curves presented r2 values > that 0.9949. The LOQs for the method, considering the 200-fold pre-concentration step, were 0.5, 0.0125 and 0.005 μg L-1 for herbicides, fipronil and its metabolites, respectively. The recoveries were between 90.8 and 114.2%, with RSDs lower than 13.4% for the herbicides, and between 81.3 and 112.3 %, with RSDs lower than 14.2% for fipronil and metabolites. The methodology was applied in a degradation study in irrigated rice farming, in which the individual pesticides had been applied in the harvests of 2004/05 and 2005/06. Residues of imazethapyr were found up to 28 days after its application, and those of bispyribac-sodium and pyrazosulfurom ethyl were found after up to 35 days. Also it was possible to observe the fast degradation of the fipronil insecticide and the consequent formation and degradation of its metabolites. Of the metabolites, fipronil desulfynil presented the greatest concentrations during the study. The method proved to be adequate for the analysis of pesticides in waters and all the validation parameters were within the limits suggested for validation of chromatographic methods. / O cultivo de arroz irrigado gera um grande impacto ao meio ambiente, tanto em quantidade como na qualidade das águas. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvida e validada metodologia para determinação, em águas, de resíduos dos herbicidas imazetapir, bispiribaque-sódico e pirazossulfurom etílico e do inseticida fipronil, incluindo seus principais metabólitos: desulfinil fipronil, fipronil sulfeto e fipronil sulfona. Os herbicidas foram determinados por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detecção por Arranjo de Diodos (HPLC-DAD), utilizando-se fase móvel de acetonitrila:água (55:45, v/v) e fase estacionária Phenomenex C18. Fipronil e seus metabólitos foram determinados por Cromatografia Gasosa com Detecção por Captura de Elétrons (GC-ECD) utilizando-se coluna apolar DB-5. Para préconcentração das amostras utilizou-se Extração em Fase Sólida (SPE) com cartuchos C18 de 500 mg. Os herbicidas foram eluídos com uma mistura de diclorometano:metanol (65:35, v/v) e fipronil e seus metabólitos com uma mistura de hexano:isopropanol (3:1, v/v). Os parâmetros de validação do método incluem curva analítica e linearidade, limite de detecção (LOD) e de quantificação (LOQ), precisão (em termos de repetitividade e precisão intermediária) e exatidão (recuperação). Todas as curvas analíticas apresentaram valores de r2 maiores que 0,9949. Os LOQs para o método, considerando a etapa de pré-concentração de 200 vezes, foram de 0,5 μg L-1 para os herbicidas, de 0,0125 μg L-1 para fipronil e de 0,005 μg L-1 para seus metabólitos. As recuperações ficaram entre 90,8 e 114,2%, com RSDs menores que 13,4% para os herbicidas e recuperações entre 81,3 e 112,3% com RSDs menores que 14,2% para fipronil e metabólitos. A metodologia foi aplicada em estudo de degradação em lavouras de arroz irrigado, onde foram aplicados os pesticidas individuais, nas safras de 2004/05 e 2005/06. Foram encontrados resíduos de imazetapir até no máximo 28 dias e do bispiribaque-sódico e pirazossulfurom etílico até 35 dias após aplicação dos produtos. Também foi possível observar a rápida degradação do inseticida fipronil e conseqüente formação e também degradação dos seus metabólitos. Dos metabólitos, o desulfinil fipronil foi o que apresentou as maiores concentrações durante o estudo. O método mostrou-se adequado à análise dos pesticidas em águas e todos os parâmetros de validação encontram-se dentro dos limites sugeridos para validação de métodos cromatográficos.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research has as its central theme the artisanal fishing practiced in Vacacaí River, RS. In the course of the study it was sought to characterize this activity, identifying its relationship with other economic activities that also use the river water, especially irrigated rice cultivation, from the vision of artisanal fishermen, and with the contribution of bibliographical and documentary research. From information obtained through official data of rice production and planted area, rainfall and altitudes of Vacacaí River, in the years 2004 to 2013, it was established the relationship between excessive consumption of water from irrigated rice cultivation and the decrease in the level of the river, one of the main problems pointed out by fishermen. Through three expeditions in which was traveled over 200 kilometers of Vacacaí Riverbed, where the water level allows navigation, it was mapped 64 rice fields irrigation pumps and another 24 disabled facilities. To identify Vacacaí fishing sites it was used participatory mapping, in which those interviewed artisanal fishermen made the recognition of their fishing grounds with the help of satellite images mosaics. That way seventeen fishing sites were mapped by Vacacaí fishermen, ten of which have irrigation pumps. These sites were considered potential areas of conflict between the two activities analyzed. Due to the size of the study area and the need to demonstrate the elements of analysis in detail, the final map containing this information had to be divided into three parts. / A presente pesquisa tem como temática central a pesca artesanal praticada no rio Vacacaí, RS. No decorrer do trabalho buscou-se caracterizar essa atividade, identificando sua relação com as demais atividades econômicas que também se utilizam das águas do rio, em especial a orizicultura irrigada, a partir da visão dos pescadores artesanais e com o aporte de pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais. A partir das informações obtidas com o uso de dados oficiais de produção de arroz e área plantada, pluviometria e cotas altimétricas do rio Vacacaí, entre os anos de 2004 a 2013, estabeleceu-se a relação entre o consumo hidrointensivo da orizicultura irrigada e a diminuição do nível do rio, um dos principais problemas apontado pelos pescadores. Através de três expedições onde foram percorridos os mais de 200 quilômetros do leito do rio Vacacaí onde o nível da água permite a navegação, foram mapeadas 64 bombas de irrigação das lavouras de arroz e mais 24 estruturas desativadas. Para se identificar os pesqueiros do Vacacaí foi utilizada a cartografia participativa, onde os pescadores artesanais entrevistados fizeram o reconhecimento dos seus locais de pesca com o auxílio de mosaicos de imagens de satélite. Assim, dezessete pesqueiros foram mapeados pelos pescadores do Vacacaí, sendo que em dez há a presença de bombas de irrigação. Estes locais foram considerados potenciais territórios de conflito entre as duas atividades analisadas. O mapa final contendo essas informações precisou ser gerado numa articulação de três partes, devido o tamanho da área de estudos e a necessidade de demonstrar detalhadamente os elementos de análise.

The irrigated agriculture in the Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) of Pakistan is characterized by huge water utilization both from surface and groundwater resources. Need of utilization of water from five rivers in Punjab province along with accelerated population growth has forced the construction of world’s largest irrigation network. Nevertheless, huge irrigation infrastructure, together with inappropriate drainage infrastructure, led to a build-up of shal-low groundwater levels, followed by waterlogging and secondary salinization in the soil profile. Following this era, decreased efficiency of irrigation supply system along with higher food demands had increased burdens on groundwater use, which led to a drop in groundwater levels in major parts of LCC. Previous studies in the study region revealed lacking management and maintenance of irrigation system, inflexible irrigation strategies, poor linkages between field level water supply and demands. No future strategy is present or under consideration to deal with this long time emerged groundwater situation particularly under unchanged irrigation water supply and climate change. Therefore, there is an utmost importance to assess the current profile of water use in the irrigation scheme and to device some workable strategies under future situations of land use and climate change. This study aims to investigate the spatio-temporal status of water utilization and performance of irrigation system using remote sensing data and techniques (SEBAL) in combination with other point data. Different irrigation performance indicators including equity, adequacy and reliability using evaporation fraction as main input parameter are utilized. Current profiles of land use/land cover (LULC) areas are assessed and their change detections are worked out to establish realistic future scenarios. Spatially distributed seasonal net recharge, a very important input parameter for groundwater modeling, is estimated by employing water balance approaches using spatial data from remote sensing and local norms. Such recharge results are also compared with a water table fluctuation approach. Following recharge estimation, a regional 3-D groundwater flow model using FEFLOW was set up. This model was calibrated by different approaches ranging from manual to automated pilot point (PP) approach. Sensitivity analysis was performed to see the model response against different model input parameters and to identify model regions which demand further improvements. Future climate parameters were downscaled to establish scenarios by using statistical downscaling under IPCC future emission scenarios. Modified recharge raster maps were prepared under both LULC and climate change scenarios and were fed to the groundwater model to investigate groundwater dynamics. Seasonal consumptive water use analysis revealed almost double use for kharif as compared to rabi cropping seasons with decrease from upper LCC to lower regions. Intra irrigation subdivision analysis of equity, an important irrigation performance indicator, shows less differences in water consumption in LCC. However, the other indicators (adequacy and reliability) indicate that the irrigation system is neither adequate nor reliable. Adequacy is found more pronounced during kharif as compared to rabi seasons with aver-age evaporation fraction of 0.60 and 0.67, respectively. Similarly, reliability is relatively higher in upper LCC regions as compared to lower regions. LULC classification shows that wheat and rice are major crops with least volatility in cultivation from season to season. The results of change detection show that cotton exhibited maximum positive change while kharif fodder showed maximum negative change during 2005-2012. Transformation of cotton area to rice cultivation is less conspicuous. The water consumption in upper LCC regions with similar crops is relatively higher as compared to lower regions. Groundwater recharge results revealed that, during the kharif cropping seasons, rainfall is the main source of recharge followed by field percolation losses, while for rabi cropping seasons, canal seepage remains the major source. Seasonal net groundwater recharge is mainly positive during all kharif seasons with a gradual increase in groundwater level in major parts of LCC. Model optimization indicates that PP is more flexible and robust as compared to manual and zone based approaches. Different statistical indicators show that this method yields reliable calibration and validation as values of Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency are 0.976 and 0.969, % BIAS are 0.026 and -0.205 and root mean square errors are 1.23 m and 1.31 m, respectively. Results of model output sensitivity suggest that hydraulic conductivity is a more influential parameter in the study area than drain/fillable porosity. Model simulation results under different scenarios show that rice cultivation has the highest impact on groundwater levels in upper LCC regions whereas major negative changes are observed for lower parts under decreased kharif fodder area in place of rice, cotton and sugarcane. Fluctuations in groundwater level among different proposed LULC scenarios are within ±1 m, thus showing a limited potential for groundwater management. For future climate scenarios, a rise in groundwater level is observed for 2011 to 2025 under H3A2 emission regime. Nevertheless, a drop in groundwater level is expected due to increased crop consumptive water use and decreased precipitations under H3A2 scenario for the periods 2026-2035 and 2036-2045. Although no imminent threat of groundwater shortage is anticipated, there is an opportunity for developing groundwater resources in the lower model regions through water re-allocation that would be helpful in dealing water shortages. The groundwater situation under H3B2 emission regime is relatively complex due to very low expectation of rise in groundwater level through precipitation during 2011-2025. Any positive change in groundwater under such scenarios is mainly associated with changes in crop consumptive water uses. Consequently, water management under such situation requires revisiting of current cropping patterns as well as augmenting water supply through additional surface water resources.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional and Community Planning / Eric A. Bernard / The Kansas High Plains region is a key global agricultural production center (U.S. G.S, 2009). The High Plains physiography is ideal agricultural production landscape except for the semi-arid climate. Consequently, farmers mine vast groundwater resources from the High Plains Ogallala Aquifer formations to augment precipitation for crop production. Growing global population, current policy and subsidy programs, declining aquifer levels coupled with regional climatic changes call into question both short-term and long-term resilience of this agrarian landscape and food and water security. This project proposes a means to simulate future irrigated agriculture land use and crop cover patterns in the Kansas High Plains Aquifer region based on coupled modeling results from ongoing research at Kansas State University. A Cellular Automata (CA) modeling framework is used to simulate potential land use distribution, based on coupled modeling results from groundwater, economic, and crop models. The CA approach considers existing infrastructure resources, industrial and commercial systems, existing land use patterns, and suitability modeling results for agricultural production. The results of the distribution of irrigated land produced from the CA model provide necessary variable inputs for the next temporal coupled modeling iteration. For example, the groundwater model estimates water availability in saturated thickness and depth to water. The economic model projects which crops will be grown based on water availability and commodity prices at a county scale. The crop model estimates potential yield of a crop under specific soil, climate and growing conditions which further informs the economic model providing an estimate of profit, which informs regional economic and population models. Integrating the CA model into the coupled modeling system provides a key linkage to simulate spatial patterns of irrigated land use and crop type land cover based on coupled model results. Implementing the CA model in GIS offers visualization of coupled model components and results as well as the CA model land use and land cover. The project outcome hopes to afford decision-makers, including farmers, the ability to use the actual landscape data and the developed coupled modeling framework to strategically inform decisions with long-term resiliency.

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) were grown in a fine sandy loam soil in southern Manitoba in a three-year field study comparing four water management treatments: No Drainage with No Irrigation (NDNI), No Drainage with Overhead Irrigation (NDIR), Free Drainage with Overhead Irrigation (FDIR), and Controlled Drainage with Subirrigation (CDSI). The objectives of the study were (i) to evaluate the effect of the four treatments on yield and quality of potatoes, (ii) to evaluate the effect of water management on the environment, (iii) to estimate the shallow groundwater contribution to potato water requirement, and (iv) to simulate the shallow groundwater hydrology using the DRAINMOD and HYDRUS 1-D model. Subsurface drains were installed at 0.9 m depth and at spacings of 15 m (FDIR) and 8 m (CDSI). Subirrigation was done by pumping water back into the tiles through the drainage control structures. Overhead irrigation was carried out using a travelling gun. Water table depth, soil water content, drainage outflow, nutrient concentration in drainage water, irrigation rate, weather variables, potato yield and quality parameters, and biomass were measured. Compared to the NDNI treatment, the potato yield increase in the other treatments ranged between 15-32% in 2011 and 2-14% in 2012. In 2011, potato yield from FDIR was higher than CDSI (p = 0.011) and NDNI (p = 0.001), and yield from NDIR was higher than NDNI (p = 0.034). In 2012, potato yield was higher in FDIR in comparison to NDNI (p = 0.021). In 2012, the NDIR gave higher dark ends (p = 0.008) compared to other treatments. Under dry conditions, up to 92% of the potato crop water demand could be met by shallow groundwater contribution. Compared to free drainage, controlled drainage was able to lower the nitrate export by 98% (p = 0.033) in 2010 and by 67% (p = 0.076) in 2011, and the phosphate export decreased by 94% (p = 0.0117) in 2010. A major part of the drainage flow and nutrient export took place between April and June in southern Manitoba. DRAINMOD was able to accurately predict the shallow groundwater hydrology for this particular research site.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-13T17:10:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlexandreAA_DISSERT.pdf: 8437601 bytes, checksum: 276feb47e5b2fd84d5d873754f340750 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-24 / In recent decades the production of irrigated fruits destined to supply the foreign market reveals itself as an expression of the thriving agricultural modernization, consisting an important and dynamic segment of Brazilian agribusiness, especially in the Northeast. The Rio Grande do Norte contributes to this scenario through the production of several tropical fruit, especially melon production in the municipalities of Bara?na/RN and Mossor?/ RN. Accordingly, the overall goal of the study is to understand the agricultural use of the territory of Rio Grande do Norte by irrigated orcharding from the circuit productive space configuration of melon. The outlook presented in the work on the irrigated agriculture developed in Rio Grande do Norte reveals that it falls within an agricultural division of labor, through productive specialization of places that have natural and technical conditions favorable to the exploitation and reproduction of capitals. The land use caused by circuit productive space melon enables flows of tangible and intangible consolidate a extraverted network of production and consumption in order to meet the requirements of foreign markets / Nas ?ltimas d?cadas a produ??o de frutas irrigadas destinadas ao abastecimento do mercado externo revela-se como express?o pujante da moderniza??o agr?cola, constituindose um segmento importante e din?mico do agroneg?cio brasileiro, em especial na regi?o Nordeste. O Rio Grande do Norte contribui com esse cen?rio por meio da produ??o de diversas frut?colas tropicais, com destaque para a produ??o do mel?o nos munic?pios de Bara?na/RN e Mossor?/RN. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral do trabalho ? compreender o uso agr?cola do territ?rio do Rio Grande do Norte pela fruticultura irrigada, a partir da configura??o do circuito espacial produtivo do mel?o. O panorama apresentado no trabalho, sobre a atividade agr?cola irrigada desenvolvida no Rio Grande do Norte revela que o mesmo insere-se dentro de uma divis?o agr?cola do trabalho, por meio da especializa??o produtiva dos lugares que apresentem condi??es t?cnicas e naturais favor?veis ? explora??o e reprodu??o de capitais. O uso do territ?rio provocado pelo circuito espacial produtivo do mel?o possibilita que fluxos materiais e imateriais consolidem uma rede extravertida de produ??o e consumo, visando atender as exig?ncias do mercado externo

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho buscou identificar o perfil tÃcnico e econÃmico da produÃÃo de coco no Distrito de IrrigaÃÃo Curu-Paraipaba, Estado do CearÃ. Justificou-se a importÃncia do estudo, haja vista que o referido projeto de irrigaÃÃo existe hà mais de trÃs dÃcadas e apresenta atualmente cerca de 679 estabelecimentos rurais administrados por pequenos produtores. Utilizou-se uma amostra de tamanho igual a 50 (cinquenta) e, como instrumentos de anÃlise, empregou-se anÃlise tabular e descritiva dos dados, alÃm das tÃcnicas de anÃlise fatorial e de agrupamento. Relatou-se que todos os estabelecimentos expressaram margem bruta e margem lÃquida positivas, mas que o nÃvel de renda auferido, tendo como referÃncia a variÃvel lucro, foi considerado como baixo Em seguida, realizou-se a identificaÃÃo de fatores tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Pela anÃlise fatorial baseada no mÃtodo das componentes principais, identificou-se o fator econÃmico dos produtores que apÃs a rotaÃÃo varimax, captou 48,89% da variÃncia das variÃveis originais. O fator tÃcnico captou 25,49% da variÃncia. Obtidos os escores fatoriais, foram identificados trÃs grupos distintos de produtores rurais, o que demonstrou diferenciaÃÃes no nÃvel tÃcnico-econÃmico entre os agricultores familiares entrevistados. O melhor grupo identificado foi composto por apenas sete pessoas, que conseguiram bons resultados tÃcnicos e econÃmicos. Dentro do mesmo processo, identificou-se o segundo grupo, composto por 38 pessoas incluindo agricultores que nÃo atingiram resultados econÃmicos satisfatÃrios em 2012. Identificou-se, tambÃm, um grupo formado por cinco produtores em estÃdio de declÃnio. Compreendeu-se que o pequeno produtor entrevistado tem dificuldade de capital de giro para o exercÃcio de suas prÃticas agrÃcolas e que o seu acesso a linhas de crÃdito como o Pronaf poderia ser a alternativa economicamente importante. O acesso ao crÃdito rural à dificultado pela nÃo detenÃÃo da escritura dos estabelecimentos, de modo que a principal sugestÃo de polÃtica pÃblica para o projeto Curu-Paraipaba à a implementaÃÃo de um extenso processo de regularizaÃÃo fundiÃria, sem Ãnus para os agricultores irrigantes de origem. / This study aimed to identify the technical and economical profile of coconut production in the irrigation district of Curu-Paraipaba, state of CearÃ. The importance of the study was justified from the point of view that the referred project of irrigation exists for over three decades and currently has about 679 farms managed by small producers. We used a sample size equal to fifty and as tools of analysis, we used descriptive and tabular analysis of the collected data besides the techniques of factor and cluster analysis. It was reported that all establishments showed gross and net margin positive but that the level of income earned was considered low, taking as reference the variable profit. Then it was performed the identification of technical and economic factors. By the factor analysis from the method of principal components, it was identified the economic factor of producers that after varimax rotation, caught 48.89 % of the variance of the original variables. The technical factor caught 25.49 % of the variance. When the factor scores were got, it was identified three distinct groups of rural producers who showed differences at the technical â economical level among the family farmers interviewed. The best group identified consisted of only 7 individuals, who achieved good technical and economical results. Within the same process, it was identified a second group consisting of 38 individuals including farmers who did not get satisfactory economical results in 2012. It was also identified a group of 5 producers in decline stage. It was understood that the small producer interviewed has difficulty in getting working capital to operate his agricultural practices and his access to Pronaf credit could be an economically important alternative. The access to rural credit is difficult because the producers do not have the deed document of the establishments, so the main suggestion of a public policy to Curu-Paraipaba project is the implementation of an extensive process of land regularization, without cost to irrigating farmers of origin.

Irrigation in the Northeast presents itself as an alternative to counter the effects of crises in the traditional activities of the agricultural sector. Based on this premise the Government of the State of Sergipe implemented in the eighties many irrigated areas, to develop the semi-arid region, in order to increase the quality of life for residents by building on agricultural potential demonstrated by the climate, soil and availability of water for irrigation. owever, these projects have failed the success planned for various reasons. Thus, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of water, agricultural production and the profile of irrigation irrigated perimeter California, located in Canindé municipalities de San Francisco and Poço Redondo, in the extreme northwest of the state, in the semi-arid northeast. For this, there were literature surveys, desk reviews, structured interviews with questionnaires to the technical audience of local administration and the irrigators, seeking information about the type of agricultural production, social, economic and environmental. Research shows that driving the water meets technical problems especially in pumping stations resulting in lack of water for irrigation of agricultural crops. Agricultural production is shown to be diverse, but with concentration in Okra culture that predominates in most lots, to have guaranteed market. Technical assistance is cause for dissatisfaction, pointing in field research. The profile of irrigation shows that most settled in the region since the 2000s, and had cultural tradition in the primary sector of the economy also points out that between the social measures adopted, the family allowance is an important public policy and local visibility. hese considerations point to the need to problematize the development policies of the semi-arid northeast, especially the actions aimed at improving irrigated areas. / A irrigação no Nordeste apresenta-se como alternativa para contrapor aos efeitos das crises nas atividades tradicionais do setor agrário. Baseado nesta premissa o Governo do Estado de Sergipe implantou na década de oitenta diversos perímetros irrigados, visando o desenvolvimento da região semiárida, com o intuito de aumentar a qualidade de vida dos habitantes mediante o aproveitamento do potencial agrícola demonstrado pelo clima, solo e disponibilidade de água para a irrigação. Não obstante, estes projetos não lograram o êxito planejado, por razões diversas. Desta forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o perfil social e a produção agrícola do perímetro irrigado Califórnia, localizado nos municípios de Canindé do São Francisco e Poço Redondo, no extremo noroeste do Estado, no semiárido nordestino. Para isto, realizaram-se levantamentos bibliográficos, análises documentais, entrevistas semiestruturadas com aplicação de questionários ao público técnico da administração local e a irrigantes, buscando informações sobre o tipo de produção agrícola, aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais. A pesquisa mostra que condução da água encontra-se com problemas técnicos especialmente nas estações elevatórias acarretando na falta de água para irrigação das culturas agrícolas. A produção agrícola mostra-se diversificada, mas com concentração na cultura do quiabo, que predomina na maioria dos lotes, por ter mercado garantido. A assistência técnica é motivo de insatisfação, apontada na pesquisa de campo. O perfil dos irrigantes evidencia que a maior parte fixou-se na região a partir dos anos 2000, e tinham tradição cultural no setor primário da economia, além disso, aponta que entre as medidas sociais adotadas, a bolsa família é uma política pública importante e de visibilidade local. Tais considerações apontam para a necessidade de problematizar as políticas desenvolvimentistas do semiárido nordestino, especialmente as ações direcionadas a melhoria dos perímetros irrigados.

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / Rice is one of the most important crops in the world. The waters near the areas of this crop has a raised risk of contamination, once the cultivation of rice requires large quantities of pesticides. Due to their high toxicity, uncontrolled use and high solubility in water, pesticides are considered one of the main pollutants of aquatic ecosystems. This present work aims to develop an efficient method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) techniques and high performance liquid chromatography with spectrophotometric detector in the ultraviolet and visible region with diode array (HPLC UV-Vis/DAD) for determination pesticides deltamethrin, epoxiconazole, pyraclostrobin, pyriproxyfen, tebuconazole and thiamethoxan in irrigated rice water, using biochar of aguapé as an alternative adsorbent for SPE. For that, tests were carried out to optimize the chromatographic conditions and the extraction method. In the extraction stage of the pesticides, the method was optimized using the adsorbents C-18 and bio-carbon produced from aguapé. When the C-18 adsorbent was used, the best results were obtained using 10 mL of acidified acetone at pH 5,0 with formic acid solution, 69 ± 0,5 - 100 ± 5,9%. However, when the biochar was tested as an adsorbent for SPE extraction, it presented satisfactory recovery results between 70 ± 0,7% and 122 ± 10,7% for the concentration levels 0,3 to 1,0 μg mL -1. The methods developed were suitable for the determination of pesticide residues in water samples. Thus, the method of extraction using the bio-pot of water was chosen to be validated, because besides being efficient in the extraction of pesticides, it is also a sustainable option. The parameters evaluated for the validation of the method were: linearity and sensitivity, showing good linear response with determination coefficients above 0,9832 in the range of 0,025 to 10 μg mL-1; selectivity, through matrix effect studies; and limits of detection and quantification in the range of 0,01-0,08 μg mL -1, 0,04-0,3 μg mL -1, respectively. / O arroz é uma das culturas mais importantes no mundo, e as águas próximas das áreas desta cultura possuem elevado risco de contaminação, já que o cultivo de arroz requer a utilização de grandes quantidades de agrotóxicos. Devido à sua alta toxicidade, seu uso descontrolado e sua alta solubilidade em água, os agrotóxicos são considerados um dos principais poluentes dos ecossistemas aquáticos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método eficiente baseado nas técnicas de extração em fase sólida (SPE) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detector espectrofotométrico na região do ultravioleta e visível com arranjo de diodos (HPLC UV-Vis/DAD) para a determinação dos agrotóxicos deltametrina, epoxiconazol, piraclostrobina, piriproxifeno, tebuconazol e tiametoxan em água de cultivo de arroz irrigado. Para tanto, foram realizados testes para otimização das condições cromatográficas e do método de extração. Na etapa de extração dos agrotóxicos, o método foi otimizado utilizando adsorventes comerciais e alternativos. Quando se fez uso do adsorvente C-18, os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando 10 mL de acetona acidificado a pH 5,0 com solução de ácido fórmico, 69 ± 0,5 – 100 ± 5,9 %. Já quando o biocarvão produzido a partir de aguapé foi testado como adsorvente para a extração por SPE, apresentou resultados satisfatórios de recuperação entre 70 ± 0,7% – 122 ± 10,7% para os níveis de concentração 0,3 a 1,0 μg mL-1. Os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram adequados para determinação de resíduos de agrotóxicos em amostras de água. Assim, o método de extração utilizando o biocarvão de aguapé foi escolhido para ser validado, pois além de ser eficiente na extração dos agrotóxicos trata-se também de uma opção sustentável. Os parâmetros avaliados para a validação do método foram: linearidade e sensibilidade, mostrando-se boa resposta linear com coeficientes de determinação superiores a 0,9832 no intervalo de 0,025 a 10 μg mL-1; seletividade, através de estudos de efeito matriz; e limites de detecção e quantificação no intervalo de 0,01 - 0,08 μg mL-1, 0,04 - 0,3 μg mL-1, respectivamente. / São Cristóvão, SE