Cette thèse, qui croise l'oeuvre de Jean Cocteau avec la culture italienne, a un double but. D’une part, il s’agit de retracer les éléments qui ont contribué à donner vie à la partie italienne de l'imaginaire du poète, au cours de ses séjours dans la Péninsule. D’autre part, elle vise à faire connaître le point de vue italien sur sa présence dans le pays, en particulier pour ce qui concerne ses films et sa réflexion critique. Elle s'articule en trois parties. Dans la première, il s'agit de détecter comment l'imaginaire italien de Cocteau est né, ainsi que de retracer l'historique des relations qu'il a entretenues avec l’Italie. Dans la deuxième partie, elle aborde le domaine cinématographique dans sa spécificité, également sousun double aspect. D'une part, à travers l'analyse des commentaires que Cocteau a écrits après sa découverte des films italiens, pour pouvoir dégager sa conception de ce cinéma sous une forme générale, et comprendre son intérêt pour certains de ses protagonistes en particulier. D'autre part, elle retrace et analyse la place que la presse spécialisée italienne a accordé à son oeuvre dans l’univers cinématographique du Bel Paese. Enfin, la troisième partie examine les liens concrets que Cocteau a noués avec trois cinéastes italiens : Roberto Rossellini pour l’adaptation cinématographique de La Voix humaine; Luciano Emmer, pour la rédaction et la lecture des commentaires français de Venise et ses amants et de La Légende de Sainte Ursule; enfin Michelangelo Antonioni pour la réalisation de son Mystère d'Oberwald, adaptation de la pièce de théâtre L'Aigle à deux têtes. / This thesis which confronts Jean Cocteau's work with Italian culture has a double aim. On the one hand, it aims at exploring the elements which contributed to giving life to the Italian side of the poet's imagination during his various stays in Italy. On the other hand, it aims at giving a better understanding of the Italian point of view about his presence in the country, especially concerning his films and his critical thoughts. The thesis hinges on three parts. The first one deals with the ways in which Cocteau's Italian imagination originated and puts in a historical perspective the different stages in the relationshipswith the country. The second part is about Cocteau's cinema proper, in a twofold aspect as well .The first one analyzes the commentaries Cocteau wrote after his discovery of Italian films. This allows us to give a better view of the way he conceived this form of cinema in general, and understand his interest for some of its protagonists in particular. The second aspect analyzes the place the Italian press granted to his work in the film production of the « Bel Paese ». The third part looks into the bonds of friendship Cocteau built up with three Italian directors : Roberto Rossellini for the screen adaptation of La Voix humaine ; Luciano Emmer for the French written commentaries and their reading of Venise et ses amants and of La Légende de Sainte Ursule ; and last Michelangelo Antonioni for the direction of Le Mystère d'Oberwald, an adaptation of the play L'Aigle à deux têtes.

L'objectif de ma thèse était de créer un catalogue de films de fiction relatifs à la Première Guerre mondiale produits en Italie et en France entre 1914 et 2013. Méthodologiquement, j'ai travaillé sur une variété de sources (répertoires cinématographiques, revues spécialisés, visas de censure et vision des films) selon la disponibilité des matériaux qui sont parvenus jusqu'à nous. J'ai essayé de proposer une enquête analytique qui comprend aussi des films qui se rapportent la guerre sans la montrer, pour cette raison mon travail sera sûrement incomplet mais il vise à une exhaustivité la plus grande possible. J'ai consacré une attention particulière à la censure exercée par |'État, en particulier jusqu’au les années `GD, une époque où la censure politique a été particulièrement forte. En plus de la censure définitive, j’ai aussi analysé celle préalable (en Italie de 1945 à 1965, en France de 1945 à 1961.] et en relevant deux attitudes qui sont similaires mais avec différentes méthodes d'intervention. Bien que l’enquête soit centrée sur les deux pays, l’espace donné à l’affaire italienne est supérieure à celui français. Le choix de la comparaison avec la France a été conditionné par plusieurs considérations, notamment la centralité qui, encore aujourd'hui, à la Première Guerre mondiale dans les cinémas et la public history française. L'évolution du récit cinématographique a été mise en relation avec le contexte politique, cinématographique, Législatif et historiographique; j'ai aussi essayé de comprendre la réception critique des films à travers deux facteurs : les résultats du box-office et les opinions exprimées dans les revues. / The aim of my thesis was to create a catalog of fiction films related to the First World War produced in Italy and France between 1914 and 2013. Methodologically, 1 worked on a variety of sources (movie collections, specialized magazines, rating and direct viewing of picture show), depending on the availability of materials which came to us. I have tried to propose an analytical investigation that also includes movies concerning the war without showing it; I am well aware my work will be certainly incomplete but it tries to be the more comprehensive possible. I have devoted a special attention to the censorious intervention exercised by the government, particularly until the early Sixties, indeed those years political censorship was very strong. In addition to the analysis of general censorship, I added that of prior one (in Italy 1945-65, in France 1945-61) and I found two similar attitudes but with different methods of intervention. Although the investigation is centered on the two countries, more importance will be given to the Italian CBSE instead of French one. The choice of comparison with France was influenced by several considerations; not least, the main point of the First World War has in both film and French public history even today. These factors have not been strange to the will to compare with the history of this country, considered as one of the most interesting. The evolution of fiction story has been put in relation with the political, cinematographic, and legislative and historiography background; I also tried to understand the film reception through two factors: the results of the box office and the opinions expressed in specialized magazines

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão acerca do gênero cômico cinematográfico denominado commedia all\'italiana. Para essa pesquisa, primeiramente, acompanhamos a evolução do cinema cômico italiano desde seus primórdios até o fenômeno estudado. Na formação do cinema cômico, aludimos não só à importância da contribuição da vertente teatral - através da commedia dell\'arte - como também dos atores cômicos do primeiro cinema, do período conhecido como telefoni bianchi, de figuras como Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia e Mario Mattoli, além da fase denominada neorrealismo rosa. Desse modo, através do percurso anterior à commedia all\'italiana, procuramos estabelecer sua inserção na tradição cômica da Itália. Também foram considerados aspectos importantes do contexto históricosocial à época do surgimento e consolidação desse gênero cômico popular do cinema italiano. Procuramos resgatar as origens e fontes da commedia all\'italiana, focalizando as diferentes fases que a compuseram e as principais filmografias que a evidenciaram. Ainda nesse momento, traçamos seus percursos e suas particularidades, percorremos a trajetória de seu surgimento e focalizamos algumas de suas características intrínsecas. Trouxemos a discussão de três momentos emblemáticos na história do gênero ao trabalharmos com três obras fílmicas significativas de diretores e fases diversas, apresentando alguns dos aspectos presentes na commedia all\'italiana e ressaltando questões que se mostraram pertinentes na construção de um senso crítico nas obras desse gênero / This dissertation explores the comic genre in Italian cinema known as commedia allitaliana. First, we accompanied the evolution of Italian comic cinema from its beginnings up to the phenomenon studied. In the formation of comic cinema, we alluded not only to the importance of the contribution of theatre - through the commedia dellarte - but also to the first silent comic actors in cinema from the period known as telefoni bianchi, including such figures as Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and Mario Mattoli. We also traced the influence of the phase known as pink neorealism. In this way, through an analysis of comic genres before commedia allitaliana we aimed to insert it in the entire Italian comic tradition. We also considered the important historical and social contexts of the era in which this popular comic genre arose and consolidated itself. We attempted to rescue the origins and sources of commedia all\'italiana, focusing on the different phases that composed it and its principal films. We charted its emergence, traced its development and peculiarities and stressed some of its intrinsic characteristics. We highlighted three emblematic moments in the history of the genre through an analysis of three significant films from diverse phases and directors, showing some of the main aspects present in commedia all\'italiana and emphasizing the pertinent questions for a critical approach to works in the genre

Ce projet propose une étude comparée de deux cinéastes essentiels, dont l'œuvre montre un fort rapport à l'onirisme et à l'imaginaire : Alain Resnais et Federico Fellini. Ayant commencé à la même époque (après la Seconde Guerre mondiale), ils ont traversé plusieurs périodes en parallèle. Nombre d'aspects les rapprochent, malgré leurs différences de styles et de cultures. Alain Resnais porte un regard sur l'histoire contemporaine, mais travaille également sur la vision subjective, la mémoire individuelle, et divers états de conscience. Fellini porte un regard acerbe sur la bourgeoise italienne, et propose simultanément un vagabondage dans les consciences et l'inconscient marqué par le merveilleux et l'onirique. Les deux cinéastes refusent de limiter la réalité « au constat purement objectif d'un monde scientifiquement analysable » pour montrer une « autre réalité », qu'il s'agit ici de questionner à l'aide de différentes théories (psychanalytiques, littéraires, philosophiques…). / This project proposes a comparative study between two essential film directors: Alain Resnais and Federico Fellini. Their work shows a strong relation with the oneiric and the imaginary. They began in the same period (after the Second World War) and they shared the same historical experiences in two different countries. Despite a difference of style and culture, a lot of aspects approach them. Alain Resnais focuses on contemporary history, but he works also on the subjective vision, individual memory, and different states of consciousness. Fellini focuses on the Italian bourgeoisie and he proposes simultaneously a kind of vagrancy in the conscious and in the unconscious, always marked by the oneiric. The two film directors refuse to limit the reality «to an objective analysis of a world scientifically analyzable». They want to show an «other reality». We want to interrogate this reality with the help of different theories (psychoanalytic, literary, philosophical…).

O presente trabalho é uma reflexão acerca do gênero cômico cinematográfico denominado commedia all\'italiana. Para essa pesquisa, primeiramente, acompanhamos a evolução do cinema cômico italiano desde seus primórdios até o fenômeno estudado. Na formação do cinema cômico, aludimos não só à importância da contribuição da vertente teatral - através da commedia dell\'arte - como também dos atores cômicos do primeiro cinema, do período conhecido como telefoni bianchi, de figuras como Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia e Mario Mattoli, além da fase denominada neorrealismo rosa. Desse modo, através do percurso anterior à commedia all\'italiana, procuramos estabelecer sua inserção na tradição cômica da Itália. Também foram considerados aspectos importantes do contexto históricosocial à época do surgimento e consolidação desse gênero cômico popular do cinema italiano. Procuramos resgatar as origens e fontes da commedia all\'italiana, focalizando as diferentes fases que a compuseram e as principais filmografias que a evidenciaram. Ainda nesse momento, traçamos seus percursos e suas particularidades, percorremos a trajetória de seu surgimento e focalizamos algumas de suas características intrínsecas. Trouxemos a discussão de três momentos emblemáticos na história do gênero ao trabalharmos com três obras fílmicas significativas de diretores e fases diversas, apresentando alguns dos aspectos presentes na commedia all\'italiana e ressaltando questões que se mostraram pertinentes na construção de um senso crítico nas obras desse gênero / This dissertation explores the comic genre in Italian cinema known as commedia allitaliana. First, we accompanied the evolution of Italian comic cinema from its beginnings up to the phenomenon studied. In the formation of comic cinema, we alluded not only to the importance of the contribution of theatre - through the commedia dellarte - but also to the first silent comic actors in cinema from the period known as telefoni bianchi, including such figures as Totò, Carlo Ludovico Bragaglia and Mario Mattoli. We also traced the influence of the phase known as pink neorealism. In this way, through an analysis of comic genres before commedia allitaliana we aimed to insert it in the entire Italian comic tradition. We also considered the important historical and social contexts of the era in which this popular comic genre arose and consolidated itself. We attempted to rescue the origins and sources of commedia all\'italiana, focusing on the different phases that composed it and its principal films. We charted its emergence, traced its development and peculiarities and stressed some of its intrinsic characteristics. We highlighted three emblematic moments in the history of the genre through an analysis of three significant films from diverse phases and directors, showing some of the main aspects present in commedia all\'italiana and emphasizing the pertinent questions for a critical approach to works in the genre

Análise do que entendemos ser a questão central no cinema de Valerio Zurlini, a dimensão do silêncio, e como isto é pontuado através de pausas, elipses e silêncios entre as imagens. Por uma ótica proporcionada pelo filtro estilístico do próprio diretor, dois de seus oito longas-metragens ganham destaque: Dois Destinos e A Primeira Noite de Tranqüilidade. O tom das recordações, a diferenciação do uso da memória e o sentimento que é sempre um sentimento de morte que aparece muito mais como linguagem metafórica, ou corte para uma linguagem suplementar, outra margem a ser seguida regendo as ações dos personagens, que, desta maneira, constituem uma atmosfera existencialista, condizente com a época mas também com a herança cultural e religiosa de Zurlini. Uma proposta, portanto, de inserir a originalidade fílmica deste diretor e a sua relevância no cenário cinematográfico europeu. / This is an analysis of what we understand to be the main issue in Valerio Zurlini\'s cinema, the measure of silence, and how this is pontuacted in the form of pauses, ellipses and silences among the images. Trought the esthetic filter that the director himself provide to us two of his works come forward: Cronaca Familiare (1962) and La Prima Notte di Quiete (1972). The tone of reminiscence, the difference in the use of memory and emotion - that is presented as sense death as a metaphor, or juxtaposed to a supplementary language, yet another line to be pursuit - dictating the characters actions in a existentialist manner, in touch to his time but, also, with Zurlini\'s cultural and religious heritage. A proposal, therefore, to contextualise the original work and the importance of this film director inside the european cinematographic scene.

La présente thèse étudie la transformation de l’Italie vers la postmodernité (1957-1978) à travers le cinéma de trois auteurs : Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini et Pier Paolo Pasolini. Elle explore l’historicité du cinéma, en interrogeant la manière par laquelle le septième art constitue une mise en forme et une écriture de l’histoire. Dans la convergence de deux histoires, celle humaine et celle du cinéma, elle met en récit l’expérience de la transformation sociétale et artistique. En dernière analyse, il est question d’étudier le cas italien comme un paradigme. En réactualisant les propositions des trois cinéastes dans le contexte contemporain de la mondialisation, de l’hypermédiatisation et de la domination technologique, le présent travail nous invite à repenser la vie humaine et la création artistique face aux défis de la postmodernité. / This thesis examines the transformation of Italy towards postmodernity (1957-1978) through the cinema of three film directors: Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, and Pier Paolo Pasolini. It explores the historicity of cinema, by questioning the concrete means through which film constitutes a form and a writing of history. In the coming together of two histories, the human one and that of the cinema, the thesis recounts the experience of a societal and artistic transformation. In the final analysis, it is a question of studying the Italian case as a paradigm. By updating the proposals of the three filmmakers in the contemporary context of globalization, hypermedia and technological domination, this work invites us to rethink human life and artistic creation, facing the challenges of postmodernity.

Análise do que entendemos ser a questão central no cinema de Valerio Zurlini, a dimensão do silêncio, e como isto é pontuado através de pausas, elipses e silêncios entre as imagens. Por uma ótica proporcionada pelo filtro estilístico do próprio diretor, dois de seus oito longas-metragens ganham destaque: Dois Destinos e A Primeira Noite de Tranqüilidade. O tom das recordações, a diferenciação do uso da memória e o sentimento que é sempre um sentimento de morte que aparece muito mais como linguagem metafórica, ou corte para uma linguagem suplementar, outra margem a ser seguida regendo as ações dos personagens, que, desta maneira, constituem uma atmosfera existencialista, condizente com a época mas também com a herança cultural e religiosa de Zurlini. Uma proposta, portanto, de inserir a originalidade fílmica deste diretor e a sua relevância no cenário cinematográfico europeu. / This is an analysis of what we understand to be the main issue in Valerio Zurlini\'s cinema, the measure of silence, and how this is pontuacted in the form of pauses, ellipses and silences among the images. Trought the esthetic filter that the director himself provide to us two of his works come forward: Cronaca Familiare (1962) and La Prima Notte di Quiete (1972). The tone of reminiscence, the difference in the use of memory and emotion - that is presented as sense death as a metaphor, or juxtaposed to a supplementary language, yet another line to be pursuit - dictating the characters actions in a existentialist manner, in touch to his time but, also, with Zurlini\'s cultural and religious heritage. A proposal, therefore, to contextualise the original work and the importance of this film director inside the european cinematographic scene.

Cette étude porte sur un type de cinéma italien appelé giallo. Ayant connu une forte popularité au tournant des années 1970 auprès d’un public dit vernaculaire, ces thrillers horrifiques sont encore aujourd’hui réputés pour leurs scènes de meurtre sanglantes et spectaculaires mettant à l’honneur un assassin ganté. Ce mémoire se propose de faire le point sur ces séquences de meurtre et surtout d’expliquer la façon particulière avec laquelle elles sont mises en scène. Pour bien y parvenir, nous en fournissons tout au long des exemples et les soumettons à une analyse détaillée. Notre approche analytique se veut essentiellement formaliste. Il s’agit de déconstruire ces scènes violentes afin d’en révéler certains des rouages. Dans un premier temps, nous rappelons quelques notions fondamentales du cinéma gore et nous penchons sur la problématique que pose invariablement la représentation de la mort au grand écran. Ceci nous permet ensuite d’observer plus amplement comment les réalisateurs du giallo traitent ces scènes d’homicide sur un mode excessif et poétique. Enfin, le rapport érotique à la violence entretenu dans ces scènes est considéré. Cela nous donne notamment l’occasion de nous intéresser à la figure du mannequin (vivant et non vivant) et de voir de quelles manières les cinéastes peuvent par son entremise transmettre un sentiment d’inquiétante étrangeté. / This study aims to explore giallo, a specific type of Italian cinema. Very popular with a vernacular audience at the turn of the 1970s, these horrific thrillers remain notorious for their bloody and spectacular murder scenes showcasing a gloved killer. With this thesis, we seek to review these murder sequences with a focus on explaining the particular way in which they are staged, shot and edited. To fully achieve this, we provide examples from these scenes and submit them to a detailed analysis. Our analytical approach is essentially formalist. We wish to deconstruct these violent scenes and reveal some of their inner workings. At first, we recall some basic notions of gore cinema and look at the problems that the depiction of death on the silver screen invariably raises. This allows us to see how giallo filmmakers treat these murder scenes in an excessive and poetic mode. Lastly, the erotic aspect of violence presented in these scenes is considered. This gives us the opportunity to focus on the figure of the model/mannequin (living and non-living) and see how filmmakers can use it to transmit an uncanny feeling.

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