Thesis (MTech (Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015. / Vegetable ivory is the generic term used when referring to the nut of palm trees. Although their outward appearance varies depending on the variety of the palm, the nuts are all known to be hard, ivory-like in colour and lend themselves to shaping in various forms. The craft-related use of vegetable ivory in Namibia has been limited to carving in the past. The nut, known locally as Makalani seed, is the seed of the Hyphaene Petersiana palm fruit. Vegetable ivory products found globally prove that this non-timber forest product (NTFP) has greater potential than what is currently being explored by Namibian crafters. Similar nuts are found across the globe, including the South American tagua nut. The tagua nut has a pronounced role in the craft-related market place due to its popularity as a sustainable alternative to animal ivory. It has also provided many locals with employment and a stable form of income. Globally, focus has expanded to address the sustainability of the integrity of forest systems, as economic profits to be gained from timber-producing trees, no longer take sole priority. Rural households are making use of NTFPs as a source of income and often use the money generated from trading as a safety net in times of economic challenges. Developing management strategies for addressing global climate change has become an increasingly important issue influencing forest management around the globe. Participatory forest management is one of the strategies developed for addressing issues arising from global climate change. It is aimed at rural development, by involving locals living in the area, in programmes that involve domestication of indigenous fruit trees. By means of participatory action research (PAR) and co-design sessions, the study looked at expanding the scope of manufacturing techniques used when crafting the Makalani seed. The list of sustainable manufacturing practices generated from the data informed the creation of the crafter’s product. Expanding the range of manufacturing practices feeds into the potential the seed has as an income-generating product. These techniques contribute to the body of knowledge of craft in Namibia by addressing the issue of sustainability by exploring the potential of the Makalani nut as a crafting material as well as a medium of teaching various crafting skills. It also engaged the researcher in contributing towards social upliftment, while allowing crafters to engage in experimenting with new sustainable techniques used globally on similar seeds that could benefit their generating of income. By assessing data gathered in the codesign sessions, recommendations were made towards elevating the Makalani seed from its current craft level to that of a well-used NTFP craft material. The nature of participatory action research required analysing gathered data to feed into a solution for solving a local problem. The study is of a qualitative nature, and involved a case-study of one, a local crafter. Participatory action design was the framework for the research, as both researcher and crafter explored how the Makalani nut lends itself to techniques used on the tagua nut. It is through this lens that the study speaks to the practices of respect and responsibility, as well as that of sustainability within the parameters of a Namibian context

M.A. / The adoption of cost-recovery policies by local government in South Africa is an effort to recover costs from the investments made in infrastructure expansion and to ensure efficient delivery of services. This study came about from the need to understand the paradox of continued adoption of cost-recovery policies in a country that faces high poverty and unemployment rates. The focus of this study is to find out what are the social impacts of the water cost-recovery policy on the livelihood of female-headed households. The first chapter is the background to the study. The main concepts of cost-recovery, female-headed households and livelihoods are defined. In addition, the demographic, social and economic description of Ward 77 in City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality which is the focus of this study is provided. The second chapter is a review of literature behind the rationale of cost-recovery and its implication in South Africa. In addition, the livelihoods framework is explored. The third chapter addresses the methodological approach used to undertake this study. Qualitative methods were used, in the form of in-depth interviews with stakeholders, documentary reviews as well as a focus group and interviews with female-headed households. The fourth chapter is the discussion of findings arising from the consolidation of data. We find out about the livelihoods of the households before and after the implementation of cost-recovery and the effects this has had on the household. The final chapter is an analysis of these findings along the themes of the study namely the social impact of water cost-recovery on the wellbeing of the household, the impact on household financial security, the impact on social networks and the impact on educational spending. The study concludes by pointing out that, although there has been advancement in infrastructure development and service provided, the poor in urban townships continue to be negatively impacted by cost-recovery policies. Policy makers should consult communities in formulating approaches that tackle the issues of rights and affordability of basic services such as water. With the country’s high poverty and unemployment levels, cost-recovery would only be effective if the incomes of households are increased. Thus policy makers must take into account the socio-economic situation of a population to ensure the inclusion of all in the formulation of policies.

Créée en 1893 pour mettre en valeur le Haut-Ogooué, la Société Commerciale, Industrielle et Agricole du Haut-Ogooué (SHO) s’est imposée parmi les plus importantes entreprises coloniales au Gabon. En 1963, à l’orée de son absorption par la multinationale OPTORG, son emprise était totale sur l’ensemble de l’activité économique gabonaise. Les circonstances de la mobilisation des travailleurs africains et le regard qu’ils ont porté sur l’entreprise sont au centre de cette étude : comment les Africains ont-ils envisagé les conditions de leur mobilisation par la SHO et quelles réponses y ont-ils apportés ? Au terme de cette étude, il ressort que les méthodes d’exploitation de la SHO dans le Haut-Ogooué et au Gabon ont profondément transformé le mode de vie des Africains et leur regard sur la colonisation. / Founded in 1893 to stand in for the Administration in the region of Haut-Ogooué, the Société Commerciale, Industrielle et Agricole du Haut-Ogooué (SHO) made its mark among the most important colonial companies in Gabon. In 1963, on the cusp of its absorption by the multinational company OPTORG, its influence was total on the whole Gabonese economic activity. The circumstances of the African workers and the opinion they had of the company exploitation are at the core of this study: how did the Africans envisaged the conditions of their mobilization by the SHO and what answers did they bring? The result of this study is that the SHO exploitation methods in the region of Haut- Ogooué in Gabon have dramatically transformed the African way of life opinion on colonization.

La cryptococcose neuroméningée (CNM) est la seconde infection opportuniste chez les patients infectés par le VIH. Il s’agit de la 4ème cause de décès dus aux maladies infectieuses en Afrique avec une mortalité annuelle de 600.000 cas. Les levures responsables appartiennent au complexe d’espèces Cryptococcus neoformans / C. gattii. Notre étude décrit, l’épidémiologie et la résistance aux antifongiques de souches environnementales et cliniques de cryptocoques en Côte d’Ivoire. Les isolats sont issus d’une file active de 1750 PVVIH et de 667 prélèvements réalisés dans l’environnement de vie des patients. Nous démontrons une grande diversité génotypique au sein de notre cohorte, la présence de plusieurs espèces de cryptocoques dans un seul prélèvement chez un même patient ainsi que dans des prélèvements issus de suivi de patients, ce qui n’avait jamais été démontré en Afrique de l’Ouest. Nous avons constaté que la récurrence de la CNM est due à des infections multiples par des souches différentes au cours du temps. Nos résultats décrivent également pour la première fois, l’isolement de cryptocoques à partir de fientes de pigeons à Abidjan. Et nous constatons que les génotypes des isolats environnementaux et cliniques sont très différents, ce qui exclut les fientes de pigeons comme source de contamination des patients dans notre échantillon. Enfin, la majorité des isolats est sensible aux antifongiques de référence mais un patient peut être contaminé par des isolats de sensibilité différente. / Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the second opportunistic infection in HIV infected patients. It is the fourth cause of death due to infectious diseases in Africa with an annual mortality of 600,000. The yeasts responsible belong to the C. neoformans / Cryptococcus gattii species complex. Our study describes epidemiology and resistance to antifungal of environmental and clinical strains of Cryptococcus in Ivory Coast. The isolates are from an active list of 1,750 patients VIH positive and 667 samples taken in the living environment of patients. We demonstrate a high genotypic diversity within our cohort and the presence of several species of Cryptococcus in one sample from the same patient as well as in samples from patients follow up, which had never been shown in West Africa. We found that the recurrent cryptococcosis is caused by multiple infections by different strains over time. Our results describe also, for the first time, the isolation of Cryptococcus from pigeon droppings from Abidjan. And we notice that, as the genotypes of environmental and clinical isolates are very different, that excludes contamination of patients by pigeon droppings. Finally, most of the isolates were susceptible to reference antifungal but a patient might be contaminated by isolates with different susceptibility.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (DSc (Oral Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Community Dentistry / unrestricted

The aim of this thesis is to explain and analyze the komplexity of complicated relations between France as a former colonial power and Ivory Coast, its former colony, who also represents a strategic french political and economical partner. Theoretical part consists of the analysis of different approaches in theories of international relations. Based on the analysis, it tries to explain the character of these relations. Followed by the consecutive theoretical analysis of the french african policy practice of the french presidents and searches for the features that these policies have in common. Practical part applies the findings from the theoretical part on the concrete problem in the case of the French policy towards Ivory Coast and tests the theoretical conclusions in the historical evolution of the french and ivorian relations in the specific unstable situation that occurs in the Sub-Saharan region.

Le bassin versant du Bandama blanc amont, au nord de la Côte d’Ivoire, est situé sur un socle fissuré, composé de granites et de schistes, et constitue un aquifère pérenne pour l’approvisionnement en eau des populations. Cet aquifère de type fissuré est mal connu, tant dans la géométrie des réservoirs que dans le potentiel hydrogéologique des réserves qu’il contient. La précarité des populations rurales est en partie liée au manque d’eau potable ainsi qu’au nombre encore insuffisant des points d’approvisionnement. Un nombre important d’échecs a été observé lors de la réalisation des ouvrages de captages des eaux souterraines, dont l'une des causes est une faible connaissance du fonctionnement du milieu. Cette étude consiste à améliorer les connaissances sur le fonctionnement hydrodynamique des réservoirs du socle fissuré (géométrie des aquifères, paramètres hydrodynamiques, recharge, disponibilité de la ressource) en vue de l’installation d’ouvrages de captage.L’approche méthodologique multidisciplinaire intègre des méthodes d’hydrogéophysique, d’hydrogéologie, de géologie et de chimie. Il s’agit de développer de nouvelles techniques et outils appropriés de prospection pour affiner la caractérisation du socle fissuré, afin de mieux contraindre l'exploitation des sites, notamment en termes de stabilité des débits prélevés.Pour étudier l’aquifère de socle du bassin versant du Bandana blanc amont, nous avons couplé des mesures électromagnétiques aux données lithologiques pour affiner la géométrie de l'aquifère et de mieux contraindre le choix pour les futurs localisations des forages. Cette étude présente donc une nouvelle approche hydrogéophysique pour améliorer la connaissance des ressources importantes dans un aquifère de socle, à l’échelle locale ou régionale, par l'utilisation du système électromagnétique multifréquentiel PROMIS. L'interprétation des résultats a conduit à proposer des modèles multicouches conformes à la structuration lithologique et discontinuités géologiques en place, et à la localisation de l'aquifère, sa géométrie et les interfaces de sa base et du toit.Cette méthode est efficace pour améliorer la caractérisation de l’aquifère de socle, et les résultats ont révélé une bonne concordance entre les sondages (1D), la section de résistivité (2D), les forages et les structures géologiques.La géométrie de l’aquifère présente une structure multicouche présentant de haut en bas de la cuirasse ferrugineuse, des arènes argileuses, une zone fissurée reposant sur un substratum rocheux. Nous sommes en présence d’une nappe captive, sous pression sous les argiles, contenue dans les arènes et la frange fissurée, et présentant une épaisseur variable entre 15 et 30 m. Une connaissance détaillée de la géométrie de l'aquifère locale constitue la première étape cruciale avant d'aller plus loin dans une étude hydrogéologique complète. / The upstream watershed of White Bandama, north of Ivory Coast, is located on a fissured hard-rock, composed of granites and schists, and is a perennial aquifer for populations’ water supply. The upstream watershed of White Bandama, northern Ivory Coast, is located on a hard-rock aquifer which geometry and potential as an hydrogeological reserve is not yet well characterized. Insecurity of rural populations is partly due to lack of drinking water as well as still inadequate number of water supply points. A significant number of failures was observed when performing wells and boreholes for groundwater, one of the causes is a weak scientific knowledge on the environment.This study is to improve knowledge on the hydrodynamic behavior of the hard rock reservoir (geometry of aquifers, hydrodynamic parameters, recharge, availability of the resource) in order to drill perennial boreholes.The multidisciplinary methodological approach integrates hydrogeophysics, hydrogeology, geology, chemistry methods. It is to develop new techniques and appropriate exploration tools to refine the characterization of fissured hard-rock to better constrain the operation of sites, especially in terms of stability of pomped yield.To study the hard-rock aquifer of upstream watershed of White Bandama, we coupled electromagnetic measurements to lithological data to refine the geometry of the aquifer and to better constrain the choice for future drilling locations. This study presents a new hydrogeophysical approach using the multifrequency electromagnetic device PROMIS® to improve knowledge of resources on hard-rock aquifer, at the local or regional level.Our geophysical data are interpreted with multi-layer models consistent with the discontinuities observed in lithology logs and the geology of the site. This method is effecient to improve the characterization of the hard-rock aquifer, and the results showed good agreement between the soundings (1D), the resistivity cross-section (2D), drillings and geological structures.Results allow to precise the local thicknesses of the 3 main units of our study area down to 50 m, being from top to down, saprolite, a fissured-rock zone and the rock substratum. The fissured-rock zone constitutes the main aquifer unit under pressure, interesting target for productive water wells. Its thickness ranges from 15 to 30 m. A detailed knowledge of the local aquifer geometry constitutes the first and crucial step before going further into a complete hydrogeological study.

Le présent volume propose, en quatre articles, l’analyse de quelques aspects du yowlè, langue mandé-sud parlée au centre-ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. 'La nasalité en yowlè', 'Le quantitatif et le qualitatif dans quelques opérations de détermination nominale en yowlè', 'Le ton haut comme opérateur de rupture énonciative en yowlè', 'Quelques aspects de la diathèse passive en yowlè'

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This dissertation contends with the diverse corpus of Gothic ivory grooming implements carved in France in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Employing feminist, queer, posthumanist, and ecocritical methodologies, it explores these objects as tools in gender and identity formation. Attending to the complexity of medieval attitudes to grooming and women and to the polysemy of these objects’ iconographies, this dissertation argues for the inherent ambiguity of the bodies that constitute and were constituted by these tools. It participates in a broader project of revealing the inherent ambiguity of medieval gender and its deep enmeshment with the nonhuman animal world by presenting ivory beauty implements as nexuses of excess and resistance to feminine ideals. Calling attention to the body of the elephant as the source of the grooming tools’ materiality, its analysis demonstrates how the subjugation of the nonhuman animal reverberates through objects created to give order to human animal bodies, in particular the bestial female body. The material, iconographical, functional, and textual strands wound together in ivory grooming tools reveal the women of flesh and ivory to be far more multilayered and subversive, resourceful and complex, than scholarship has hitherto recognized. At once tools of subjugation and instruments to assert agency, in the hands of their users, ivory grooming tools become sites of identity expression and self-transformation.