In 1994 South Africa celebrated the election of a new democratic government. This came with the abolition of the Group Areas Act 36of1966, which controlled the movement of black people from rural areas to urban areas. The repealing of this act led to the rapid movement of people from rural areas all over Southern Africa to the cities and towns in search for a better life. In turn this led to rapid urbanization and the growth of informal settlements' also known as squatter camps. These communities are characterized by poverty and lack of basic necessities such as houses, water and employment. The church was caught unaware by the need to minister to these communities that need more than the gospel that satisfies spiritual poverty but also the satisfaction of material poverty. This exposed the need for a model of ministry that will be holistic. This study shares a model of ministry that has been used by a Methodist congregation in an informal settlement community called Ivory Park in Midrand. This church uses a model of ministry that propagates the gospel both through preaching and community development. / Religious Studies & Arabic / M. Th. (Missiology)

In 1994 South Africa celebrated the election of a new democratic government. This came with the abolition of the Group Areas Act 36of1966, which controlled the movement of black people from rural areas to urban areas. The repealing of this act led to the rapid movement of people from rural areas all over Southern Africa to the cities and towns in search for a better life. In turn this led to rapid urbanization and the growth of informal settlements' also known as squatter camps. These communities are characterized by poverty and lack of basic necessities such as houses, water and employment. The church was caught unaware by the need to minister to these communities that need more than the gospel that satisfies spiritual poverty but also the satisfaction of material poverty. This exposed the need for a model of ministry that will be holistic. This study shares a model of ministry that has been used by a Methodist congregation in an informal settlement community called Ivory Park in Midrand. This church uses a model of ministry that propagates the gospel both through preaching and community development. / Religious Studies and Arabic / M. Th. (Missiology)

A União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) é uma organização de integração regional constituída por oito países da África Ocidental: Benim, Burkina Faso, Costa do Marfim, Guiné Bissau, Mali, Níger, Senegal e Togo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos realizar: (a) a classificação climática segundo Köppen (1900) e Thornthwaite (1948), e (b) o zoneamento agrícola das culturas de milho e soja na região da UEMOA com base nos valores de (i) produtividade potencial (dióxido de carbono, temperatura, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, fotoperíodo e genótipo), (ii) produtividade atingível, com elevado uso de insumos e tecnologia e (iii) produtividade real. A classificação climática de acordo com ambos os autores caracterizou a maior parte do território formado pela UEMOA como árido e em relação ao zoneamento agrícola, tem-se que a região da UEMOA é altamente indicada para o cultivo de milho e de soja, contudo, os valores médios de produtividade real referentes a esses cultivos são inferiores aos valores da produtividade atingível, indicando que o principal problema na região é o baixo nível de adoção tecnológica. / The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in french: Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine) is an organization of eight West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The following study has as main objectives: (a) climate classification by Köppen e Thornthwaite; and (b) agricultural zoning for maize and soybean in the UEMOA region based on (i) potencial yield (carbon dioxide, temperature, photosyntheticaly active radiation, photoperiod and genotype), (ii) attainable yield, under high inputs and technological adoption and (iii) actual yield. Climate classification according to both authors characterized most of the territory formed by UEMOA as arid and regarding to agricultural zoning, UEMOA region is highly suitable for growing maize and soybeans, however, average values of actual yield in relation to these crops are lower than those of attainable yield, indicating that the main problem in this region is the low level of technological adoption.

Recently, there have been intense discussions about the humanities and their role in society. Internationally, as well as in a Swedish context, the humanities have been regarded to be in a state of crisis. However, these discussions usually demonstrate a lack of historical perspectives based on thorough empirical research. The notion of a crisis needs to be historicized. In this study, a case is being examined where the relationship between science and society was renegotiated. In the context of World War II, a discourse has been identified in a borderland between science and politics through an analysis of Swedish journals and anthologies during the time period 1937-1947. Historical actors were then highlighting that the humanities faced several challenges. The study argues that these discussions should be regarded as parts of a renegotiation of the humanities’ social contract. In the context of the war and fundamental societal changes, there occurred a greater pressure than before to mobilize science socially in order to make science appear as a legitimate undertaking. For the humanities, such demands seemed to conflict with their scientific ethos. During the interwar period this ethos was often based on a norm that demanded the drawing of a strict boundary between science and politics. But if they did not mobilize socially, scholars risked getting blamed for being isolated in the so-called ‘ivory tower’. How the humanities could be effectively mobilized in order to satisfy the needs of society while still maintaining their legitimacy in a scientific context emerged as a fundamental problem with no clear solutions. Part of this problem was the exclusion of the humanities from politically hegemonic narratives of society’s development, in contrast to natural and social sciences. Reactions to specific historical experiences and distinct expectations for the future thus seem – at least on a discursive level – to have put the humanities in a state of marginalization as early as the time period examined in this thesis.

This thesis aims to investigate why inclusion of civil society actors in peace processes leads to more durable peace in some cases while not in others. It argues that the influence, rather than inclusion, of civil society organizations (CSOs) explains this variation. It is hypothesized that when CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable, as well as when a wide range of CSOs have influence in peace negotiations, peace is more likely to be durable. This is explored through a structured focused comparison between the peace processes leading up to peace agreements in Sierra Leone in 1996, the DRC in 2002, the Ivory Coast in 2003 and Liberia in 2003. The empirical findings lend support to the hypotheses and point in the direction of influence of CSOs in peace processes being of importance for the durability of peace. Certain evidence suggesting legitimacy being the causal mechanism is found. However, the empirical analysis also points towards other factors being potential alternative explanations such as war fatigue and sequencing of the process. The suggestive findings and the potential alternative explanations should be investigated further in order to increase the chances of durable peace.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Tese_Vanessa_Leonardo_Ignacio.pdf: 2297093 bytes, checksum: 0f36b768f8c4d89782623d04d45babb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The growing awareness of society to ecological problems is providing a considerable increase in demand for seeds and seedlings of native species. The Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler is a native woody species of economic importance and ecological landscape, popularly known as ivory wood. The purpose of this study was to identify the ideal temperature for germination and determine the seed physiological potential of this species collected from different sources. The objective also their behavior with respect to storage and predict the storage period seeds and determine the constants of the longevity equation. Seeds collected in Marechal Cândido Rondon, Entre Rios do Oeste and Diamonte D'Oeste / PR were studied. For germination evaluation, two temperatures, 25 oC and 20-30 oC constant alternating with a photoperiod of 16-8 hours, and as substrate germitest paper were used. It was stored for 360 days, fruit in two different packaging (bag Kraft paper and glass) and in two different environments (controlled and uncontrolled). The experimental design used was completely randomized. The evaluated variables were: fruit length, percentage of germination, first count of germination, germination velocity index, moisture content, weight of thousand fruit and seedling length. Storage periods were 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days after fruit processing. For the development of the equations of longevity it was determined constants that made the equation through regression lines. The germination seeds of Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler, was not affected by constant temperature of 25 oC compared with temperatures of 20-30 oC. The seedling length ivory wood was not influenced by temperatures of 25 oC constant and alternating temperature of 20-30 oC, from 90 days of storage. Among provenances, Entre Rios do Oeste stood out from the others to 0 and 360 days when he presented the highest rate of germination. The fruit stored in glass containers in uncontrolled environment and environmental conditions, did not show variations, related to the water content, thus demonstrating the best way to store ivory wood fruit. The mass of a thousand fruits stick ivory were 329.5 g, 585.5 g and 450.0 g for the provenances of Marechal Cândido Rondon, Entre Rios do Oeste and Diamonte D'Oeste, respectively. To seed ivory wood, the constants found to predict longevity were: Ke = 2.8667; Cw = 9.7697 E-013; Ch = 1.3435 E-012 and Cq = 1.1651 E-013. Using the storage conditions with average temperatures of 23 oC or 15 oC, and the ivory wood seeds showing moisture content of 12%, can be stored for up to 2 years. The values of the Pearson correlation between the actual percent germination calculated and the percentage of germination were 73% and 76% for the provenances Entre Rios do Oeste and Diamonte D'Oeste, and 77% and 74% for uncontrolled and controlled environment, respectively / A crescente conscientização da sociedade para os problemas ecológicos vem proporcionando um considerável aumento na demanda por sementes e mudas de espécies nativas. O Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler é uma espécie lenhosa nativa, de importância econômica, paisagística e ecológica, popularmente conhecida como pau marfim. Objetivou-se, neste estudo, identificar a temperatura ideal para germinação e determinar o potencial fisiológico de sementes desta espécie, colhidas de diferentes procedências. Objetivou-se também verificar o comportamento das sementes com relação ao armazenamento, predizer o período de armazenamento destas sementes e determinar as constantes da equação de longevidade. Foram estudadas sementes, colhidas em Marechal Cândido Rondon, Entre Rios do Oeste e Diamante D Oeste/PR. Para avaliação da germinação, foram utilizadas duas temperaturas, 25 oC constante e 20-30 oC alternada, com fotoperíodo de 16-8 horas, e como substrato o papel tipo germitest. Armazenou-se, por 360 dias, os frutos em duas diferentes embalagens (saco de papel Kraft e vidro) e em dois diferentes ambientes (controlado e não controlado). O delineamento, utilizado, foi inteiramente casualizado Foram avaliadas as variáveis: comprimento de frutos, massa de mil frutos, porcentagem de germinação, primeira contagem de germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, grau de umidade e comprimento de plântulas. Os períodos de armazenagem foram: 0, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o beneficiamento dos frutos. Para a elaboração das equações de longevidade determinou-se as constantes que compõem a equação através de curvas de regressão. A germinação das sementes de Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler, não sofreu efeito da temperatura constante de 25 oC, quando comparadas com temperaturas alternadas de 20-30 oC. O comprimento das plântulas de pau marfim, não foi influenciado pelas temperaturas de 25 oC constante e temperatura alternada de 20-30 oC, a partir de 90 dias de armazenamento. Entre as procedências, a Entre Rios do Oeste destacou-se das demais aos 0 e 360 dias, quando apresentou os maiores valores de velocidade de germinação. Os frutos, armazenados em embalagens de vidro e em local sem controle das condições ambientais, não apresentaram variações relacionadas ao teor de água, evidenciando, assim, a melhor maneira de armazenar frutos de pau marfim. Os valores da massa de mil frutos de pau marfim foram 329,5 g, 585,5 g e 450,0 g para as procedências Marechal Cândido Rondon, Entre Rios do Oeste e Diamante D Oeste, respectivamente. Para sementes de pau marfim, as constantes encontradas a fim de predizer a longevidade foram: Ke= 2,8667; Cw=9,7697E-013; Ch=1,3435E-012 e Cq=1,1651E-013. Para as condições de armazenamento com temperaturas médias de 23 oC ou de 15 oC, e as sementes de pau marfim apresentando grau de umidade médio de 12%, podem ser armazenadas pelo período de até 2 anos. Os valores da Correlação de Pearson entre a porcentagem de germinação real e a porcentagem de germinação calculada foram 73% e 76%, para as procedências Entre Rios do Oeste e Diamante D Oeste, e 77% e 74%, para ambiente não controlado e ambiente controlado, respectivamente

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristina_Fernanda_Schneider.pdf: 561593 bytes, checksum: b48e08d8af08229bce5bf7f84306fe8c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler is a native species of great importance that can be used for regeneration of devastated areas, however, the information related to the collection and conservation of seeds are scarce. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify efficient enzymes in monitoring the deterioration and loss of germination of B. riedelianum seeds, as well as determine the constants of longevity equation. Assays were performed in the Seed Technology Laboratory of Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná - UNIOESTE, Campus Marechal Cândido Rondon - PR. Seeds were harvested at Diamante do Oeste, Mercedes and Missal - PR, which were submitted for processing, drying, initial characterization and then storing in airtight packaging under controlled storage conditions and uncontrolled. Seed samples were evaluated at 0, 120, 240 and 360 days of storage. The analyzes were: germination test; germination rate index (Maguire), accelerated aging and enzymatic activity of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase and β-1,3-glucanase. The experiment was a completely randomized design. The results were subjected to regression analysis to 5% of probability. For the development of longevity equations was determined the constants that make up the equation by regression curves. The germination behavior and IVG were similar for all sampling sites, down to 240 days and increased at the end of the storage period. The aging pattern of the seeds was different in the different collection sites, being observed by the activity of enzymes. The decrease in viability of Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler can be detected through peroxidase enzyme activity in the local collection of Diamante do Oeste and Missal and through β-1,3-glucanase enzyme of the local collection Missal on 0, 120 and 240 days of storage. The determination of seed longevity was not possible, because the seeds had not presented negative cumulative germination behavior during the storage period / O Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler é uma espécie nativa de relevante importância que pode ser utilizada para a regeneração de áreas devastadas, no entanto, as informações relacionadas à obtenção e conservação das sementes são escassas. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi identificar enzimas eficientes no monitoramento da deterioração e perda da capacidade germinativa de sementes de B. riedelianum, bem como, determinar as constantes da equação de longevidade. Os ensaios foram realizados no Laboratório de Tecnologia de Sementes da Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná UNIOESTE, Campus de Marechal Cândido Rondon PR. Foram colhidas sementes em Diamante do Oeste, Mercedes e Missal PR, que foram submetidas ao beneficiamento, secagem, caracterização inicial e, em seguida, ao armazenamento em embalagem hermética sob condições de armazenamento controladas e não controladas. Amostras de sementes foram avaliadas aos 0, 120, 240 e 360 dias de armazenamento. As análises foram: teste de germinação; índice de velocidade de germinação (Maguire), envelhecimento acelerado e atividade enzimática de peroxidase, fenilalanina amônia-liase e β-1,3-glucanase. O experimento seguiu o delineamento inteiramente casualisado. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de regressão a 5% de probabilidade de erro. Para a elaboração das equações de longevidade determinou-se as constantes que compõem a equação através de curvas de regressão. O comportamento germinativo e IVG foram semelhantes para todos os locais de coleta, com queda até os 240 dias e aumento ao final do período de armazenamento. O padrão de envelhecimento das sementes foi distinto nos diferentes locais de coleta, e nas diferentes condições de armazenamento sendo observado pela atividade das enzimas. O decréscimo da viabilidade de sementes de Balfourodendron riedelianum (Engler) Engler foi possível ser detectado através da atividade da enzima peroxidase nos locais de coleta Diamante do Oeste e Missal e através da enzima β-1,3-glucanase para o local de coleta Missal nos períodos de 0, 120 e 240 dias de armazenamento. A determinação da longevidade das sementes não foi possível, pelo fato das sementes não terem apresentado comportamento germinativo cumulativo negativo durante o período de armazenamento

A União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) é uma organização de integração regional constituída por oito países da África Ocidental: Benim, Burkina Faso, Costa do Marfim, Guiné Bissau, Mali, Níger, Senegal e Togo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos realizar: (a) a classificação climática segundo Köppen (1900) e Thornthwaite (1948), e (b) o zoneamento agrícola das culturas de milho e soja na região da UEMOA com base nos valores de (i) produtividade potencial (dióxido de carbono, temperatura, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, fotoperíodo e genótipo), (ii) produtividade atingível, com elevado uso de insumos e tecnologia e (iii) produtividade real. A classificação climática de acordo com ambos os autores caracterizou a maior parte do território formado pela UEMOA como árido e em relação ao zoneamento agrícola, tem-se que a região da UEMOA é altamente indicada para o cultivo de milho e de soja, contudo, os valores médios de produtividade real referentes a esses cultivos são inferiores aos valores da produtividade atingível, indicando que o principal problema na região é o baixo nível de adoção tecnológica. / The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in french: Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine) is an organization of eight West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The following study has as main objectives: (a) climate classification by Köppen e Thornthwaite; and (b) agricultural zoning for maize and soybean in the UEMOA region based on (i) potencial yield (carbon dioxide, temperature, photosyntheticaly active radiation, photoperiod and genotype), (ii) attainable yield, under high inputs and technological adoption and (iii) actual yield. Climate classification according to both authors characterized most of the territory formed by UEMOA as arid and regarding to agricultural zoning, UEMOA region is highly suitable for growing maize and soybeans, however, average values of actual yield in relation to these crops are lower than those of attainable yield, indicating that the main problem in this region is the low level of technological adoption.

Ce travail de recherche s’inscrit dans une étude portant sur l’histoire des migrations en Afrique de l’ouest. De l’axe Burkina Faso /Côte d’ivoire et plus particulièrement des mécanismes d’intégration et de construction de la citoyenneté des immigrés vivant en zone rurale ivoirienne. La Côte d’Ivoire, terre historique de migrations diverses, jouissant d’une stabilité politique et socio-économique remarquablement apprécié, dans toute la sous région Ouest Africaine, a connue ces dernières années une succession de crises sociopolitique, qui a créer une fracture entre ses habitants vivant jadis en harmonie. Cette situation est liée pour beaucoup à la différenciation sociale et à l’exclusion d’une partie de sa population d’origine étrangère. Cette population d’étude, caractérisée par les immigrés burkinabés du village de Koudougou dans le centre ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire, nous orienteras dans notre recherche à travers la compréhension de leur trajectoire de migration, la différenciation sociale dont ils sont victimes dans leur lieu de sédentarisation et les mécanismes qu’ils mettent en place pour construire leur citoyenneté, en contournant les restrictions mis en place par la communauté d’accueil. / This research is part of a study of the history of migration in West Africa. The axis Burkina Faso / Ivory Coast and especially the mechanisms of integration and building the citizenship of immigrants in Ivorian rural areas. Ivory Coast, historic land of various migrations, enjoying political stability and socio-economic remarkably popular, throughout the West African sub-region has experienced in recent years a succession of socio-political crises, which create a divide between its people once living in harmony. This situation is linked to many social differentiation and exclusion of part of its foreign population. This study population, characterized by the Burkinabe immigrants from the village of Koudougou in west central of Ivory Coast, will direct us in our search through the understanding of their migration path, social differentiation against them in their place of settlement and the mechanisms they put in place to build their citizenship, bypassing the restrictions put in place by the host community.

L’ulcère de Buruli est la troisième mycobactériose la plus prévalente dans le monde après la tuberculose et la lèpre. L’ulcère de Buruli sévit dans au moins 33 pays dont l’Afrique de l’Ouest qui présente la prévalence la plus élevée. Parmi ces pays dans lesquels l’ulcère de Buruli est rapporté, la Côte d’Ivoire dont nous sommes originaires présente la plus forte incidence de 36% déclarée à l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé. L’ulcère de Buruli est causé par Mycobacterium ulcerans, une mycobactérie environnementale dont le réservoir et les sources de transmission à l’homme, ne sont pas élucidés. Notre revue de la littérature a porté sur les sources environnementales de cette mycobactérie en Afrique de l’Ouest. Sur cette base, nous avons réalisé une vaste campagne de prélèvements d’échantillons environnementaux en Côte d’Ivoire et détecté par PCR en temps réel M. ulcerans dans l’eau stagnante, le sol et les selles d’un mammifère herbivore Thryonomys swinderianus. Ensuite, nous avons prouvé expérimentalement que M. ulcerans pouvait survivre dans le sol pendant au moins quatre mois et que le sol était source d’infection expérimentale par M. ulcerans dans un modèle animal. Ces résultats suggèrent que, en Côte d’Ivoire, l’eau stagnante, le sol et cet animal pourraient jouer un rôle dans le cycle de vie de la bactérie. Dans le second travail, nous avons valorisé des plantes tropicales aquatiques par l’utilisation de leurs extraits dans le milieu de culture de M. ulcerans, mycobactérie à croissance lente pour accélérer sa croissance. Dans le troisième travail, nous avons montré l’efficacité in vitro et dans un modèle animal, du bleu de méthylène contre M. ulcerans. / Buruli ulcer is the third mycobacteriosis in the world after tuberculosis, leprosy. Buruli ulcer is widespread in at least 33 countries including West Africa which has the highest prevalence. Among the countries in which Buruli ulcer is reported, Ivory Coast which we come from has the highest incidence of 36% reported in the World Health Organization. Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans, an environmental mycobacterium whose reservoir and source of transmission to humans, are not understood. Our review of the literature focused on environmental sources of this mycobacterium in West Africa, which converge stagnant aquatic environment. On this basis, we conducted an extensive campaign of environmental sampling in Ivory Coast and detected by real-time PCR M. ulcerans in stagnant water, soil and feces of an herbivorous mammal Thryonomys swinderianus. Then we experimentally proved that M. ulcerans could survive in the soil for at least four months. These results suggest that, in Ivory Coast, stagnant water, soil and animal could play a role in the life cycle of the bacterium. In the second work, we have upgraded aquatic tropical plants by the use of extracts in the culture medium of M. ulcerans, slow growing mycobacteria to accelerate its growth. In the third work, we proposed the methylene blue, less expensive, easy to access as an alternative treatment for Buruli ulcer. It is appropriate to resume the experiment on methylene blue by other teams of researchers and after reproducing our experimental data, suggest the topical use of purified, non-toxic methylene blue in human clinical.