Le jus d'orange frais est largement apprécié par les consommateurs en raison de son goût agréable et sa haute valeur nutritionnelle. La qualité du jus d'orange frais est rapidement altérée, notamment par les microorganismes. L'addition des antimicrobiens d'origine végétale au jus d'orange pourrait augmenter la durée de vie de ce jus durant le stockage à 4 °C. Parmi ces antimicrobiens naturels, plusieurs sont sensibles aux facteurs environnementaux qui diminuent leur efficacité dans les produits alimentaires, ce qui nécessite leur incorporation dans des systèmes d'encapsulation. Bien que ce domaine soit promettant, l'évaluation de l'activité des molécules antimicrobiennes encapsulées dans des jus de fruits reste limitée. Nous avons recherché une molécule naturelle active contre Lactobacillus fermentum, une bactérie impliquée dans la détérioration du jus 'orange, dans le milieu de culture. Le nérolidol (Ner), un sesquiterpène alcool, a été sélectionné parmi 28 molécules naturelles (terpènes et phénols) criblées et a montré une puissante activité contre L. fermentum (concentration minimale inhibitrice (CMI) = 25 μM et concentration minimale bactéricide (CMB)= 50 μM) dans le milieu de culture à 37 °C. Dans la suite du travail, le Ner a été incorporé dans le complexe d'inclusion hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD)/Ner, les liposomes conventionnels (LCs), les liposomes contenant le complexe d'inclusion (DCL) et les bicelles. Les analyses HPLC ont montré que les complexes d'inclusion, les LCs et le système DCL contenaient 40, 30 et 15 μg Ner/mg poudre, respectivement. En outre, les systèmes ont été caractérisés en termes de morphologie, de taille, d'homogénéité et de potentiel zêta. Le Ner a été incorporé dans les bicelles à un rapport molaire phospholipides:Ner de 100:1 sans altération de la structure du système (taille, homogénéité, potentiel zêta, morphologie). Cette formulation a montré une efficacité d'encapsulation du Ner et un taux d'incorporation des phospholipides élevés et un pourcentage de Ner dans les bicelles de 0,86%. A des concentrations plus élevées, le Ner a altéré les caractéristiques physiques (taille, homogénéité, morphologie) et thermodynamiques de la membrane des bicelles et a augmenté le désordre au niveau membranaire. Le complexe d'inclusion HP-β-CD/Ner (CMI = 100 μM et CMB= 200 μM) a montré une bonne efficacité contre L. fermentum dans le milieu de culture à 37 °C. L'efficacité du Ner libre et du complexe d'inclusion HP-β-CD/Ner a énormément diminué dans le jus d'orange réfrigéré, vu qu'un effet bactéricide total a été obtenu après 8 et 17 jours d'incubation, respectivement, à 2000 μM en Ner. Alors que les liposomes ont bloqué cette activité pour au moins 20 jours et ont altéré l'aspect du jus. A 4000 μM en Ner libre ou incorporé dans le complexe d'inclusion, une mort bactérienne totale a été observée après 5 et 6 jours, respectivement. En outre, la présence du complexe d'inclusion n'a pas modifié le pH et l'acidité titrable du jus, alors qu'une faible augmentation du degré de Brix a été observée. Des études ultérieures sur l'activité antibactérienne des bicelles incorporant le Ner peuvent être envisagées pour déterminer l'efficacité du système préparé. Ce système pourrait être aussi caractérisé en termes de cinétique de libération, de protection du Ner / Fresh orange juice is widely appreciated by consumers due to its pleasant taste and high nutritional value. Fresh orange juice is rapidly altered during storage, especially by microorganisms. The addition of plant-derived antimicrobials to orange juice may increase its shelf life during storage at 4 °C. Many of these natural antimicrobials are sensitive to environmental factors which reduce their effectiveness in food products. Therefore, their incorporation into encapsulation systems is required. Although this strategy is promising, the evaluation of the activity of encapsulated antimicrobials in fruit juices remains limited. In this study, we searched for a natural molecule active against Lactobacillus fermentum, a bacterium involved in the deterioration of orange juice, in the culture medium. Nerolidol (Ner), a sesquiterpene alcohol, was selected among 28 natural molecules (terpenes and phenols) and showed a potent activity against L. fermentum (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) = 25 μM and minimal bactericidal concentration (CMB) = 50 μM) in culture medium at 37 °C. Ner was incorporated into hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion complex, conventional liposomes (CLs), dug-in-cyclodextrin-in liposome (DCL) and bicelles. HPLC analysis showed a Ner content of 40, 30 and 15 μg per mg powder of HP-β-CD/Ner inclusion complex, LCs, and DCL system, respectively. In addition, the systems were characterized in terms of morphology, size, homogeneity, and zeta potential. Ner was incorporated in bicelles at a phospholipids to Ner molar ratio of 100:1 without altering the structural characteristics of the system (size, homogeneity, zeta potential, morphology). This formulation showed a high encapsulation efficiency of Ner, a high phospholipid incorporation rate, and a molar percentage of Ner in bicelles of 0.86%. At higher concentrations, Ner altered the physical (size, homogeneity, morphology) and the thermodynamic parameters of the bicelles membrane in addition to the increase in membrane fluidity. The HP-β-CD/Ner inclusion complex (MIC = 100 μM and CMB = 200 μM) showed good efficacy against L. fermentum in the culture medium at 37 C. The efficacy of free Ner and HP-β-CD/Ner inclusion complex was greatly reduced in refrigerated orange juice, as a total bactericidal activity was observed after 8 and 17 days of incubation, respectively, at a Ner concentration of 2000 μM. Whereas, liposomes blocked this activity for at least 20 days and altered the appearance of the juice. At 4000 μMof free Ner or Ner incorporated into the inclusion complex, a total bacterial death was observed after 5 and 6 days, respectively. In addition, the presence of the inclusion complex did not alter the pH and the titratable acidity of the juice, while a slight increase in the Brix degree value was observed. Subsequent studies on the antibacterial activity of bicelles incorporating Ner may be considered to determine the effectiveness of the prepared system. This system could also be characterized in terms of release rate and Ner stability

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo tratar do direito de estar em juízo desacompanhado de advogado (ius postulandi) perante a Justiça do Trabalho, mais especificamente diante das alterações trazidas pela Emenda Constitucional nº 45/2004. O trabalho inicia-se por uma narrativa histórica que descreve o caminho traçado pelo instituto, desde sua criação até os dias de hoje, demonstrando que desde cedo houve problemas em relação à sua utilização. Após, cuida-se de analisar brevemente o novo quadro trazido pela Emenda já citada, evidenciando, sobretudo, o aumento substancial de matérias complexas que foram trazidas ao crivo do Judiciário Trabalhista. Em seguida, demonstra-se que, ao seguir a lógica da maioria da doutrina, ficaria autorizada a utilização do ius postulandi também para estes novos temas. Tal situação, prosseguimos, tornou polêmica a permanência do instituto no ordenamento, especialmente se levada em consideração uma análise que tenha como ponto principal a idéia do acesso à justiça. Depois, corroborando a tese, examinam-se alguns aspectos práticos da questão, descrevendo-se pontos relacionados ao ius postulandi quando efetivamente utilizado em uma Sala de Audiências. Ao final, trata-se de assuntos correlatos ao tema, indicando medidas que devem correr em paralelo à questão envolvendo citado instituto, para que se possa efetivamente buscar à situação mais justa para a parte. Conclui-se, assim, a dissertação, com a apresentação dos argumentos finais e o posicionamento no sentido da inaplicabilidade do ius postulandi em matéria trabalhista / The purpose of this dissertation is to discuss the ius postulandi (the right to claim without legal assistance) with regard to the Labor Law, especially concerning the modifications arisen out of Constitutional Amendment No. 4512004. The paper begins with a historical narrative that describes the evolution of ius postulandi in Brazil, and the problems related to its use, since its creation up to the present day. After that, it is briefly analyzed the new framework brought out by the Amendment, evidencing, in particular, the substantial increase of complex matters that were brought to the Labor Court Jurisdiction. Then, it is demonstrated that, by following the logic of the majority of the doctrine, it would also be authorized the use of ius postulandi for these new matters. Thereafter, this situation turned untenable the maintenance of the institute in the legal structure, once it can not resist to an analysis that takes as main topic the idea of the access to justice. Later, some practical aspects of such issue are analyzed, describing controversial topics related to the subject when effectively used in an Audience room. At the end, some corresponded topics concerning to ius postulandi are also analyzed, appointing altematives for granting non-restrictive access of justice for all employees and, consequently, reach the most fair to the party. The dissertation is concluded with the exposition of the final arguments and the position for the inapplicability of ius postulandi in Labor Courts in Brazil.

<p>I Estland 2007 utbröt vad som kommit att kallas ”Cyberwar I”, vari ett stort antal centrala myndigheters, tillika finansiella institutioners servrar attackerades av massiva så kallade Computer Network Attacks (CNA), utfört av framförallt ryska aktörer. Estland protesterade högljutt, men frågan huruvida CNA är att beteckna som olovligt är allt annat än klar. Prövningen sker mot den folkrättsliga regimen <em>Jus ad Bellum, </em>och huruvida metoden uppfyller vissa centrala begrepp. Men hur skall denna regim<em> </em>appliceras CNA?</p><p>De frågeställningar som avses besvaras är: hur kan CNA utgöra <em>våld </em>eller <em>hot om våld</em> i enlighet med FN-stadgans artikel 2(4) samt hur kan CNA utgöra <em>väpnat angrepp</em> i enlighet med FN-stadgans artikel 51? Detta avses göras genom en studie inbegripande flertalet folkrättsliga experters teorier på området CNA och våldsanvändning, samt applicering av desamma på en fallstudie av händelserna i Estland 2007.</p><p>Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att flertalet variabler har bärighet i hur CNA kan uppfylla artiklarnas centrala begrepp, vari frågan om <em>association, effekt, aktör </em>och <em>mål</em> tydligast faller ut. I en efterföljande diskussion påvisas dock hur variablerna endast är att betrakta som indicier på hur CNA kan klassas så som olovligt, varvid endast statspraxis kan ge den slutgiltiga bedömningen.</p>

I Estland 2007 utbröt vad som kommit att kallas ”Cyberwar I”, vari ett stort antal centrala myndigheters, tillika finansiella institutioners servrar attackerades av massiva så kallade Computer Network Attacks (CNA), utfört av framförallt ryska aktörer. Estland protesterade högljutt, men frågan huruvida CNA är att beteckna som olovligt är allt annat än klar. Prövningen sker mot den folkrättsliga regimen Jus ad Bellum, och huruvida metoden uppfyller vissa centrala begrepp. Men hur skall denna regim appliceras CNA? De frågeställningar som avses besvaras är: hur kan CNA utgöra våld eller hot om våld i enlighet med FN-stadgans artikel 2(4) samt hur kan CNA utgöra väpnat angrepp i enlighet med FN-stadgans artikel 51? Detta avses göras genom en studie inbegripande flertalet folkrättsliga experters teorier på området CNA och våldsanvändning, samt applicering av desamma på en fallstudie av händelserna i Estland 2007. Sammanfattningsvis konstateras att flertalet variabler har bärighet i hur CNA kan uppfylla artiklarnas centrala begrepp, vari frågan om association, effekt, aktör och mål tydligast faller ut. I en efterföljande diskussion påvisas dock hur variablerna endast är att betrakta som indicier på hur CNA kan klassas så som olovligt, varvid endast statspraxis kan ge den slutgiltiga bedömningen.

I cambiamenti verificatisi nel sistema internazionale nel corso degli ultimi anni hanno avuto una profonda incidenza sul dibattito teorico circa l'uso della forza e i conflitti armati. In particolare, il cambiamento che si è avuto nel warfare ha portato a concentrare l'attenzione su due aspetti particolari della guerra, ovvero la sua giustificazione morale e la relazione tra uso della forza e diritto internazionale. Inoltre, rispetto al passato, la fase successiva ai conflitti assume una rilevanza sempre maggiore. Scopo di questo lavoro è, quindi, da un lato analizzare la teoria della guerra giusta in relazione al diritto internazionale e alle sfide poste dall'attuale sistema internazionale, evidenziandone gli elementi teorici più problematici e, dall'altro, delineare gli elementi normativi necessari per una teoria della pace giusta. Se, infatti, la tradizione teorica relativa a ius ad bellum e ius in bello è ben consolidata, i problemi teorici ed empirici che si pongono circa lo ius post bellum sono nuovi e ancora senza risposta. Il lavoro cerca quindi di formulare gli elementi normativi che dovrebbero regolare lo ius post bellum affinché vengano soddisfatti i requisiti di giustizia post-conflittuale Infine, alla luce degli elementi teorici emersi sono stati analizzati tre conflitti che ben si prestano a valutare empiricamente la teoria della guerra giusta, ovvero il primo conflitto in Iraq del 1991, l'intervento in Kosovo del 1999 e il secondo conflitto in Iraq del 2003. / The changes occurred in the international system during the last decade had a deep influence on the theoretical debate about use of force and armed conflicts. In particular, changes in warfare focused attention on two different aspects of war its moral justifiability and the relation between the use of force and international law. Furthermore, the post-conflict phase is becoming more and more important. The aim of this work is twofold: on one hand, to analyse the relationship between Just War Theory and international law and the challenges raising from the new international system, underlining the most problematic aspects from a theoretical point of view. On the other hand, the aim is to sketch some normative elements of Just Peace Theory. If jus ad bellum and jus in bello theories are well-established, there are many theoretical and empirical problems related to jus post bellum Consequently, this work tries to advance some normative elements required to regulate jus post bellum in order to satisfy requirements of post-conflict justice. Finally, in the light of the elements arisen in the theoretical part of the work, three conflicts particularly relevant for Just War Theory are taken into account: the 1991 war in Iraq, the 1999 intervention in Kosovo e and the 2003 conflict in Iraq.

No description available.

This dissertation offers a new understanding about wartime decision making in the face of likely, but unintended, harm to foreign civilians. It empirically identifies conditions under which leaders in democratic nations are more or less likely to choose to attack a target when confronted with a dilemma between pursuing national security objectives and avoiding civilian casualties. An innovative targeting decision model was constructed that described both the theorized structure of the decisions inputs and the process by which these inputs are assembled into a choice. The model went beyond the normal target benefit and civilian casualty cost considerations of proportionality to also include the contextual input of prospect frame. Decision makers were expected to address the same benefit and cost differently depending on whether they were winning or losing the conflict. This was because the prospect frame would influence their risk attitudes, as predicted by prospect theory. This model was then tested via two decision-making experiments that used military officers and defense civilians as participants. Additionally, a statistical analysis of data collected from an extended period of the second Intifada was done to seek evidence that the model also applied in actual wartime decision making. All three tests supported portions of the targeting decision model. Higher target benefit and lower civilian casualty estimates increased support for the planned attack. Prospect frame influenced decisions in the cases where both target value and the civilian casualty estimates were high and the resulting dilemma was very difficult. In these situations, those told that their forces were losing the conflict were less sensitive to humanitarian harm and more likely to support the attack than when they were told their side was winning. Furthermore, the Intifada data analysis of attacks approved by Israeli officials against Palestinians found this same effect of prospect frame held generally across all six years of observations.

Inspired by the visual allegory ("Conquista, embarcáronse a las Indias" fol. 73 of the Nueva corónica), Legnani contends that the development of the laws of peoples (jus gentium) by 16th century Spanish jurists should be analyzed within the corpus of commercial law (lex mercatoria) employed by sea merchants, bankers and mercenaries throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. This dissertation explores the movement from figure to fiction in discourses of capital and violence. / Romance Languages and Literatures

Paprotys - vienas reikšmingiausių ir seniausių teisės šaltinių. Kartu, nepaisant egzistuojančių priešingų nuomonių, tai vienas reikšmingiausių tarptautinės teisės šaltinių. Tarptautinį paprotį sudaro du elementai: 1. objektyvus - valstybių praktika, kuri turi atitikti bendrumo, vieningumo, nuoseklumo, trukmės reikalavimus; 2. subjektyvus - atitinkamos praktikos pripažinimas teisiškai privaloma. Abu minėti elementai yra reikšmingi ir būtini paprotinės normos susiformavimui. Kartu tarptautinis paprotys yra glaudžiai susijęs su "pastovaus prieštarautojo", "greito" papročio bei jus cogens normų doktrinomis. Pažymėtina, jog, nepaisant egzistuojančių kodifikavimo tendencijų, tarptautinis paprotys išlieka reikšmingu tarptautinės teisės šaltiniu. / Custom is one of the oldest and widely recognized legal sources. In addition, despite existing different approaches, custom is considered to be one of the most significant legal sources of international law. International custom consists of two elements: 1. objective - state practice, which must also fulfill the requirements of consistency, repetition, duration and generality; 2. subjective - the recognition of certain practice as legally binding. Both above mentioned elements are of significant importance in the formation of customary rule. International custom is also closely related to the doctrines of "persistent objector", "instant" custom and jus cogens norms. Finally, it must be noticed that, despite the existing codification tendencies, international custom still remains a very important source of international law.

Le bleuet démontre un potentiel thérapeutique dans le traitement du cancer et des maladies cardiovasculaires et neurodégénératives. Ces effets bénéfiques sont attribuables aux composés phénoliques abondants dans le bleuet, tels que les anthocyanines et les flavonoïdes. La biotransformation du jus de bleuet avec les bactéries Serratia vaccinii augmente sa teneur en composés phénoliques et son activité anti-oxydante, et modifie ses activités physiologiques. L’objectif de la présente étude est d’évaluer l’activité neuroprotectrice et le potentiel antidiabétique du jus de bleuet biostranformé (BJ). Le BJ est étudié dans différents tests dont : 1) La protection des neurones (N2a) contre le stress oxydatif (SO) induit par le peroxyde d’hydrogène; 2) La stimulation de la prise de glucose par les cellules musculaires (C2C12) et adipeuses (3T3-L1); 3) L’activité anti-hyperglycémique chez les souris obèses diabétiques KKAy. En effet, tandis que le jus de bleuet normal n’a aucun effet, le BJ augmente l’activité des enzymes anti-oxydantes, comme la catalase et la SOD (Superoxide Dimutase) et protège les neurones contre les changements de la signalisation des MAPKs et contre la toxicité induite par le peroxyde d’hydrogène. Le BJ augmente aussi la prise de glucose de 48% dans les cellules C2C12 et de 142% dans les cellules 3T3-L1. Cette augmentation n’est pas expliquée par une augmentation du calcium cytosolique mais plutôt par une stimulation de la phosphorylation de l’AMPK. De plus, le BJ inhibe l’adipogenèse chez les 3T3-L1. Le BJ diminue également l’hyperglycémie chez les souris obèses diabétiques KKAy et protège les jeunes souris pré-diabétiques contre le développement de l’obésité et du diabète. L’activité anti-hyperglycémique du BJ pourrait impliquer les adipokines puisque le BJ augmente le niveau d’adiponectine chez les souris diabétiques. Le BJ représente ainsi une approche prometteuse pour le traitement du diabète et les maladies neurodégénératives et une source de nouveaux agents thérapeutiques contre ces maladies. / Blueberry demonstrates therapeutic potential against cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These desirable effects are thought to involve abundant phenolic compounds in blueberry such as anthocyanins and flavonoids. Blueberry juice biotransformation by Serratia vaccinii bacteria increases its phenolics content, its antioxidant activity and modifies its physiological properties. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the neuroprotection activity and the antidiabetic potential of biostranformed blueberry juice (BJ). BJ was studied for: 1) Protection of neurons (N2a) against oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide; 2) Stimulation of glucose uptake by muscle cells (C2C12) and adipocytes (3T3-L1); 3) Anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic obese KKAy mice. Indeed, whereas normal blueberry juice did not show any effect, BJ increased antioxidant enzymes activities (catalase, SOD) and protected neurons against modifications in MAPKs pathways and toxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide. BJ also increased glucose uptake by 48% in C2C12 cells and by 142% in 3T3-L1 cells. Enhanced glucose uptake could not be explained by an increase of cytosolic calcium but was related to the stimulation of AMPK phosphorylation. Moreover, BJ inhibited 3T3-L1 adiopogenesis. BJ also reduced hyperglycemia of obese diabetic KKAy mice and protected pre-diabetic young mice against the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus. The anti-hyperglycemic effect of BJ may involve adipokine pathways since BJ increased adiponectin levels in diabetic mice. Thus, BJ represents a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of diabetes mellitus and possibly neurogenerative diseases as well as a source of novel therapeutic agents against these disorders.