Uppsatsen behandlar informationsoperationer från en operativ synvinkel. Teorianknytningen görs gentemotmanöverteorin, med dess delmängd manöverkrigföring. Syftet med uppsatsen är att besvara vilka förmågor tillinformationsoperationer som finns i Försvarsmakten idag samt vilka möjligheter de skapar för framtiden medfokus på år 2010. Detta exemplifieras genom ett scenario, en strategisk typsituation, där uppsatsen svarar påhur dessa förmågor skall användas som en del i striden i en fiktiv fredsframtvingande insats inom ramen förEU: s krishanteringsstyrka.Utifrån de förmågor som redan finns idag och som har vidareutvecklats fram till år 2010 skapas förslag till attutveckla ytterligare förmågor. Med den strategiska typsituationen som fond föreslås att en förbättrad förmågatill psykologiska operationer och nätverksattacker bör skapas. För att skapa ett bättre fundament för Försvarsmaktensförmåga till informationsoperationer föreslås även en utvidgning och fördjupning av samordningenmellan de statliga myndigheter som berörs av defensiva informationsoperationer samt ett upprättande av ettstrategiskt kompetenscentrum för informationsoperationer. Slutligen diskuteras tesen om informationsoperationertillför en ny dimension i krigföringen: informationskriget. / This essay explores information operations and information warfare more froman operational than a technical point of view. The theory behind this thesis is amanoeuvre warfare approach, since that is the stipulated way for the SwedishDefence Forces and information operations is an indirect method of influenceand defeat the enemy.The scope is to determinate what operational abilities to conduct offensive- anddefensive information operations are necessary in the year 2010. The essayuses a developed qualitative method with a qualitative analysis of documentsand literature.The scientific procedure used includes analyse, fact collection, a processof scenario implementation and finally a synthesis from abilities Swedishdefence forces have today and desirable operational abilities generated inthe scenario.The suggested areas to improve operational abilities are psychological operationsand computer network attacks. The main cause for these suggestions areforemost that Swedish Defence Forces at present time does not have any substantialabilities in these areas. The second cause is that both psychological andnetwork centric warfare is an indirect approach to defeat an adversary.Finally the essay discusses if information will become the fifth dimension inmodern warfare, just like air, land and naval operations. The author suggests,based on examples, that that will probably be the cause in the future. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 01-03

Regeringens uppdrag till FM avseende militära informationsoperationer(MIO) är tydligt. FM skall bygga upp en kompetens, omfattande metoderför skydd, planering och genomförande av MIO.Är IO, och då särskilt de offensiva metoderna relaterade till funktionen, enviktig komponent i de framtida väpnade styrkorna, och vad krävs för attFM framgångsrikt skall kunna implementera en reell operativ förmågaavseende MIO, är de övergripande frågeställningarna som besvaras i dennauppsats.Inledningsvis definieras begreppet IO. Omvärldens syn på IO, en fördjupadbeskrivning av de offensiva metoderna samt en redovisning av FMinriktning i ett tioårigt perspektiv, utgör uppsatsens empiriska underlag.Avslutningsvis värderas uppsatsens slutsatser relativtmanöverkrigföringens grundprinciper och en hypotes formuleras. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 01-03

Uppsatsen behandlar explorativt en svensk modell för informationsoperationer, avseende ledning ochplanering, vilken skall kunna verka från nationellt försvar till deltagande i multinationell krishantering.Syftet med uppsatsen är att bringa kunskap om var Sverige står i dagsläget avseende synen påinformationsoperationer som metod, samt ta fram en modell för ledning och planering som passar vårtsätt att leda och planera.I uppsatsen har en utvecklad kvalitativ metod använts. Metoden har inneburit kvalitativ analys av texteroch intervjumaterial. Det vetenskapliga tillvägagångssättet har bestått av analys, framtagande avhypotes, faktainsamling, bearbetning med kvalitativ analys och komparation samt syntes.Uppsatsen redogör för nuvarande amerikansk och svensk syn på informationsoperationer. Jämför om detfinns några avgörande skillnader mellan dessa båda synsätt. Därefter sker en prövning av hypotes somresulterar i en modell, vilken avslutningsvis exemplifieras. / This essay explores and develops a Swedish model for information operations,concerning C2 and planning, which will work both in national defence as wellas when participating in multinational crisis response operations.The purpose of the essay is to bring knowledge about where Sweden standstoday concerning its view on information operations, and develop a model forC2 and planning that suits the Swedish Defence Forces.The essay uses a developed qualitative method with a qualitative analysis ofdocuments and interviews. The scientific procedure used includes analyse, factcollection, a process of qualitative comparison and finally a synthesis.The essay describes the current American and Swedish view on informationoperations. Compares if there are any deciding differences between the viewsand after this a hypothesis is tested. This testing results in a model for SwedishC2 and planning of information operations. This model is finally exemplifiedby using a scenario of a military operation for national defence. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 00-02

The new information society has revolutionised almost the entire world. But the new technique does not only bring good. That which was before only available on paper may today only be available on a computer system. This makes it possible to send data electronically. In the wrong hands that information can become a threat against the security of an individual, a company or even a nation. The possibility to protect oneself against attacks from the outside becomes increasingly difficult. There are a lot of factors involved but a major factor is the fast technical development we now see within this area. Our defence minister, Björn von Sydow, writes in an article that it is almost impossible to protect one self against the unexpected. Björn Andersson (SÄPO) says as well that there are no secure systems, only more or less easy penetrable systems for the attacker to attack. The threat against Sweden is quite diffuse. The old threat of invasion is no longer which can make it difficult to identify a specific threat. The word of the governments today is terrorism. The purpose of our paper, considering this background, is to take a look at the possible threats against swedish information systems and to see the seriousness of the threats these systems are facing. It mainly consists of systems for ensuring we are provided with power and water and that finance and communication works. The questions that we ask ourselves are if information warfare indeed is a threat ? Who are the attackers and what drives them to perform the actions they perform ? Which are the targets they aim their attacks against ? Are the techniques behind information warfare realistic and is there really a threat, or is it all just blown out of proportions ? To get answers to our questions we have gone through a lot of material. A lot of it was downloaded from the Internet and has been of varying character. We have also been given a lot of material from our government and we have read some literature about the area of interest. We have finally done some interviews with staff from Lunds Energi, Skanova Networks and Säkerhetspolisen.

The information arena is today incorporated into all types of conflicts and offers, in addition to conventional methods, different approaches whose purpose is to influence and undermine their adversaries and thus shape the battlefield to their own terms. Information warfare embraces everything from propaganda and disinformation to cyber warfare where the concept's embeddedness really depends on who uses it and in what context. The term tends to spread in its meaning in the sense that the definition differs within the discipline. In order to be able to perceive, understand and counteract threats linked to information warfare, an understanding of what the concept actually means is required. This study is based on a conceptual model consisting of John Gerring's theoretical framework "Good Concepts" and aims to explore the concept of information warfare, how it is understood and elucidate its multifaceted meaning. Gerring's criteria examines the concept's underlying attributes, which emphasizes that the concept itself risks conveying different meanings. The study highlights ambiguity by identifying for instance cyberattacks, psychological operations,electronic warfare, political / strategic objectivesand a mix of different methodssuch as possible perceptions linked to information warfare. The results of the study show that an ambiguity exists within the concept of information warfare and that an understanding of the concept is of importance in the discipline of war science. In the end, it is about an understanding of the threats that accompanies the concept, but also the current need for a critical approach to how others use and interpret the concept.

Sedan 1979 när den amerikanska ambassaden i Teheran ockuperades av studenter och personalentogs som gisslan under 444 dagar har kontakterna mellan Iran och USA varit ansträngda. Iran harbland annat pekats ut av president George W Bush som ”en av ondskans axelmakter”. Syftet meddenna uppsats är att undersöka vilka metoder för amerikanskt strategiskt inflytande som haranvänts av USA mot Iran och haft framgång. Den valda metoden är kvalitativ textanalys. Utifrånfrågeställningen:Vilken/vilka typer av strategiskt inflytande har varit effektiva för att påverka styret av Iran?granskas tre fall av informationsoperationer (militär-, politisk- och mediaoperation) genomfördamot Iran mellan 1979 och 2006. Aktörerna ayatolla, parlament, president, prästerskap ochmedelklass beskrivs utifrån Pierre Bourdieus fältteori för att belysa vilka metoder som varitändamålsenliga och framgångsrika från USA:s sida. Granskningen visar att USA:s främsta väg tillframgång har varit psyops och mjuka metoder mot utvalda grupper medan direkt konfrontation iform av hårda politiska påtryckningar och hot om, eller bruket av militära medel inte i sammautsträckning varit framgångsrika. / Since 1979 when students occupied the American embassy in Tehran and the entire U.S.legation was taken hostage for 444 days, diplomatic relations between Iran and the U.S. hasbeen strained. Iran has also been pointed out as one of the countries “in the axis of evil” bypresident George W Bush. The purpose of this thesis is to examine what means and methodsof Strategic Influence that has been successfully used by the U.S. against Iran. Qualitative textanalysis has been the chosen method. To answer the question:What means of Strategic Influence has been effective in the attempt to influence thegovernment of Iran?Three cases of accomplished or ongoing information operations (one military-, one political-,and one media-operation) performed 1979-2006 is presented. Using the Field theory of PierreBourdieu the following actors on the Iranian field is introduced; Ayatollah, President,Parliament, Priests and the Middleclass in order to examine what methods have been usefuland successful from a U.S. perspective. This examination claims that it is the use of psyopsand soft approaches towards specific targets that has been the American success-story whilethe use of hard political pressure and the threat to, or use of military means has not achievedthe desired effects. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 04-06

Studien syftar till att undersöka möjligheterna och ge förslag på hur informationsoperationer kan integreras i deoperativa stabsövningarna på Försvarshögskolan. Vilka likheter och skillnader finns det med de traditionellakrigsspelen? Går det att använda dessa krigsspel även om vi vill öva andra metoder? Ämnet är valt då stort intresse förinformationsoperationer finns i Försvarsmakten. Det finns än så länge inga klara koncept och strukturer för hur manska använda denna metod.Studien inleds med att allmänt granska militärteori, krigsspel och informationsoperationer. De två senare granskassedan utifrån modellen med mål, begrepp och processer. Teorislutsatser utifrån det militärteoretiska tänkandet förssedan med till studiens diskussionsdel.Därefter jämförs resultaten med en komparation och tar fasta på skillnader och likheter mellan krigsspel med och utaninslag av informationsoperationer. Resultatet visar att det inte finns några skillnader i målsättningen, utan resultatetåterfinns främst i de processer som genomförs och under vissa av begreppen. De största skillnaderna där ärtidsramarna och utvärderingen samt organisatoriskt behovet av en IO-cell.Den avslutande diskussionsdelen ger förslag på hur ett framtida övningskoncepet på Försvarshögskolan med inslag avinformationsoperationer kan se ut. Här påvisas även vissa nyckelfaktorer som bör vara uppfyllda för att med krigsspelkunna öva detta. Nyckelfaktorerna är också starkt kopplade till den militärstrategiska doktrinen som utgjort denteoribildning som studien vilar på. / This essay explores the possibilities of using information operations in wargaming,and offers a proposal of how to integrate that in operational staffexercises at the Swedish National Defence College (SNDC). What is thedifference in using traditional war games? Is it possible to use the older wargames if you want to exercise other methods?The essay starts with an overview of military theory, war-gaming andinformation operations in general. The latter two will be more deeply exploredwith the business modelling method, objective, concept and process. My theoryconclusions will be referred to in to the discussion part of my essay.After that I will compare the results of my comparison and look aftersimilarities and differences between war games with or without informationoperations. The result shows that there is no difference in objectives, but morein the different processes that appear under concepts related to war-gaming.The biggest changes were to be found in the time-frames and evaluation.The remaining part of the essay, the discussion part, gives examples of what afuture exercise concept at the SNDC could look like with elements ofinformation operations. I will also point out key factors that must be performedbefore using war games to exercise this. The key factors are also stronglyconnected to the Swedish military doctrine, which the essay is based on. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP 01-03

The absence of previous research regarding Russia´s use of information warfare has not been able to show if there has been a new way of adapting information warfare alongside the development in the warfare in general. The previous research has established a development in warfare by the means of information technology. This is important to understand as it constitutes an equalizer between small states and great powers in the global arena. At the same time, it is even more important to understand that the development of Russian behavior has implications on warfare in a global perspective. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to the conclusions of previous research which predicted a transformation in the warfare and give a new view of the transformation by inspecting Russia´s use of information warfare in modern warfare and probe if there has been a change. Additional purpose of this study is to understand Russia´s way of conduct in modern conflicts and have a better ability of control in forthcoming conflicts. The method used reflects the qualitative case and is constructed as a one-case study with variation in time, using three different conflicts. The analysis is conducted by the means of operational indicators extracted from Libickis theory. The result of the study shows that Russia have changed their way of using information warfare in between all of the three conflicts, and it is not that easy to say that the use of information warfare has changed. It might depend on the situation or the opposite side and how the individual conflict occur. There is no clear answer on that question, but this essay gives a deeper view in the use of information warfare by Russia in modern conflicts.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been ongoing since 2014, the focus in this paper is the spread of disinformation. Russia's capability to spread their disinformation is partly because of how the Russian media is structured, it's structured in such a way that lets the government control it. In this report the authors also interviewed two Swedish government agencies, Myndigheten för Psykologiskt Försvar and Försvarshögskolan. These interviews were conducted to deepen the authors' understanding of the agencies' views on these kinds of problems. They helped the authors gain a deeper understanding of cultural differences and why they have succeeded and failed in the past. The paper also highlights the importance of the digital medium and how Russia is using so-called Internettrolls to further their agenda. To understand Russia's disinformation campaigns the authors also look at earlier events, such as MH17. The authors also discuss Russian media outlets that spread their disinformation. / Konflikten mellan Ryssland och Ukraina började 2014, i denna konflikt har mängder av information spridits i försök vinkla sanningar och vilseleda. Den här typen av informationsoperation kallas även för desinformation. I denna uppsats kommer Rysslands förmåga att använda sig av desinformation som medel diskuteras. I författarnas försök att skapa en djupare förståelse har de valt att intervjua två myndigheter, Myndigheten för Psykologiskt Försvar och Försvarshögskolan. Intervjuerna gav författarna en insikt i hur myndigheter ser på den här typen av problematik. Intervjuerna lade stort fokus på att försöka förstå bakgrunden till de desinformationskampanjer som de genomfört tidigare och varför Ryssland lyckats och misslyckats tidigare. Författarna har även försökt förstå varför Rysslands desinformationskampanjer är så effektiva mot den inhemska befolkningen, detta kan dels ses som att de kontrollerar stora delar av sin media. I sin spridning använder de sig av traditionella medier och även av så kallade Internettroll. Ryssland ser all information som konstruerad och därav så går den att bestrida. Eftersom konflikten pågått under en längre tid finns flera olika fall av desinformation, uppsatsen går även igenom händelser som är riktade mot andra länder.

The aim of this paper is to examine the Islamic state’s information operations and how they target three different domains of influence. Domains consisting of the field of information, the physical world and human cognition, as described by the Swedish armed forces. Previous studies showcase that the ISIS information approach is mainly characterized by utilizing the internet and distributing propaganda. All in order to gain support and legitimize their newly founded caliphate. However, studies does not show how these operations target different domains in order to influence the recipients. The lack of insight in how this phenomenon occurs is also evident in contemporary military theory. An insight that this study aim to provide. The theoretical premises used for the analysis are What is information warfare? by Martin C. Libicki and Karl Popper’s Objective knowledge. The designated method to examine the empirical data was a qualitative text analysis. The result of the analysis indicates that ISIS target all three previously mentioned domains by psychological operations. ISIS also target the field of information using cyber operations.