<p>We defined hypertension in pregnancy as a composite of gestational hypertension, preeclampsia and eclampsia. The etiology of hypertension in pregnancy remains controversial. The three chapters of this thesis explore the risk of hypertension in pregnancy from various kidney conditions. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the thesis. Chapter 2 is a systematic review that studied the risk of developing hypertension in pregnant women with chronic kidney disease but not on dialysis. We found that women with chronic kidney disease had at least a twofold higher relative risk of developing hypertension during pregnancy compared with women having no chronic kidney disease. Chapter 3 is a retrospective study looking at the risk of developing gestational hypertension and preeclampsia in women who had symptomatic gastroenteritis after drinking water infected with <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 during the Walkerton outbreak in May 2000. We conducted this study using linked datasets at the Institute of Evaluative Sciences (ICES) Toronto, Ontario. We observed that there was no increased risk of developing gestational hypertension or preeclampsia among the symptomatic women compared with women from the neighbouring towns who were asymptomatic or did not drink the water. Chapter 4 is a protocol of a prospective cohort study recruiting female kidney donors and healthy non-donors as the comparative group to study pregnancy outcomes in these individuals. This is a multicentre study involving 12 transplant centres throughout Canada. There are 59 participants in this study to date (Feb 28, 2013) of which seven have been pregnant so far. Data collection for this study is ongoing.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Cecilia Roth.pdf: 1037999 bytes, checksum: a84bb089e6c2eeaeb50eebcab9fe66a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02 / Pontificia Universidade de São Paulo / Hospital psychology in Brazil started with the work of psychologists who began their activities as auxiliary to medical diagnosis. Thereafter, psychologists have gradually tried to define and understand their role together with patients who were hospitalized. Identifying psychological demand, in the presence of disease, has been a challenge for psychologists accustomed to the therapeutic setting of the clinic. Working and communicating with a multidisciplinary team, as well as understanding the dynamics of the hospital, has created new challenges for the hospital psychologist. Similarly, finding a new approach for the patient has required a deconstruction of the most traditional methods, as the merely verbal approach may be impossible since this patient is often unable to communicate verbally. Several studies, particularly with children, try to introduce new resources to the approach of the hospital patient such as music and visual arts (Oaklander) and play therapy ( Lindquist). As the number of professional psychologists is still small vis a vis the number of patients who could benefit from this assistance, developing other ways to deal with hospitalized patients becomes necessary. Tthe objectives of this research were to discuss how the music workshop may become a working resource of the hospital psychologist and how the participation of hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease in the music workshop may facilitate the expression of meaningful life experiences. The research was developed in a specialization hospital located in the city of São Paulo with patients hospitalized for chronic kidney disease. The workshop was held twice a week for a period of 18 months in the corridor of the hospital. it was conducted by two musician-psychologists that played hillbilly guitar and guitar. The songs played were requested by the patients themselves. Five patients were interviewed (four men and one woman ), three of which had undergone a transplant some time before, one had just undergone a transplant and the last was still undergoing hemodialysis treatment. the interviews were done immediately after their participation in the workshop. in order to understand and discuss the patients experience of becoming sick we used concepts of the philosopher Martin Heidegger and followers as a theoretical reference. The main focus in analyzing the interviews was the way each interviewee dealt with his being ill . At the end of the research we were able to discuss the music workshop as a resource for hospital psychologists and what having participated in this workshop meant to the patients / A psicologia hospitalar teve início no Brasil a partir de trabalhos de psicólogos que iniciaram suas atividades como auxiliar no diagnóstico médico. A partir daí, foi o psicólogo, gradativamente, procurando definir e compreender seu papel junto aos pacientes afetados organicamente, na instituição hospitalar. Identificar a demanda psicológica na presença da afecção orgânica tem sido um desafio para psicólogos acostumados com o setting terapêutico de consultório.Trabalhar e se comunicar com uma equipe multiprofissional, bem como compreender a dinâmica da instituição hospitalar tem colocado o psicólogo hospitalar frente a novos desafios. Da mesma forma, encontrar uma forma de abordagem do paciente doente tem requerido deste profissional uma desconstrução dos métodos mais tradicionais de abordagem do paciente, como a meramente verbal, pois que o doente encontra-se muitas vezes impossibilitado de comunicar-se verbalmente. Vários trabalhos, em especial com crianças, procuram introduzir novos recursos para a abordagem do paciente hospitalizado como a música e artes plásticas (Oaklander) e a ludoterapia (Lindquist). Como o número de profissionais psicólogos nos hospitais em geral ainda é bastante pequeno frente ao número de pacientes internados que poderiam se beneficiar desse atendimento, faz-se necessário que outras formas de abordagem do paciente internado sejam desenvolvidas. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram discutir como a Oficina de Música pode vir a ser um recurso de trabalho do psicólogo hospitalar e compreender como a participação do paciente renal crônico hospitalizado na Oficina de Música pode favorecer a expressão de vivências significativas. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida num hospital de especialidade de grande porte, na cidade de São Paulo, com pacientes renais crônicos internados. A oficina ocorreu duas vezes por semana por um período de 18 meses, no corredor no Hospital. Foi conduzida por dois psicólogos-músicos que tocavam viola e violão. As músicas tocadas eram as solicitadas pelos próprios pacientes. Foram entrevistados cinco pacientes, dos quais quatro homens e uma mulher, sendo que três estavam transplantados há algum tempo, um estava no pós- transplante imediato e outro ainda estava em hemodiálise. As entrevistas foram realizadas imediatamente após a participação dos mesmos na Oficina de Música. Para a compreensão e discussão do adoecer dos pacientes usamos como referencial teórico conceitos do filósofo Martin Heidegger e seguidores. O modo de ser-doente de cada entrevistado foi o foco central da análise das entrevistas. Ao final do trabalho pôde-se discutir sobre a Oficina de Música como um recurso para o trabalho do psicólogo hospitalar e sobre o que significou para esses sujeitos terem participado da Oficina de Música

Problématique. La Fondation Canadienne du rein soutient qu’en 2013, la prévalence de l’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) avoisinait les 10% et qu’elle touchait une proportion considérable de gens souffrant d’obésité. Il semble raisonnable de viser une perte pondérale modérée chez les gens atteints du duo obésité – IRC. Malgré cela, aucune recommandation nutritionnelle n’est spécifiquement bâtie afin de respecter les restrictions alimentaires liées à l’IRC et aux autres co-morbiditées, tout en permettant un déficit énergétique. Objectifs. Ce projet de recherche vise à étudier les facteurs associés avec la réussite d’une perte de poids dans le contexte restreint de ces patients. Méthodologie. 45 patients en évaluation ou en attente d’une transplantation rénale seront recrutés à la clinique de greffe rénale de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont. Une entrevue sera menée afin de compléter deux questionnaires (valeurs biochimiques, anthropométrie, historique médical, habitudes de vie, contexte sociodémographique, comportement alimentaire) suivie de la remise d’un journal alimentaire de quatre jours. Les apports nutritionnels obtenues seront analysés et comparés aux lignes directrices actuelles. Résultats. La perte de poids est difficile et limitée, chez les gens obèses souffrant d’IRC, malgré l’atteinte des cibles caloriques estimées et le niveau de motivation élevé de ceux-ci. Discussion. La sédentarité (46,7%, actif ˂ 1 hr/ jr) et le peu de suivi en nutrition pourraient entraver l’atteinte du poids ciblé. Conclusion. L’échec observé dans la perte pondérale semble principalement lié à la sédentarité alors qu’il n’y aurait aucune influence directe de l’apport calorique, du manque de motivation ou des comportements alimentaires. / Problematic. The Kidney Foundation of Canada argues that in 2013, the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was around 10% and it touched a considerable proportion of people suffering from obesity. It should be reasonable to consider moderate weight loss in these patients. Despite this, no nutritional recommendation is specifically built to meet the dietary restrictions related to CKD, while allowing an energy deficit. Objectives. The objective of this project is to establish the nutritional profile of the population of obese renal failure patients, while identifying the risk factors associated with weight loss before renal transplantation. Methodology. 45 patients identified during the evaluation process or who were awaiting a kidney transplant and recruited from the kidney transplant clinic of the Maisonneuve-Rosemont hospital. Their medical and nutritional profiles were evaluated by questionnaires filled during a short interview (biochemical profile, vital signs, medical history, socio-demograpic data, anthropometry, food habits). Finally, a four-day food diary, accompanied with pictures if feasible, were used to compare to the nutritional guidelines, depending on the stage of renal disease and ongoing treatment. Results. Weight loss is difficult and limited in obese people with CKD, despite achieving targets estimated calorie and their high level of motivation. Discussion. A sedentary lifestyle (46,7%, actives ˂ 1 hr/ jr) and inadequate nutritional follow-up could hinder the achievement of the target weight. Conclusion. The failure observed in weight loss seems mainly related to a sedentary lifestyle then there would be no direct impact of caloric intake, lack of motivation or eating behaviors.

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) se définit par un défaut de filtration glomérulaire et est associée à plusieurs désordres. La perturbation de l’homéostasie glucidique en fait partie. L’homéostasie glucidique est contrôlée principalement par l’insuline, soit l’hormone sécrétée en réponse au glucose par les cellules bêta-pancréatiques contenues dans les îlots de Langerhans. La préservation de la fonction de la cellule bêta est essentielle au maintien de l’homéostasie glucidique. Il a été démontré que la sécrétion de l'insuline est altérée au cours l'IRC, cependant les mécanismes demeurent peu connus. Au cours de l’IRC, l’accumulation chronique de toxines urémiques pourrait contribuer à la défaillance de la cellule bêta. L’urée est une toxine urémique majeure et sa toxicité a été récemment rapportée dans plusieurs tissus. Le but de ce mémoire était donc de vérifier le rôle de l’urée dans la dysfonction de la cellule bêta-pancréatique au cours de l’IRC. Nous avons démontré que l’exposition des îlots de souris à des concentrations pathologiques d’urée entraîne une diminution de la sécrétion d’insuline via l’augmentation du stress oxydant et des O-glycosylations. Ce défaut est dû à une perturbation du métabolisme intracellulaire du glucose. Entre autres, nous avons observé une baisse de la glycolyse associée à la réduction de l’activité enzymatique de la phosphofructokinase-1. Ces résultats démontrent un effet toxique direct de l’urée sur la sécrétion d’insuline et permettent de mieux comprendre le mécanisme de dysfonction de la cellule bêta-pancréatique au cours de l’IRC. / Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as a glomerular filtration defect and is associated with many disorders. Impaired glucose homeostasis is one of them. Glucose homeostasis is maintained in part by insulin, which is the hormone secreted by the pancreatic beta cells from the islets of Langerhans in response to glucose. The preservation of beta cell function is essential to maintain glucose homeostasis. It has been demonstrated that insulin secretion is altered during CKD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In CKD, chronic accumulation of uremic toxins could contribute to beta cell dysfunction. Urea is a major uremic toxin and its toxicity has been recently reported in many tissues. The purpose of this master project was to ascertain the role of urea in pancreatic beta cell dysfunction during CKD. We have demonstrated that exposure of mouse islets to pathological concentrations of urea leads to diminution of insulin secretion via an increase in oxidative stress and O-glycosylation. This defect is due to disturbed intracellular glucose metabolism. Among others, we have observed a reduction in glycolysis associated with a decrease in the activity of phosphofructokinase-1. These results demonstrate a direct toxic effect of urea on insulin secretion and contribute to a better understanding of mechanisms of pancreatic beta cell dysfunction during CKD.

Les modalités de dialyse à domicile, soit la dialyse péritonéale (DP) et l’hémodialyse à domicile (HDD), offrent plusieurs avantages aux patients avec insuffisance rénale terminale (IRT), que ce soit par rapport à la qualité de vie ou à une diminution des complications liées à l’IRT. Peu de données sont toutefois disponibles quant aux répercussions cliniques de l’initiation de la thérapie de suppléance rénale via la DP ou l’HDD et de l’optimisation subséquente du traitement à domicile. Le présent mémoire visait donc à répondre aux trois questions suivantes soit (1) la comparaison entre la survie des patients débutant la thérapie de suppléance rénale par une ou l’autre des modalités à domicile, (2) l’évaluation du modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée (c’est la dire l’initiation de la suppléance rénale en DP avec un transfert subséquent en HDD) et (3) l’évaluation des prédicteurs dudit modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée. L’évaluation de 11 416 patients ayant débuté la suppléance rénale en Australie et Nouvelle-Zélande entre 2000 et 2012 a montré une association entre une mortalité globale inférieure chez les patients traités par HDD comparativement à ceux traités par DP (rapport des risques [hazard ratio - HR] 0.47, intervalle de confiance [IC] de 95%, 0.38-0.59). Par contre, les patients ayant débuté la suppléance rénale en DP et ayant ensuite été transférés en HDD (modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée) avaintt une survie en dialyse à domicile similaire à ceux directement traités par l’HDD (HR 0.92, IC de 95%, 0.52-1.62). Finalement, les caractéristiques démographiques de base (jeune âge, sexe masculin, ethnie), les comorbidités, la cause de l’insuffisance rénale terminale, la durée du traitement et la raison de l’arrêt de la DP étaient des prédicteurs du modèle de dialyse à domicile intégrée. / Treatment of end-stage renal disease with home dialysis modalities (peritoneal dialysis [PD] and home hemodialysis [HHD]) is associated with significant patient-related benefits, including improved quality of life, greater autonomy and lower rates of medical complications. Although home dialysis is being increasingly promoted internationally, little data has been published to evaluate outcomes of patients treated with PD and HDD at time of renal replacement therapy (RRT) initiation and evaluate the optimal home dialysis treatment pattern. The current project specifically aimed to answer the following questions: (1) what is the survival associated with initiation of RRT with PD or HDD, (2) what is the survival associated with the integrated home dialysis model (PD with subsequent transfer to HHD) compared to PD or HDD treatment initially, (3) what are the predictors associated with the integrated home dialysis model. The first study included 11 416 incident dialysis patients from Australia and New Zealand between 2000 and 2012. Treatment with HHD at start of RRT was associated with a lower mortality compared to initial treatment with PD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.38-0.59). The second study assessed the integrated home dialysis model per se and showed a similar mortality among patients treated with the integrated home model (PD with transfer to HHD after PD ending) and patients treated with HHD from start of RRT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-1.62). Finally, the third study assessed the predictors of the integrated home dialysis model and identified baseline characteristics such as lower age, male sex, race, cause of end-stage renal disease, comorbidities and duration of PD therapy as potential predictors of a transfer from PD to HHD.

La sténose de l’artère rénale (SAR) est à l’origine d’une néphropathie dite « ischémique », dont les mécanismes conduisant au développement d’une insuffisance rénale sont mal connus. Il est utile de savoir à partir de quel degré de SAR surviennent des modifications hémodynamiques significatives dans le rein d’aval, et si une SAR chronique et hémodynamiquement significative peut entraîner une hypoxie rénale. Nous avons donc entrepris 2 études afin de préciser le lien entre degré de SAR et baisse du débit sanguin rénal (DSR), et de rechercher l’apparition d’une hypoxie dans le rein situé en aval d’une SAR chronique. Les résultats de la première étude montrent que la baisse du DSR reste modeste tant que le degré de SAR n’a pas dépassé 70%. Ces résultats nous permettent de conclure qu’une SAR de degré inférieur à 70% n’est probablement associée qu’à des modifications hémodynamiques mineures dans le rein d’aval. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons décrit l’évolution du contenu rénal en oxygène (CRO) sur une période de 4 semaines après induction d’une SAR chez des rats. La méthode utilisée était l’IRM BOLD, qui permet d’étudier le CRO de manière non-invasive en mesurant le paramètre R2* dont la valeur est inversement proportionnelle au CRO. La mesure hebdomadaire de R2* dans le cortex, la médullaire externe et la partie externe de la médullaire externe des reins sténosés et des reins controlatéraux ne variaient pas au cours de l’étude, malgré l’apparition progressive d’une atrophie des reins en aval de la SAR. Ces données tendent à montrer qu’il n’y a pas d’hypoxie rénale dans notre modèle, et que l’atrophie rénale observée n’est donc pas secondaire à l’hypoxie / Renal artery stenosis (RAS) can lead to a so-called “ischemic” nephropathy but the mechanisms responsible for the development of chronic kidney disease in kidney downstream the RAS are largely unknown. There is an interest to know the degree of RAS that involves significant hémodynamic changes in the downstream kidney and if hypoxia occurs in this case. Therefore, we have undertaken two studies in order to describe the link between RAS degree and renal blood flow (RBF) and to search for the development of renal hypoxia in kidney downstream the RAS. Findings of the first study were that only a minor decrease of RBF occurs until the RAS degree reach 70%. We can thus conclude from these results that RAS degree must be at least of 70% to have hemodynamical repercussions in downstream kidney. In the second study, we describe the evolution of renal oxygen content (ROC) before and during 4 weeks after the constitution of RAS. ROC was measured weekly by the MRI BOLD technique, who allows to study ROC non-invasively by measuring the parameter called R2* that is inversely proportional to ROC. The value of R2* in the cortex, the outer medulla and the outer stripe of outer medulla in stenotic kidneys and controlateral kidneys was unchanged instead the development of atrophy of the kidney downstream the RAS. These results suggest that no renal hypoxia occur in this model and that renal atrophy is not caused by hypoxia

A infecção pelo herpesvírus humano tipo 8 (HHV-8) tem sido associada ao sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) iatrogênico, que acomete pacientes imunossuprimidos e/ou transplantados renais. Em populações consideradas saudáveis, a soroprevalência para o HHV-8 varia de 1% a 8%. O presente trabalho buscou: determinar a prevalência e os títulos de anticorpos anti-HHV-8 em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), submetidos ou não à terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) do Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão e Casa da Diálise da UNIFESP e da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo e, comparar os resultados obtidos com outras populações da mesma região geográfica, porém de outras categorias de risco para adquirir doenças infecciosas. Soros de 805 pacientes: 295 em hemodiálise, 54 em diálise peritoneal e 456 em acompanhamento ambulatorial, sem TRS, foram testados quanto à presença de anticorpos anti-HHV-8, de fase latente e lítica da replicação viral, por meio de técnicas de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) LANA e Lítico, padronizadas na Seção de Imunologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados em relação a dados clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais usando o teste do qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para as variáveis categóricas e os testes de Mann Whitney ou Kruskal Wallis para as variáveis contínuas. Foi encontrada soropositividade ao HHV-8 em 18,0% dos pacientes com IRC, dos quais 18,3% nos pacientes em TRS e 17,7% nos pacientes sem TRS, não havendo diferença significante entre os grupos. As variáveis que estiveram relacionadas à sorologia positiva ao HHV-8 foram: transplante prévio (p<0,001) e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis (p=0,003), com destaque para a sífilis (p=0,021). As demais variáveis não mostraram associação estatística embora tenha havido maior número de amostras HHV-8 soropositivas com o avançar da idade. Em relação ao tipo e ao título de anticorpos detectados, houve mais amostras com sorologia positiva para anticorpos Lítico e maiores títulos de anticorpos LANA. A comparação dos resultados dos pacientes com IRC e outras populações de São Paulo revelou taxa semelhante de prevalência de anticorpos anti-HHV-8 na população com HIV/Aids (20,4%), considerada de alto risco para esta infecção viral. Por outro lado, a prevalência detectada na população com IRC (18,0%) foi inferior às obtidas em pacientes com SK epidêmico (89,3%), SK clássico (100,0%) e SK endêmico (87,5%), e superior a outras populações sem SK: pacientes com deficiência mental e/ou física (1,6%) e profissionais da área da saúde (1,1%). Em todos os grupos analisados houve maior número de amostras com sorologia positiva para HHV-8 de fase lítica, e maiores títulos de anticorpos LANA, exceção feita aos profissionais da área da saúde. Maiores títulos de anticorpos LANA foram detectados nos pacientes com SK. Não foram encontradas outras associações significantes. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que os pacientes com IRC têm alta prevalência de anticorpos anti-HHV-8, comparável aos indivíduos com HIV/Aids dessa região geográfica. Ainda, sugerem que se devam acompanhar os pacientes HHV-8 soropositivos com vistas a monitorar os títulos de anticorpos LANA e verificar se estes têm valor prognóstico. Caso isto venha a ser confirmado, sugere-se a introdução da sorologia para o HHV-8 na bateria de exames do pré-transplante renal. / Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) infection is frequently associated with Kaposi\'s sarcoma (KS) in immunodeficient and renal transplanted patients. The HHV-8 seroprevalence in healthy populations varies from 1% to 8%. The present study aimed to determine the HHV-8 seroprevalence and antibodies titers in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with or without substitutive kidney therapy (SKT) attended at Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão and Casa da Diálise of UNIFESP, and at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. Secondarly, to compare the serological results with those obtained from populations of the same geographic region, presenting other risk factors for acquiring infectious diseases. Serum samples were collected from 805 CKD patients: 295 under hemodialysis, 54 under peritoneal dialysis, and 456 in ambulatorial assistance without SKT. Latent and Lytic HHV-8 antibodies were searched using indirect immunofluorescence assays that were standardized at Immunology Department of Instituto Adolfo Lutz. Chi-Square test and/or Fisher\'s exact test were performed for comparing categorical variables including epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial data, and HHV-8 serum status. Continuos variables associated with HHV-8 antibodies titers were compared using Mann Whitney or Kruskal Wallis tests. An overall HHV-8-seropositivity of 18.0% was detected in CKD patients: 18.3% in patients under SKT and 17.7% in patients without SKT. Since no difference was detected in HHV-8-seropositivity among patients, they were considered as a unique group for subsequent analysis. A strong association between HHV-8-seropositivity and previous transplant was detected (p<0.001), along with an association with others sexually transmitted diseases (p=0.003), with emphasis for syphilis (p=0.021). In addition, no other data was associated with HHV-8-seropositivity, although higher proportions of HHV-8-seropositivity were detected in samples from elderly persons. In addition, more HHV-8 Lytic antibodies positive samples, and higher titers of LANA antibodies were detected. HHV-8 seroprevalence obtained from CKD patients was similar to the HHV-8 prevalence detected among HIV/Aids patients (20.4%), who were considered a high-risk group for this viral infection. On the other hand, the HHV-8 seroprevalence of CKD patients (18.0%) was lower than the prevalence of patients with epidemic KS (89.3%), classic KS (100.0%) and endemic KS (87.5%), and higher than the patients with mental and/or physical deficiency (1.6%) and health professionals (1.1%). All analyzed groups had more HHV-8-seropositive samples for Lytic antibodies and higher titers of LANA antibodies, with exception for the health professionals. The highest LANA antibodies titers were found among KS patients groups. No other association was found. In conclusion, the obtained results points out CKD patients as a high prevalent population for HHV-8 infection, similar to HIV/Aids patients from the same geographic area. As far, it suggests that HHV-8 seropositive CKD patients should be followed up in order to verify whether LANA antibodies titers have prognostic value. In confirming this hypothesis, it may propose to include the use of HHV-8 serology in the screening testing in kidney pre-transplant.

A maior parte dos casos de doença renal policística autossômica dominante (DRPAD) é causada por mutações no gene PKD1 (Polycystic Kidney Disease 1). O insulto por isquemia/reperfusão (IR) constitui-se em uma causa freqüente de lesão renal aguda, incluindo a população de pacientes com DRPAD, mas a relação entre policistina-1 e IR é essencialmente desconhecida. Uma vez que a policistina-1 modula proliferação, diferenciação celular e apoptose em sistemas de cultura de células, sua menor atividade biológica na DRPAD poderia favorecer um maior grau de lesão renal. Utilizamos uma linhagem endogâmica de camundongos 129Sv com uma mutação nula em Pkd1 para testar esta hipótese. Camundongos Pkd1+/- não apresentam cistos renais até 12 semanas de vida, constituindo-se em um modelo puro de haploinsuficiência para este gene. Um insulto IR bilateral de 32 min foi induzido em camundongos machos de 10-12 semanas de idade, heterozigotos e selvagens, por meio do clampeamento reversível de ambos os pedículos renais. Os animais foram analisados 48 h, 7 dias (d) e 14 d após o insulto. Camundongos Pkd1+/- apresentaram FENa, FEK e SCr mais elevadas que animais Pkd1+/+ 48 h após IR. O dano cortical residual foi mais severo em heterozigotos que em selvagens em todos os tempos avaliados. A marcação para PCNA também foi mais alta em camundongos Pkd1+/- que Pkd1+/+ 48 h e 7 d pós-IR, enquanto a taxa de apoptose e a infiltração inflamatória intersticial foram maiores em heterozigotos que em selvagens nos seguimentos de 48 h, 7 d e 14 d pós-IR. A expressão renal de p21 foi menor nos camundongos Pkd1+/- que Pkd1+/+ no tempo de 48 h pós-insulto, tanto no nível transcricional como traducional. Análises adicionais realizadas 6 semanas após o insulto IR revelaram dilatação tubular e formação de microcistos nos camundongos haploinsuficientes para Pkd1, assim como fibrose renal aumentada nesses animais, comparados aos camundongos selvagens. Por fim, um insulto de 35 min de isquemia/reperfusão acompanhou-se de uma mortalidade precoce substancialmente maior nos animais Pkd1+/-. Esses achados sugerem que isquemia/reperfusão induza uma lesão mais severa em rins de camundongos haploinsuficientes para Pkd1, um processo aparentemente dependente de uma deficiência relativa da atividade de p21, assim como dilatação tubular e formação de microcistos. Em conjunto, nossos resultados sugerem que a heterozigose para mutação nula em Pkd1 em camundongo (e talvez em humanos) esteja associada a um risco aumentado para lesão renal por isquemia/reperfusão e a um pior impacto desse insulto sobre a progressão da doença renal. / The majority of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) cases are caused by mutations in the PKD1 gene. Ischemia/reperfusion is a frequent cause of acute kidney injury, including the ADPKD patient population, but the relationship between polycystin-1 and ischemia/reperfusion is essentially unknown. Since polycystin-1 modulates cell proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis in cell culture systems, its lower biological activity in ADPKD might amplify the degree of renal injury. Using an inbred 129Sv mouse line with a Pkd1-null mutation, 32-min renal ischemia/reperfusion was induced in 10-12 week-old male non-cystic mice, heterozygotes and wild types. The animals were analyzed at 48h, 7 days (d) and 14d after the insult. Pkd1+/- mice showed higher FENa, FEK and SCr than Pkd1+/+ animals at 48h of follow-up. The residual cortical damage was more severe in heterozygotes than wild types at all evaluated time points. The PCNA staining was also higher in Pkd1+/- than Pkd1+/+ mice at 48h and 7d, while cell apoptotic rates and the interstitial inflammatory infiltration were higher in heterozygotes than wild types at 48h, 7d and 14d postischemia/ reperfusion. The expression of p21 was lower in Pkd1+/- than Pkd1+/+ kidneys at 48h, both at the transcriptional and translational levels. Additional analyses performed 6 weeks after the insult showed tubular dilatation and microcyst formation in the haploinsufficient mice, and increased renal fibrosis in these animals compared to wild types. Thirty-fivemin ischemia/reperfusion, at last, was accompanied by a substantially higher early mortality of Pkd1+/- animals. These findings suggest that ischemia/reperfusion induces a more severe injury in kidneys of Pkd1- haploinsufficient mice, a process that is apparently dependent on a relative deficiency of p21 activity, as well as tubular dilatation and microcyst formation. Altogether, our results suggest that mouse Pkd1-null heterozygosity (and maybe human) is associated with a higher risk for renal ischemia/reperfusion injury and with a worse impact of this insult upon renal disease progression.

O desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial (HAS) ocorre dez anos mais cedo em pacientes com doença renal policística autossômica dominante (DRPAD) comparados à população geral, estando presente em ~60% dos indivíduos afetados antes da perda de função renal. Déficit de concentração renal também se constitui em um achado precoce nesses pacientes. Atualmente se propõe que o sistema renina angiotensina desempenhe um papel central na HAS relacionada à DRPAD, enquanto diferentes explicações têm sido levantadas para justificar o defeito de concentração. Realizamos um cruzamento envolvendo um alelo floxed de Pkd1 com uma linhagem com expressão de nestina-Cre, de modo a gerar camundongos machos císticos viáveis (Pkd1cond/cond:Balcre, CI) com TFG preservada. Estes animais foram avaliados sistematicamente para uma série de parâmetros renais funcionais, morfológicos, celulares e moleculares. Análises paralelas foram conduzidas em camundongos haploinsuficientes para Pkd1 (Pkd1+/-, HT), os quais não desenvolvem cistos renais visíveis. Camundongos CI mostraram-se significantemente hipertensos na idade de 10-13 semanas, um fenótipo não observado em controles não císticos (Pkd1cond/cond, NC) e em animais haploinsuficientes para Pkd1. As frações de excreção de Na+ e K+ mostraram-se reduzidas e a concentração sérica de uréia discretamente elevada em camundongos CI, sugerindo reabsorção tubular de solutos aumentada. A expressão gênica de angiotensinogênio foi significantemente maior em rins CI que NC, enquanto análises imunoistoquímicas revelaram expressão da enzima conversora de angiotensina e do receptor AT1 em epitélio cístico renal. A excreção urinária de NO2 também se mostrou diminuída em camundongos CI, acompanhando-se de taxas aumentadas de proliferação celular e apoptose renais. A osmolalidade urinária máxima foi mais baixa em animais CI, um déficit não encontrado nos controles HT e NC. Interessantemente, uma tendência de níveis plasmáticos mais elevados de vasopressina foi observada em camundongos CI. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados apoiam a hipótese de que a formação e o crescimento de cistos desempenham um papel importante no desenvolvimento de HAS na DRPAD e de que a ativação do sistema renina-angiotensina intrarrenal constitui-se em um mecanismo fundamental nesse processo. Nossos achados também sugerem fortemente que a expansão cística seja essencial para o desenvolvimento do déficit de concentração renal nessa doença, e são consistentes com a existência de áreas focais de compressão vascular e perfusão diminuída em rins com DRPAD. / Hypertension (SAH) develops ten years earlier in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) patients compared with the general population, being present in ~60% of affected individuals before the loss of renal function. Renal concentrating deficit is also an early finding in these patients. It has been proposed that the renin-angiotensin system plays a central role in ADPKD-related SAH, while different explanations have been raised to justify the concentrating impairment. We bred a floxed allele of Pkd1 with a nestin Cre expressing line to generate viable, adult male cystic mice (Pkd1cond/cond:Balcre, CY) with preserved GFR. These animals were systematically evaluated for a series of renal functional, morphological, cellular and molecular parameters. Parallel analyses were carried out in Pkd1-haploinsuficient mice (Pkd1+/-, HT), which do not develop visible renal cysts. CY mice were significantly hypertensive by 10-13 weeks of age, a phenotype not seen in non-cystic controls (Pkd1cond/cond, NC) and Pkd1-haploinsufficient animals. The fractional excretion of Na+ and K+ were reduced and SUN slightly elevated in the CY mice, suggesting increased tubular solute reabsorption. Angiotensinogen gene expression was significantly higher in CY than NC kidneys, whereas immunohistochemical analyses revealed angiotensin-converting enzyme and AT1 receptor expression in renal cyst epithelia. Urine excretion of NO2 was also diminished in CY mice, along with increased rates of renal cell proliferation and apoptosis. Maximum urine osmolality was decreased in CY animals, a deficit not found in HT and NC controls. Interestingly, a trend toward increased serum vasopressin levels was observed in the CY mice. Taken together these results support the hypothesis that cyst formation and growth play an important role in the development of SAH in ADPKD and that activation of the intrarenal reninangiotensin system is a fundamental mechanism in this process. Our findings also strongly suggest that renal cyst expansion is essential for the development of renal concentrating deficit in this disease, and are consistent with the existence of focal areas of vascular compression and reduced perfusion in ADPKD kidneys.

INTRODUÇÃO: O distúrbio mineral e ósseo (DMO) contribue significativamente para a redução da sobrevida em pacientes em terapia renal substibutiva (TRS). Os artigos que tratam do assunto, em sua grande maioria, envolvem pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise (HD) e essas publicações embasam as principais diretrizes (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative - KDOQI - e o Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes - KDIGO). MÉTODOS: Utilizamos a base de dados do Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis (BRAZPD), estudo multicêntrico prospectivo, observacional, que avaliou pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP), entre dezembro de 2004 e janeiro de 2011. Dos 9905 pacientes incluídos nessa base, selecionamos 844 que apresentavam dados demográficos, clínicos e laboratoriais completos e tempo em DP superior a 6 meses. Esse grupo de pacientes foi avaliado no seguimento de 24 meses. As variáveis de confusão foram corrigidas por modelos estatísticos (Cox e competing risk) e os níveis séricos de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P) e paratormônio (PTH) relacionados com a sobrevida dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Encontramos níveis menores de relative hazard quando os pacientes apresentavam valores de Ca e P próximos a 9,7 e 5,0 mg/dL, respectivamente. Encontramos significância estatística ao associar os níveis de Ca categorizados, conforme a orientação do KDIGO (Ca: 8,4 - 10,2 mg/dL, p = 0,03), e a sobrevida. Da mesma forma foi encontrada associação entre os níveis de P e a sobrevida dos pacientes, categorizados segundo as recomendações do KDOQI e KDIGO (P: 3,5 - 5,5 mg/dL, p < 0,01, para ambos). Outros limites de Ca (8,6 - 10,3 mg/dL, p < 0,01) e P (3,5 - 6,7 mg/dL, p < 0,01), encontrados nesse estudo, mostraram risco adicional. Apesar dos pacientes com níveis de PTH próximos a 532 pg/mL apresentarem menor relative hazard, não encontramos diferença significativamente estatística para sobrevida quando categorizados para valores de PTH tanto conforme o KDOQI (150 - 300 pg/mL) quanto para o KDIGO (150- 600 pg /mL). CONCLUSÕES: Em conclusão, manter os níveis de Ca conforme as orientações do KDIGO e P conforme orientações das duas diretrizes mostraram-se eficazes para melhora da sobrevida. Valores de Ca e P, propostos por esse estudo, evidenciaram risco adicional quando os valores ultrapassaram 8,6 - 10,3 mg/dL e 3,5 - 6,7 mg/dL, respectivamente. Os níveis de PTH não se associaram a sobrevida, mesmo quando dentro dos limites recomendados pelas duas diretrizes / INTRODUCTION: Mineral and bone disorders (MBD) contribute significantly to reduced survival of patients on dialysis. The main guidelines, Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), related to the subject, were based upon the mostly in articles involving hemodialysis patients. The aim of our study was to analyze calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) as predictors of survival in the Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis II (BRAZPDII) cohort. METHODS: We used the Brazilian Peritoneal Dialysis II (BRAZPDII) database, an observational multi-centric prospective study, which assessed patients on Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) between December 2004 and January 2011. Amongst 9,905 patients included in this base, we selected 844 who presented complete demographic, clinical and laboratory data as well as 6 months on PD. This group of patients was followed up for 24 months. The confounding variables were included in multivariate models (Cox and competing risk), serum levels of Ca, P and PTH were the variables of interest and associated with patients\' survival on PD. RESULTS: Ca and P presenting improvements association with relative hazard when the values close to 9.7 and 5.0 mg/dL, respectively. We found a significant association between the levels of calcium, categorized by KDIGO (Ca: 8.4 - 10.2 mg/dL), and survival (p = 0.03), likewise, a compelling association between levels of P, categorized by both guidelines (KDOQI and KDIGO - P: 3.5 - 5.5 mg/dL, p < 0.01). Other ranges of Ca, (8.6 - 10.3 mg/dL, p < 0.01) and P (3.5 - 6.7 mg/dL, p < 0.01), which were proposed in this study, have shown additional risk. In spite of patients with PTH levels close to 532 pg/mL show better survival, we found no significant statistical association values of PTH categorized according to both guidelines, KDOQI (150 - 300 pg/mL) and KDIGO (150 - 600 pg/mL). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the ranges levels of Ca proposed by KDIGO and P proposed by the both guidelines, and based in hemodialysis patients studies, has improved survival also in patients on PD. Higher levels of Ca and P have shown additional risk. Despite PTH being in the limits recommended in both guidelines, they were not associated with survival