Background: Persistent anemia has been described in kidney transplant (KTx) recipients with parvovirus B19 virus infection. However, the epidemiology of parvovirus B19 and parvovirus B19-related anemia after KTx remains unclear. We conducted this systematic review (1) to investigate the incidence of parvovirus B19 infection after KTx and (2) to assess the incidence of parvovirus B19 among KTx patients with anemia. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases from inception to March 2019 to identify studies that reported the incidence rate of parvovirus B19 infection and/or seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in KTx recipients. Effect estimates from the individual studies were extracted and combined using random-effects, generic inverse variance method of DerSimonian and Laird. The protocol for this systematic review is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42019125716). Results: Nineteen observational studies with a total of 2108 KTx patients were enrolled. Overall, the pooled estimated seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 immunoglobulin G was 62.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.8%-76.1%). The pooled estimated incidence rate of positive parvovirus B19 DNA in the 1st year after KTx was 10.3% (95% CI: 5.5%-18.4%). After sensitivity analysis excluded a study that solely included KTx patients with anemia, the pooled estimated incidence rate of positive parvovirus B19 DNA after KTx was 7.6% (95% CI: 3.7%-15.0%). Among KTx with anemia, the pooled estimated incidence rate of positive parvovirus B19 DNA was 27.4% (95% CI: 16.6%-41.7%). Meta-regression analysis demonstrated no significant correlations between the year of study and the incidence rate of positive parvovirus B19 DNA (P = 0.33). Egger's regression asymmetry test was performed and demonstrated no publication bias in all analyses. Conclusion: The overall estimated incidence of positive parvovirus B19 DNA after KTX is 10.3%. Among KTx with anemia, the incidence rate of positive parvovirus B19 DNA is 27.4%. The incidence of positive parvovirus B19 DNA does not seem to decrease overtime.

I conducted a four-month ethnographic fieldwork study to document the stories of thirteen post-kidney-transplant minority patients and three nephrologists at Boston Medical Center. My research explores how patients’ interactions with health professionals, medical regimens, dialysis treatments, and adaptation to living with transplanted kidneys constantly shape their identities and perceptual worlds. Patients’ narratives highlighted the emotional struggles they encountered along the path of End-Stage Renal Disease, which unfolded as distinct experiences influenced by their varied backgrounds. The majority of my patient-participants lived on the verge of poverty, and in some cases, their insurance status caused delays in their being registered on the transplant waiting list, making them endure a long wait. Some patients were afraid of wearing short sleeves because they thought the scars on their arms from dialysis treatment would lead others to think they were gangsters. Instantiations of various theories emerged from the saturated data and narrative analysis, from Bourdieu’s concept of habitus with regard to the process of how patients alter their consciousness through interactions with medicine to Foucault’s ideas of power relations and technologies of the self that address the issues of agency and power that influence the formation of patients’ identities. The intersection of these theoretical frameworks led me to develop the critical medical anthropological-oriented concept of biological citizenship. This paper examines 1) the ways in which “race” interacts with the theoretical concept of biological citizenship and 2) the ways in which socioeconomic status and race tailor a kidney transplant patient’s illness experience, and related discourse.

Law Wai Keung. / Thesis (M.Sc.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-108). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.v / 摘要 --- p.viii / Acknowledgement --- p.x / List of Abbreviations --- p.i / Index of tables --- p.xiv / Index of figures --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2. --- Literature review --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Immunosuppression in Organ Transplantation --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mechanism of Graft Rejection --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3 --- Conventional immunosuppressive drugs --- p.4 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Corticosteriod --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Azathioprine --- p.6 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Polyclonal antilymphocyte globulin and OKT3 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cyclosporine A (CsA) --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Mechanisms of CsA --- p.8 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Pharmacokinetics of CsA --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Absorption --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Distribution --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.2.3 --- Metabolism and elimination --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4.2.4 --- Toxicity --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Therapeutic drug monitoring of CsA --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- CsA trough monitoring --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Full AUC monitoring --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4.3.3 --- Limited sampling strategy --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.3.4 --- Two-hour post dose CsA level monitoring --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Conventional techniques of measuring cyclosporine concentration --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- High performance liquid chromatography --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Non-specific immunoassays --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.4.3 --- Specific radioimmunoassays --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.4.4 --- Specific fluorescent polarization immunoassay --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.4.5 --- Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.4.6 --- Cloned enzyme donor immunoassay --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.4.7 --- Summary for conventional techniques --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry for CsA measurement --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Main components of MS --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Specific interfaces to LC --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Mass analyzer --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.1.3 --- Electron multiplier --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Sample preparation for LC-MS/MS for CsA measurement --- p.36 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Liquid-liquid extraction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Solid phase extraction --- p.38 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Column switching --- p.39 / Chapter 2.5.2.4 --- Dilute and shoot --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- LC-MS/MS for CsA measurement --- p.40 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter 3. --- Aim of study --- p.43 / Chapter 4. --- Materials and methods --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Materials --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Chemicals --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Equipment --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Reagent preparation for CsA analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Immunoassay --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Operation of tandem mass spectrometer --- p.48 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Optimization of cone voltage --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Optimization of collision energy --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Optimization of LC-MS/MS --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Deproteinization procedures of whole blood --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Optimization of mobile phase flow rate --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Optimization of source temperature --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Optimization of the drying gas flow rate --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Matrix interference on MS/MS response --- p.53 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Analytical performance of CsA on LC-MS/MS --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Linearity study --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- Precision performance --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Accuracy performance --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.5.4 --- The lowest detection limit of the CsA analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.5.5 --- Correlation study of the CsA analysis --- p.55 / Chapter 4.3 --- CsA pharmacokinetic studies in Chinese patients --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Determining the time point of CsA correlating better with AUC --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Patient and method --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Intra-individual variability of CO, C1 and C2" --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Patient and method --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.57 / Chapter 5. --- Results and discussion --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1 --- Optimization of MS parameters --- p.5 9 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Optimization of cone voltage --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Optimization of collision energy --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimization of LC-MS/MS --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Optimization of mobile phase flow rate --- p.63 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Optimization of ion source temperature and drying gas flow rate --- p.67 / Chapter 5.3 --- Matrix interference on MS/MS response --- p.69 / Chapter 5.4 --- Analytical performances of CsA on LC-MS/MS method --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Linearity --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Precision performance --- p.71 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Accuracy performance --- p.72 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- The lowest limit of detection --- p.73 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Correlation study of the CsA analysis --- p.80 / Chapter 5.5 --- The correlation between CsA at different point and AUCo-6 --- p.84 / Chapter 5.6 --- "Intra-individual variability of CO, C1 and C2" --- p.88 / Chapter 5.7 --- Therapeutic ranges of C2 --- p.90 / Chapter 5.8 --- Practical consideration for C2 measurement by LC-MS/MS method --- p.94 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.97 / References --- p.98

Background: Aim of this single center cross-sectional study was to investigate oral behavior, dental, periodontal and microbiological findings in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) and after kidney transplantation (KT). Methods: Patients undergoing HD for end-stage renal failure and after KT were investigated. Oral health behavior was recorded using a standardized questionnaire, e.g. dental behavior, tooth brushing, oral hygiene aids. Oral investigation included screening of oral mucosa, dental findings (DMF-T) and periodontal situation (Papilla bleeding index [PBI] periodontal probing depth [PPD] and clinical attachment loss [CAL]). Additionally, microbiological analysis of subgingival biofilm samples (PCR) was performed. Statistical analysis: Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U-test, Fisher’s exact test (α = 5 %). Results: A total of 70 patients (HD: n = 35, KT: n = 35) with a mean age of 56.4 ± 11.1 (HD) and 55.8 ± 10.9 (KT) years were included. Lack in use of additional oral hygiene (dental floss, inter-dental brush) was found. KT group presented significantly more gingivial overgrowth (p = 0.01). DMF-T was 19.47 ± 5.84 (HD) and 17.61 ± 5.81 (KT; p = 0. 21). Majority of patients had clinically moderate and severe periodontitis; showing a need for periodontal treatment of 57 % (HD) and 71 % (KT; p = 0.30). Significantly higher prevalence of Parvimonas micra and Capnocytophaga species in the HD group were found (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Periodontal treatment need and lack in oral behavior for both groups indicate the necessity of an improved early treatment and prevention of dental and periodontal disease, e.g. in form of special care programs. Regarding microbiological findings, no major differences between KT and HD patients were found.

La non-adhésion (NA) est un enjeu majeur en transplantation rénale (TR). Nous avons réalisé une revue systématique dans laquelle les facteurs liés à la NA sont discutés. Et, sachant que la variabilité des taux sanguins d'anti-calcineurine (CNI) pose la question de NA, nous avons essayé d'identifier les facteurs qui lui sont associés. 37 articles sur l'adhésion ou NA en TR, publiés entre 2009 à 2014, ont été analysés. La NA fluctuait entre 2 et 96% et plusieurs facteurs lui étaient associés : a. jeune, homme, faible support social, sans emploi, faible éducation h. >3 mois post Tx, donneur vivant, >6 comorbidités c. >5 médicaments/j, >2 prises/j d. Croyances et/ou comportements négatifs e. Dépression et/ou anxiété. Puis, nous avons réalisé une étude transversale sur une cohorte de patients à 1 an post greffe de rein. . Les données cliniques, de l'entretien du pharmacien clinicien (PC) et de 6 questionnaires ont été collectées. 408 patients ont été inclus (61.2% d'hommes, âge médian 54 ans). Nous avons comparé 2 groupes selon le coefficient de variation (CV) des CNI : CV<30% (n=302) et >30% (n=106). En analyse univariée la distance hôpital-domicile, la ciclosporine, le délai post greffe et la présence de divergences à la conciliation médicamenteuse, étaient associés à un risque élevé de CV>30%. A l'inverse, le tacrolimus LP conférait un risque plus faible. En analyse multivariée, la présence de divergences était significative (OR=3.2 IC95% [1.21-9.01], p=0.02). Un CV>30% des CNI après 1 an de greffe semble refléter un phénomène de NA pouvant être confirmé par l'entretien avec le PC et constituer un outil simple pour la pratique clinique. / Non-adherence (NA) is a major issue after kidney transplantation (Tx). We realized a systematic review, in which criteria related to NA were discussed. And, considering that calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) blood levels variability raises the question of NA, we tried to identify factors associated to it. 37 studies on adherence and NA in TX, published between 2009 and 2014 were reviewed. NA fluctuated from 2 to 96% and sseveral factors were related to NA: a.Young age, male, low social support, unemployed, low education b. >3 months after Tx, living donor, >6 comorbidities c. >5 drugs/d, > 2 intakes/d d. Negative beliefs and/or behaviors e. Depression and anxiety. Then, we realised a cross sectional study on a cohort of kidney recipients grafted for more than 1 year. We recorded: clinical data, data from a clinical pharmacist (CP) interview and from 6 self-reports. 408 recipients were enrolled (61.2% male, median age 54 years old). We compared 2 groups according to a coefficient of variation (CV) for CNI blood levels: CV<30% (n=302) and >30% (n=106). In univariate analysis, the distance hospital-home, cyclosporine, time since Tx, discrepancies in the reconciliation process were associated with a greater risk of CV>30%. By contrast, tacrolimus once daily conferred a lower risk of CV >30%. In multivariate analysis discrepancies remained significant (OR=3.2 CI 95% [1.21-9.01], p=0.02). ACV >30% for CNI blood levels after lyear post Tx seems to reflect NA, and could easily be confirmed by the CP interview. This could be a simple method to detect NA in clinical routine.

Sammanfattning  Bakgrund: Njurtransplantation är en av de främsta behandlingarna vid njursvikt, som resulterar i både positiva och negativa effekter för patienten.    Syftet: Syftet med denna uppsats var att ta reda hur mottagaren upplever sin hälsorelaterade livskvalitet (HRQoL), fysiskt, psykiskt och socialt, efter en njurtransplantation. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar av kvantitativ karaktär valdes ut för att sedan granskas och analyseras.Databaserna som användes var PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane och PsycInfo.Katie Erikssons omvårdnadsteori användes som teoretisk referensram. Resultat: Studiens resultat delades upp i psykisk livskvalitet, fysisk livskvalitet och social livskvalitet. Flertalet patienter rapporterade om försämrad fysisk livskvalitet relaterat till de bieffekter som de immunsuppressiva läkemedlen medför. Studien indikerar dock på att patientens HRQoL påverkas av dess förväntningar innan transplantationen, då de som hade lägre förväntningar uppgav en högre skattad livskvalitet efter transplantationen. Patienter uppgav att de kände sig friare i jämförelse med dialyspatienter, främst då de inte är bundna till dialysbehandling. Den psykiska livskvaliteten upplevdes som förbättrad i jämförelse än innan operationen, då patienterna rapporterade den psykiska stressen som mindre. Många upplevde känsla av oro över både de efterföljande sjukdomarna som en njurtransplantation kan medföra, men även över transplantavstötning. De patienter som hade högre inkomst rapporterade högre social livskvalitet jämfört med de som hade det sämre ställt, efter en njurtransplantation.  Slutsats: Patienterna rapporterade ett varierande resultat av hur de upplever sin HRQoL efter njurtransplantation. Den fysiska livskvaliteten var den som var mest försämrad, i och med de biverkningar som läkemedlen medför. Generellt upplevde dock flertalet av patienterna en förbättrad HRQoL i jämförelse med innan transplantationen. För att minska patientens lidande har sjuksköterskan en mycket viktig roll. / Abstract  Background: Kidney transplantation is one of the primary treatments for renal disease, which results in both positive and negative effects for the patient.  Aim: The aim of this review was to find out how the recipient of the kidney experiences his or her health-related quality of life (HRQoL), physically, mentally and socially, after a kidney transplantation. Method: A systematic review where ten quantitative studies were elected to be reviewed and analyzed. The data bases that has been used is PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane and PsycInfo. The nursing theory of Katie Eriksson was used as a theoretical reference. Results: The result of the study was divided in physical, mental and social quality of life (QoL). Multiple patients reported that they experienced worse physical HRQoL related to the side effects of the immunosuppressant medication. Although, the study indicates that the patients HRQoL is affected by the high expectations before the transplantation, where the patients with lower expectations reported a higher score of experienced HRQoL after the kidney transplantation. Patients also stated that they felt more free in comparison with patients undergoing dialysis since they are not bound to go to any dialysis treatments. The experienced mental QoL after the operation was better than before because of less mental stress. The diseases that a kidney transplantation can lead to, along with the worry of transplant rejection was stated as a concern among a lot of the patients. The patients with a higher income reported a better experienced social QoL, after kidney transplantation, compared to the patients with lower socioeconomic status.  Conclusion: The patients reported varying results about the experienced HRQoL after a kidney transplantation. The psysical QoL was stated as the most impaired, mainly because of the side effects of the immunosuppressants. However, the majority of the patients generally experienced an improved HRQoL in comparison with their life before the transplantation. It is a big part of the nursing role to decrease the suffering of the patient.

O mecanismo de imunorregulação gerado pelo catabolismo do triptofano pela IDO protege o feto contra a resposta imunológica materna. Neste estudo, esse mecanismo foi em avaliado em gestantes imunossuprimidas e portadoras de transplante renal. Examinou-se a expressão da IDO e sua atividade nos compartimentos placentários de gestantes saudáveis e portadoras de transplante. Células produtoras de IDO e IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g foram imunolocalizadas na região vilosa e região decidual em ambos os grupos analisados, com mudanças no tipo celular envolvido nestas expressões nas gestantes transplantadas. Os níveis de IDO e sua atividade, assim como seus fatores de regulação NF-kB, IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g e IL-10 estavam diminuídos na região vilosa. No compartimento decidual a atividade enzimática da IDO estava aumentada nas gestantes transplantadas, mas não dos seus reguladores. Sendo assim, eixo de imunorregulação gerado por IDO-IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g na interface placentária de gestantes portadoras de transplante renal responde diferencialmente a insultos ocasionados pela utilização de imunossupressores durante a gestação. / The mechanism of immunoregulation generated by the catabolism of tryptophan by IDO protects the fetus against maternal immune response. In this study, this mechanism was evaluated in renal transplanted pregnant women and immunosuppressed. We examined the expression and activity of IDO in placental compartments of healthy pregnant women and patients with transplants. IDO and IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g producing cells were imunolocalizated in villous and decidual region in both groups analyzed, with changes in cell type involved in these expressions in pregnant patients transplanted. The levels and activity of IDO, as well as their regulatory factors NF-kB, IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g and IL-10 were decreased in the villous region. In the decidual compartment IDO activity was increased in pregnant women transplanted, but not their regulators. Thus, the axis of immunoregulation generated by IDO and IFN-<font face=\"Symbol\">g in placental interface of pregnant women with renal transplantation responds differently to insults caused by the use of immunosuppressive drugs during pregnancy.

Introdução: A nefropatia crônica do enxerto permanece sendo a principal causa de perda tardia de enxertos renais. No momento, não existe uma estratégia terapêutica definida para minimizar ou reverter a perda da função renal. Diversas tentativas terapêuticas foram empregadas sem resultados definitivos. As estratégias de minimização de inibidores da calcineurina (CNI) com conversão para Micofenolato mofetil (MMF) e conversão para Sirolimo (SRL) são as mais promissoras. Este estudo avaliou a segurança e a eficácia dessas duas estratégias terapêuticas na progressão da nefropatia crônica do enxerto em pacientes transplantados renais. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes com filtração glomerular (RFG) medida por depuração de 51Cr-EDTA entre 25 e 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 que apresentaram alterações histológicas compatíveis com nefropatia crônica do enxerto e que não apresentaram proteinúria 24 h superior a 800 mg/24 h. Os pacientes foram randomizados para serem convertidos ao SRL ou manterem-se sob níveis baixos de CNI associados ao MMF e prednisona. O objetivo primário foi avaliar um objetivo composto pelos seguintes eventos: morte, perda do enxerto, rejeição aguda ou perda de RFG inicial superior a 20%. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 12 meses e a uma análise por intenção de tratar foi realizada ao fim desse período. Resultados: Vinte e nove pacientes foram randomizados para os grupos SRL (n=14) e CNI (n=15). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto a os dados demográficos e imunológicos. Os valores de creatinina sérica e a TFG foram semelhantes no momento da randomização. A sobrevida dos pacientes e dos enxertos foi de 100%. Não foram observados episódios de rejeição aguda. Após 12 meses, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos com relação à TFG. Houve maior número de eventos adversos não-graves no grupo SRL, destacandose, acne, edema, piora de dislipidemia e anemia. Entretanto, o número de eventos adversos graves não foi estatisticamente diferente entre os grupos. SRL foi descontinuado temporariamente em 1 paciente, mas não ocorreu descontinuação definitiva no estudo. Conclusão: Os dois esquemas terapêuticos apresentaram desempenhos rigorosamente semelhantes com relação à evolução da função renal e quanto à evolução histológica, mas houve um número maior de eventos adversos não-graves com o uso de sirolimo / Chronic allograft nephropathy is the main cause of late kidney graft loss. Several treatments have been proposed for this condition without conclusive results. Calcineurin inhibitors minimization and conversion to Sirolimus are the most promising alternatives. This study evaluated the safety and the efficacy of these therapeutic strategies on one-year progression of chronic allograft nephropathy in kidney transplant recipients. Patients with measured glomerular filtration rate (51Cr-EDTA plasmatic clearance) between 25 e 60 ml/min/1,73 m2 and histological findings of CAN, with proteinuria less than 800 mg/24 h were included. They were randomized either to Sirolimus or to low-level of CNI (both groups received MMF and prednisone). The primary end-point was a composite of first occurrence of death, graft loss, acute rejection or a 20% decrease of initial GFR. Patients were followed for 12 months and evaluated as intention-to-treat analysis. Twenty-nine patients were included in this study. Fourteen patients were randomized to SRL group and fifteen to CNI group. At baseline, no differences were detected in any of the demographic and immunologic group characteristics. Also, serum creatinine and GFR were not different at randomization. One year after conversion, patient and graft survival was 100%. At 12 months, there were no differences in GFR between two groups, in SRL group was 41,99 ± 13,48 ml/min/1,73 m2and in CNI group was 41,21 ± 9,10 ml/min/1,73 m2 (p=0,96). Non-serious adverse events, like anemia (p=0,006), acne (p=0,006), edema (p=0,005) and mouth ulcers (p=0,017) were more frequently found in the SRL group. No significant difference in serious adverse events was observed. SRL was temporarily interrupted in one patient. None of the patients dropped-out from the study and none required study drug discontinuation. In conclusion both regimens conferred equal beneficial in GFR preservation in CAN patients. However, SRL was associated with more adverse events

A qualidade do sono é um dos fatores que afetam a qualidade de vida após o transplante renal. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de distúrbios do sono e avaliar as variáveis que afetam a qualidade do sono nos primeiros anos de transplante renal. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional, no qual os sujeitos foram abordados em dois momentos: fase 1: entre 3 e 6 meses e fase 2: 12 e 15 meses após o transplante renal.Os instrumentos utilizados foram: o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI); o Questionário de Qualidade de Vida: Short-form SF-36; a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HAD); a Escala de Karnofsky. Também foi realizado o levantamento dos dados sócio-demográficos e o programa SPSS foi utilizado para obtenção dos gráficos e análise estatística. Não houve diferenças significativas nas características demográficas entre os pacientes com e sem distúrbio do sono nas fases 1 e 2. Não encontramos variações no padrão de sono no decorrer do estudo. Ocorreu uma piora dos escores de vitalidade e de aspectos emocionais da fase 1 para a fase 2. Nos demais escores não houve diferença significativa nas fases analisadas. Foi observado um aumento significativo do IMC destes pacientes ao longo dos dois primeiros anos de transplante renal. Entretanto, com relação à idade, sexo e tipo de doador não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Conclusão: A qualidade do sono em pacientes transplantados renais não variou significativamente no período estudado (médias das Fases 1 e 2: 36,7% e 38,3%, respectivamente). Porém, houve diferença significativa entre qualidade do sono e a percepção da qualidade de vida nos domínios de vitalidade e aspectos emocionais. / The quality of sleep is one of the factors that affect quality of life after renal transplantation. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of sleep disorders and evaluate the variables that affect the quality of sleep in the early years of renal transplantation. This is a prospective observational study in which subjects were addressed in two phases (phase 1: 3 to 6 months and phase 2: 12 and 15 months after renal transplantation). The instruments used were the Quality Score Pittsburgh Sleep (PSQI), the Quality of Life Questionnaire: Short-form SF-36, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale Karnofsky. Also was done a survey of the socio-demographic data and SPSS program was used to obtain the graphs and statistical analysis. There were no significant differences in demographic characteristics between patients with and without sleep disturbance in phases 1 and 2. We found no changes in sleep patterns during the study. There was a worsening of the scores for vitality and emotional aspects of phase 1 to phase 2. In other scores did not differ in the stages analyzed. We observed a significant increase in BMI of these patients over the first two years of kidney transplantation. However, with regard to age, sex and donor type were not significant differences. Conclusion: Sleep quality in renal transplant patients did not change during the study period (average of Phase 1 and Phase 2 36.7%, 38.3%). However, significant differences were found between sleep quality and perceived quality of life in the areas of vitality and emotional aspects

para diversos tipos de tratamento, como doenças auto-imunes, inflamatórias e até para pacientes submetidos a transplante de órgãos. Assim também, é capaz de causar efeitos adversos como toxicidade hepática e mais frequentemente a mielossupressão. Tiopurina Smetiltransferase (TPMT), uma enzima que catalisa a S-metilação dessas drogas, exibiu um polimorfismo genético em 10% de Caucasianos, sendo 1/300 indivíduos com completa deficiência. Pacientes intermediários ou completamente deficientes da atividade de TPMT estão em risco por excessiva toxicidade após receberem doses padrões de medicações tiopurínicas. O presente estudo visa a 1) pesquisar a frequência desses polimorfismos (TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT*3B e TPMT*3C) em populações de doadores de sangue em Hospital terciário Universitário e em pacientes que utilizem a Azatioprina para o tratamento da hepatite autoimune e transplantado renal, 2) padronizar os métodos para a identificação dos polimorfismos e associá-los com os níveis dos metabólitos da AZA. Esses achados podem explicar os efeitos benéficos da Azatioprina e ter importante implicação para o desenho de novas terapias específicas em doenças autoimunes e em transplante de orgãos / Thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine (AZA) are widely used for many types of treatment: autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and for patients who had undergone organ transplantation. AZA is capable of causing adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity and myelosuppression. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT), which catalyzes the Smethylation of such drugs, exhibits a genetic polymorphism in 10% of Caucasians, and 1 / 300 individuals with complete deficiency. Patients who are intermediary or completely deficient in TPMT activity are at risk for excessive toxicity after receiving standard doses of thiopurine drugs. This recent study aims to 1) investigate the frequency of these polymorphisms (TPMT*2, TPMT*3A, TPMT * 3B and TPMT*3C) in blood donors from a terciary University Hospital and in patients using azathioprine for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis and transplanted kidney; 2) standardize the methods for the identification of polymorphisms and associate with levels metabolites of AZA. These findings may explain the beneficial effects of azathioprine and have important implications to design new therapies for autoimmune diseases and organ transplant